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出门在外也不愁From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the device.
For other uses, see .
"Parasol" redirects here. For other uses, see .
Child with umbrella
Parts of an umbrella
Close-up of a traditional Japanese parasol (higasa)
An umbrella or parasol is a
designed to protect against
or sunlight. The word parasol usually refers to an item designed to
umbrella refers to a device more suited to protect from rain. Often the differ some parasols are not waterproof.
Umbrellas and parasols are primarily hand-held portable devices designed to shield an individual from sun or rain, and are sized for personal use. Today, larger parasols are often used as fixed or semi-fixed devices, used with
or other , or as points of shade on a sunny beach. The collapsible (or folding) and internally supported umbrella, the direct predecessor to the modern umbrella, originated in China. and had sliding levers similar to those in use today.
Parasols are sometimes called sunshades. An umbrella may also be called a brolly (UK slang), parapluie (nineteenth century, French origin), rainshade, gamp (British, informal, dated), bumbershoot (American slang).
Man sitting under a beach umbrella
The word "parasol" (Spanish or French) is a combination of para, meaning to stop or to shield, and sol, meaning sun. "Parapluie" (French) similarly consists of para combined with pluie, which means rain (which in turn derives from pluvia, the Latin word for rain). Hence, a parasol shields from sunlight while a parapluie shields from rain. ( means "shield from fall".)
The word "umbrella" evolved from the Latin umbella (an
is a flat-topped rounded flower) or umbra, meaning shaded or shadow (the Latin word, in turn, derives from the
ómbros [?μβρο?]). The suffix -elle is used in French to denote "little", thus an umbrelle (umbrella) is a "little shadow".
In Britain, umbrellas are sometimes referred to as "gamps" after the character Mrs. Gamp in the
novel , although this usage is now obscure. Mrs. Gamp's character was well known for carrying an umbrella.
Brolly is a
word for umbrella, used often in Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, and Kenya.
Bumbershoot is a fanciful
from the late 19th century.
In the sculptures at
the parasol appears frequently.
gives a picture of a
representing a king in his chariot, with an attendant holding a parasol over his head. It has a curtain hanging down behind, but is otherwise exactly like those in use today. It is reserved exclusively for the monarch (who was bald), and is never carried over any other person.
the parasol is repeatedly found in the carved work of , and Sir
has an article on the subject in his 1815 "History of Persia." In some sculptures, the figure of a king appears attended by a servant, who carries over his head an umbrella, with stretchers and runner complete. In other sculptures on the rock at Taghe-Bostan, supposed to be not less than twelve centuries old, a deer-hunt is represented, at which a king looks on, seated on a horse, and having an umbrella borne over his head by an attendant.
carriage with an umbrella securely fixed to the side, from 's tomb, c. 210 BCE
Parasols in , China
In all written records, the oldest reference to a collapsible umbrella dates to the year 21 AD, when
(r. 9–23) had one designed for a ceremonial four-wheeled carriage. The 2nd century commentator
added that this collapsible umbrella of Wang Mang's carriage had bendable joints which enabled them to be extended or retracted. A 1st century collapsible umbrella has since been recovered from the tomb of Wang Guang at
in the , illustrated in a work by Harada and Komai. However, the Chinese collapsible umbrella is perhaps a concept that is yet centuries older than Wang's tomb.
bronze castings of complex bronze socketed hinges with locking slides and bolts—which could have been used for parasols and umbrellas—were found in an archeological site of , dated to the 6th century BC.
An even older source on the umbrella is perhaps the ancient book of Chinese ceremonies, called Zhou Li (The ), dating 2400 years ago, which directs that upon the imperial cars the dais should be placed. The figure of this dais contained in Zhou-Li, and the description of it given in the explanatory commentary of Lin-hi-ye, both identify it with an umbrella. The latter describes the dais to be composed of 28 arcs, which are equivalent to the ribs of the modern instrument, and the staff supporting the covering to consist of two parts, the upper being a rod 3/18 of a Chinese foot in circumference, and the lower a tube 6/10 in circumference, into which the upper half is capable of sliding and closing.
The Chinese character for umbrella is
(sǎn) and is a pictograph resembling the modern umbrella in design. Some investigators have supposed that its invention was first created by tying large leaves to bough-like ribs (the branching out parts of an umbrella). Others assert that the idea was probably derived from the , which remains in form unaltered to the present day. However, the tradition existing in China is that it originated in standards and banners waving in the air, hence the use of the umbrella was often linked to high-ranking (though not necessarily royalty in China). On one occasion at least, twenty-four umbrellas were carried before the Emperor when he went out hunting. In this case the umbrella served as a defense against rain rather than sun. The Chinese design was later brought to Japan via Korea and also introduced to
via the . The Chinese and Japanese traditional parasol, often used near temples, to this day remains similar to the original ancient Chinese design.
Chinese divination book that was
in about 1270 AD features a picture of a collapsible umbrella that is exactly like the modern umbrella of today's China.
In , the parasol is found in various shapes. In some instances it is depicted as a flagellum, a fan of -leaves or coloured feathers fixed on a long handle, resembling those now carried behind the
in processions. , in his work on Egypt, has an engraving of an Ethiopian princess travelling through Upper E a kind of umbrella fastened to a stout pole rises in the centre, bearing a close affinity to what are now termed chaise umbrellas. According to Wilkinson's account, the umbrella was generally used throughout Egypt, partly as a mark of distinction, but more on account of its useful than its ornamental qualities. In some paintings on a temple wall, a parasol is held over the figure of a god carried in procession.
In Greece, the parasol (skiadeion), was an indispensable adjunct to a lady of fashion in the late 5th century BC.
mentions it among the common ar they could apparently open and close.
describes a tomb near Triteia in
decorated with a 4th-century BC painting ascribed to N it depicted the figure of a woman, "and by her stood a female slave, bearing a parasol". For a man to carry one was considered a mark of effeminacy. In Aristophanes' Birds,
uses one as a comical disguise.
It also had religious significance. In the , the feast of Athene Sciras, a white parasol was borne by the
of the goddess from the
to the Phalerus. In the feasts of
the umbrella was used, and in an old bas-relief the same god is represented as descending ad inferos with a small umbrella in his hand. In the Panathenaea, the daughters of the , or foreign residents, carried parasols over the heads of Athenian women as a mark of inferiority.
From Greece it is probable that the use of the parasol passed to Rome, where it seems to have been usually used by women, while it was the custom even for effeminate men to defend themselves from the heat by means of the Umbraculum, formed of skin or leather, and capable of being lowered at will. There are frequent references to the umbrella in the Roman Classics, and it appears that it was, not unlikely, a post of honour among maid-servants to bear it over their mistresses. Allusions to it are tolerably frequent in the poets. ( Fast. lib. ii., 1. 31 I.; , lib. xi., ch. 73.; lib. xiv, ch. 28, 130; , ix., 50.; Ovid Ars. Am., ii., 209). From such mentions the umbrella does not appear to have been used as this is curious enough, for it is known that the theatres were protected by the
or awning, which was drawn across the arena whenever a sudden shower came on. Possibly the expense bestowed in the decoration of the umbraculum was a reason for its not being applied to such use.
According to Gorius, the umbrella came to Rome from the
who came to Rome for protection, and certainly it appears not infrequently on Etruscan vases and pottery, as also on later gems and rubies. One gem, figured by Pacudius, shows an umbrella with a bent handle, sloping backwards.
describes a sort of screen or umbrella worn by Spanish women, but this is not like a modern umbrella.
Woman holdinguUmbrella
(about 4th century) relates the following legend:
was a skilled bow shooter, and his devoted wife
would always recover each of his arrows immediately. One time however, it took her a whole day to fetch the arrow, and she later blamed the heat of the sun for the delay. The angry Jamadagni shot an arrow at the sun. The sun begged for mercy and offered Renuka an umbrella.
, in his 17th century book "Voyage to the East", says that on each side of the 's throne were two umbrellas, and also describes the hall of the King of
was decorated with an umbrella. The chháta of the Indian and
princes is large and heavy, and requires a special attendant, who has a regular position in the royal household. In Ava it seems to have been part of the king's title, that he was "King of the white elephant, and Lord of the twenty-four umbrellas." In 1855 the
directed a letter to the
in which he styles himself "His great, glorious, and most excellent Majesty, who reigns over the kingdoms of Thunaparanta, Tampadipa, and all the great umbrella-wearing chiefs of the Eastern countries".
Simon de la Loubère, who was Envoy Extraordinary from the French King to the King of
in 1687 and 1688, wrote an account entitled a "New Historical Relation of the Kingdom of Siam", which was translated in 1693 into English. According to his account the use of the umbrella was granted to only some of the subjects by the king. An umbrella with several circles, as if two or three umbrellas were fastened on the same stick, was permitt the nobles carried a single umbrella with painted cloths hanging from it. The Talapoins (who seem to have been a sort of Siamese monks) had umbrellas made of a palm-leaf cut and folded, so that the stem formed a handle.
district of
was reported to have used an umbrella made from feathers and gold as its pantli, an identifying marker that is the equivalent of a modern flag. The pantli was carried by the army general.
The extreme paucity of allusions to umbrellas throughout the
shows that they were not in common use. In an old romance, "The Blonde of Oxford", a
makes fun of a nobleman for being out in the rain without his . "Were I a rich man", says he, "I would bear my house about with me". It appears that people depended on cloaks, not umbrellas, for protection against .[]
Marchesa Elena Grimaldi, by , 1623
, in his Domestic Manners of the English, gives a drawing from the Harleian MS., No. 604, which represents an Anglo-Saxon gentleman walking out attended by his servant, the servant carrying an umbrella with a handle that slopes backwards, so as to bring the umbrella over the head of the person in front. It probably could not be closed, but otherwise it looks like an ordinary umbrella, and the ribs are represented distinctly.
The general use of the umbrella in France and England was adopted, probably from China, about the middle of the seventeenth century. At that period, pictorial representations of it are frequently found, some of which exhibit the peculiar broad and deep canopy belonging to the large parasol of the Chinese Government officials, borne by native attendants.
for June 22, 1664, mentions a collection of rarities shown to him by "Thompson", a
, sent by the
of Japan and China to France. Among the curiosities were "fans like those our ladies use, but much larger, and with long handles, strangely carved and filled with Chinese characters", which is evidently a description of the parasol.
In 's , published in 1611, about a century and a half prior to the general introduction of the umbrella into England, is a reference to a custom of riders in Italy using umbrellas:
And many of them doe carry other fine things of a far greater price, that will cost at the least a duckat, which they commonly call in the Italian tongue umbrellas, that is, things which minister shadowve to them for shelter against the scorching heate of the sunne. These are made of leather, something answerable to the forme of a little cannopy, & hooped in the inside with divers little wooden hoopes that extend the umbrella in a pretty large compasse. They are used especially by horsemen, who carry them in their hands when they ride, fastening the end of the handle upon one of their thighs, and they impart so large a shadow unto them, that it keepeth the heate of the sunne from the upper parts of their bodies.
In 's "A WORLD of Words" (1598), the Italian word Ombrella is translated
a fan, a canopie. also a testern or cloth of state for a prince. also a kind of round fan or shadowing that they vse to ride with in sommer in Italy, a little shade. Also a bonegrace for a woman. Also the husk or cod of any seede or corne. also a broad spreding bunch, as of fenell, nill, or elder bloomes.
In 's Dictionary of the French and English Tongues (1614), the French Ombrelle is translated
A a (fashion of) round and broad fanne, wherewith the Indians (and from them our great ones) preserve themselves from the heat
and hence any little shadow, fanne, or thing, wherewith women hide their faces from the sunne.
In 's Itinerary (1617) is a similar allusion to the habit of carrying umbrellas in hot countries "to auoide the beames of the sunne". Their employment, says the author, is dangerous, "because they gather the heate into a pyramidall point, and thence cast it down perpendicularly upon the head, except they know how to carry them for auoyding that danger".
A parasol depicted in Morning Walk, by
Kersey's Dictionary (1708) describes an umbrella as a "screen commonly used by women to keep off rain".
In 's , he constructed his own umbrella in imitation of the those that he had seen used in Brazil. "I covered it with skins," he says, "the hair outwards, so that it cast off the rain like a , and kept off the sun so effectually, that I could walk out in the hottest of the weather with greater advantage than I could before in the coolest." From this description the original heavy umbrellas came to be called "Robinson" which they retained for many years in England and France.
Captain , in one of his voyages, sees some of the natives of the South Pacific Islands, with umbrellas made of palm leaves.
The use of the umbrella or parasol (though not unknown) was uncommon during the earlier half of the eighteenth century, as is evident from the comment made by General (then Lieut.-Colonel) , when writing from Paris in 1752, speaks of the use of umbrellas for protection from the sun and rain, and wonders why a similar practice did not occur in England. About the same time, umbrellas came into general use as people found their value, and got over the shyness natural to its introduction. , the founder of the Magdalen Hospital, has the credit of being the first man who ventured to dare public reproach and ridicule by carrying one habitually in London. As he died in 1786, and he is said to have carried an umbrella for thirty years, the date of its first use by him may be set down at about 1750. [] relates that in 1770, he used to be addressed as, "Frenchman, Frenchman! why don't you call a coach?" whenever he went out with his umbrella. By 1788 however they seem to have been accepted: a London newspaper advertises the sale of 'improved and pocket Umbrellas, on steel frames, with every other kind of common Umbrella.' But full acceptance is not complete even today with some considering umbrellas effete.[]
Since then, the umbrella has come into general use, in consequence of numerous improvements. In China people learned how to waterproof their paper umbrellas with wax and lacquer. The transition to the present portable form is due, partly to the substitution of silk and gingham for the heavy and troublesome oiled silk, which admitted of the ribs and frames being made much lighter, and also to many ingenious mechanical improvements in the framework.
umbrellas had frames of wood or baleen, but these devices were expensive and hard to fold when wet.
invented the -ribbed umbrella in 1852; however, the
mentions metal ribs at the end of the eighteenth century, and they were also on sale in London during the 1780s. Modern designs usually e new materials such as , plastic film and
often replace the original silk.
Collapsed umbrellas in a
(video) A stream of people and umbrellas inside the
on a rainy
National Umbrella Day is held on the 10th day of February each year around the world.
In 1928, Hans Haupt's pocket umbrellas appeared. In 1969, Bradford E Phillips, the owner of
of Loveland, Ohio obtained a patent for the first "working folding umbrella".
Umbrellas have also been fashioned into
as early as 1880 and at least as recently as 1987.
Golf umbrellas, one of the largest sizes in common use, are typically around 62 inches (157 cm) across, but can range anywhere from 60 to 70 inches (150 to 180 cm).
Umbrellas are now a consumer product with a large global market. As of 2008, most umbrellas worldwide are made in China, mostly in the ,
provinces. The city of
alone had more than a thousand umbrella factories. In the US alone, about 33 million umbrellas, worth $348 million, are sold each year.
Umbrellas continue to be actively developed. In the US, so many umbrella-related patents are being filed that the
employs four full-time examiners to assess them. As of 2008, the office registered three thousand active patents on umbrella-related inventions. Nonetheless, Totes, the largest American umbrella producer, has stopped accepting unsolicited proposals. Its director of umbrella development was reported as saying that while umbrellas are so ordinary that everyone thinks about them, "it's difficult to come up with an umbrella idea that hasn’t already been done."
Testing a Senz storm umbrella in , using a high-powered fan
While the predominate canopy shape of an umbrella is round, canopy shapes have been streamlined to improve aerodynamic response to wind. Examples include the stealth-shaped canopy of Rizotti (1996), scoop-shaped canopy of Lisciandro (2004), and teardrop-shaped canopies of Hollinger (2004).
In 2005 Gerwin Hoogendoorn, a
industrial design student of the
in the Netherlands, invented an aerodynamically streamlined storm umbrella (with a similar shape as a ) which can withstand
10 (winds of up to 100 km/h or 70 mp/h) and won't turn inside-out like a regular umbrella as well as being equipped with so-called ‘eyesavers’ which protect others from being accidentally wounded by the tips. Hoogendoorn's storm umbrella was nominated for and won several design awards and was featured on . The umbrella is sold in Europe as the Senz umbrella and is sold under license by
in the United States.
The "DAVEK" line of upscale umbrellas features a uniquely strong, patented frame system and unconditional lifetime guarantee. Alan Kaufman's "Nubrella" and Greg Brebner's "Blunt" are other contemporary designs.
The umbrella is used in weather forecasting as an icon for rain. Two variations, a plain umbrella (?, U+2602) and an umbrella with raindrops overhead (?, U+2614), are encoded in the
block of .
Grand Procession of the
(16th century)
As a canopy of state, umbrellas were generally used in southern and eastern Europe, and then passed from the imperial court into church ceremony. They are found in the ceremonies of the , were borne over the
in , and form part of the
The ombrellino or
is a part of the . Although the popes no longer use it personally, it is displayed on the
(the papal arms used between the death of a pope and the election of his successor). This umbraculum is normally made of alternating red and gold fabric, and is usually displayed in a partially unfolded manner. The popes have traditionally bestowed the use of the umbraculum as a mark of honor upon specific persons and places. The use of an umbraculum is one of the honorary symbols of a
and may be used in the basilica's , and carried in processions by the basilica's .
A large umbrella is displayed in each of the , and a
who receives his
from one of those churches has the privilege of having an umbrella carried over his head in solemn . It is possible that the
(wide-brimmed cardinal's hat) may be derived from this umbrella.[] Beatiano, an Italian , says that "a vermilion umbrella in a field argent symbolises dominion."
clergymen lead a procession in celebration of . The
carry ornately covered
around the church's exterior, assisted by
holding liturgical umbrellas.
An umbrella, also known as the umbraculum or ombrellino, is used in Roman Catholic liturgy as well. It is held over the
and its carrier by a server in short processions taking place indoors, or until the priest is met at the sanctuary entrance by the bearers of the processional canopy or baldacchino. It is regularly white or golden (the colours reserved for the Holy Sacrament) and made of silk.
In several , such as the , umbrellas are used liturgically to show honor to a person (such as a ) or a holy object. In the ceremonies of
(Epiphany), priests will carry a model of the , called a , on their heads in procession to a body of water, which will then be blessed. Brightly colored embroidered and fringed liturgical parasols are carried above the Tabota during this procession. Such processions also take place on other major .
There are only 8 items a Buddhist monk can be offered and used regularly.One of this is an umbrella.
books.google.lk/books?isbn=
Main article:
Umbrellas with a reflective inside are used by photographers as a diffusion device when employing artificial lighting, and as a glare shield and shade, most often in portrait situations. Some umbrellas are shoot-through umbrellas, meaning the light goes through the umbrella and is diffused, rather than reflecting off the inside of the umbrella. Photographic umbrellas, like all umbrellas, tend to catch the wind, so any umbrella on a lightstand has to be well secured, especially when used outdoors, lest a breeze topple it, possibly destroying the umbrella and/or other equipment on the lightstand.
In 1838, the Baron
instructed readers of his book How to Protect Life and Property in several methods of using an umbrella as an improvised weapon against highwaymen.
In 1897, journalist J. F. Sullivan proposed the umbrella as a misunderstood weapon in a
article for the Ludgate Monthly.
Between 1899 and 1902, both umbrellas and
weapons were incorporated into the repertoire of .
In January 1902, an article in
instructed women on how they could defend themselves from ruffians with an umbrella or parasol.
In March 2011 media outlets revealed that French president
has started using a ?10,000 armor-plated umbrella to protect him from attackers. "Para Pactum" is a -coated device made by The Real Cherbourg. It will be carried by a member of Sarkozy's security team.
During the , sometimes referred to as the "Umbrella Revolution", protesters used umbrellas as shields against
In 1978 Bulgarian dissident writer
was killed in London by a dose of
injected via a . The
is widely believed to have developed a modified umbrella that could deliver a deadly pellet.[]
In 2005 in a well-known case in , Brian Hahn, associate professor in mathematics and applied mathematics at the
was beaten to death with an umbrella by ex-doctoral student Maleafisha Steve Tladi.
In the 1992 film , the
() sports a bullet and gas-firing umbrella.
Umbrellas on Sundance Square in Fort Worth, Texas, USA
Pedestrian View of Retractable Umbrellas, Prophet?s Holy Mosque, Medina
In the 1950s
transformed the universally used individual umbrella into an item of lightweight architecture. He developed a new umbrella form, based on the minimum surface principle. The tension loaded membrane of the funnel-shaped umbrella is now stretched under the compression-loaded bars. This construction type made it technically and structurally possible to build very large convertible umbrellas. The first umbrellas of this kind (Federal Garden Exhibition, Kassel, 1955) were fixed, Frei Otto constructed the first convertible large umbrellas for the Federal Garden Exhibition in Cologne 1971. In 1978 he built a group of ten convertible umbrellas for British rock group ?s American tour. The great beauty of these lightweight structures inspired many subsequent projects built all over the world. The largest convertible umbrellas built until now were designed by
and his team to provide shelter from sun and rain for the great mosques in Saudi Arabia.
Umbrellas and parasols in art
Couple under umbrella in snow,
The parasol is one of the
A painting of Chancellor
with a parasol hoisted above his head, by , 1670
Japanese girl jumps form , , 1750
, Umbrellas, 1883
Woman with a Parasol - Madame Monet and Her Son, 1875
Woman with a parasol, by , 1881
Colin Campbell Cooper, Summer, 1918
, woman with Japaneses parasol, 1933
, Carver Umbrellas, February 28, 2007
Chey, Ong Siew (2005). China condensed: 5000 years of history & culture (1st ed.). Singapore: Times Editions Marshall Cavendish. p. 170.  .
Weiss, Julian (2001). Tigers' roar: Asia's recovery and its impact. Armonk, New York: Sharpe. p. 76.  .
Ronan, Colin A. (1994). The shorter Science and civilisation in China: 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 42.  .
The Oxford English Dictionary 2nd ed 1989, Oxford University P
(requires subscription)
. Worldwidewords.org. .
Sangster, William, . Umbrellas and Their History. London: Cassell, Petter, and Galpin [1871]. .
Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. Page 70.
Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. Page 70–71.
Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. Page 71.
M. C. Miller, "The Parasol: An Oriental Status-Symbol in Late Archaic and Classical Athens", JHS 112 (1992), p.91 [91–105].
Aristophanes,
Aristophanes, Knights,
and scholia.
Pausanias, 7.22.6.
Pherecrates fr.70 PCG apud , 13.612a and 15.687a.
Aristophanes, Birds, .
Pattanaik, Devdutt (2003). . p. 16.  .
Mexico — Pre-Hispanic Flags
Sangster, William (2005) [Published in 1871]. Umbrellas and their history. Elibron Classics. pp. 35–37.  .
, Totes-Isotoner Corporation
Orlean, Susan (February 11, 2008). .
, Asia Brief, New Tang Dynasty Television, November 5, 2008 (featuring Gerwin Hoogendoorn)
, Delft University of Technology ()
, March 7, 2007
(Dutch) , , July 21, 2008
, Delft University of Technology, spring 2008 ()
DT&G Photographic
Strobist examines the use of shoot-through umbrellas
, March 31, 2011. Retrieved June 30, 2011
Nerdinger, Winfried: Frei Otto. Das Gesamtwerk: Leicht Bauen Natürlich Gestalten, 2005,
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