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For other uses, see .
Position in alphabet
Numerical value
??lp is the first letter of many
(), including
Aleph ?, and
The Phoenician letter is derived from one of
which depicts an ox's head and gave rise to the
(Α), being re-interpreted to express not the
but the accompanying , and hence the
The aleph is in Unicode at U+05D0 ? hebrew letter alef (HTML: א).
In phonetics, aleph
originally represented the
([]), often
as U+02BE ?
(HTML: ʾ), based on the Greek
', for example, in the transliteration of the letter name itself, ?āleph.
The name aleph is derived from the West Semitic word for "", and the shape of the letter derives from a
glyph that may have been based on a
which depicts an ox's head.[]
In , the word ???? /?ali:f/ literally means 'tamed' or 'familiar', derived from the root |?-l-f|, from which the verb ???? /?alifa/ means 't to be on intimate terms with'. In modern Hebrew, the same root |?-l-f| (alef-lamed-peh) gives me’ulaf, the passive participle of the verb le’alef, meaning 'trained' (when referring to pets) or 'tamed' (when referring to wild animals); the
rank of , taken from an
title of nobility, is also cognate.[]
Written as ?, spelled as ??? and transliterated as alif it is the first letter in . Together with Hebrew Aleph, Greek
and Latin , it is descended from
?āleph, from a reconstructed Proto-Canaanite ?alp "ox".
Alif is written in one of the following ways depending on its position in the word:
Position in word:
Glyph form:
Historically, the Arabic letter was used to render either a long /a:/, or a
/?/. This led to
confusion, and to introduction of the additional letter hamzat qa?‘ ?.
is not considered a full letter in Arabic orthography: in most cases it appears on a carrier, either a wāw (?), a dotless yā’ (?), or an alif. The choice of carrier depends on complicated orthographic rules. Alif ? ? is generally the carrier where the only adjacent vowel is fat?ah. It is the only possible carrier where hamzah is the first phoneme of a word. Where alif acts as a carrier for hamzah, hamzah is added above the alif, or, for initial alif-kasrah, below it, indicating that the letter so modified does indeed signify a glottal stop, and not a long vowel.
A second type of hamza, hamzat wa?l (???? ???), occurs only as the initial phoneme of the
and in some related cases. It differs from hamzat qa?‘ in that it is elided after a preceding vowel. Again, alif is always the carrier.
The alif maddah is, as it were, a double alif, expressing both a glottal stop and a long vowel: ? (final ??) ’ā /?a:/, for example in ??? ākhir /?a:xir/ 'last'. "It has become standard for a hamza followed by a long ā to be written as two alifs, one vertical and one horizontal" (the "horizontal" alif being the maddah sign).
The alif maq?ūrah (??? ??????, 'limited/restricted alif'), commonly known in Egypt as alif layyinah (??? ????, 'flexible alif'), looks like a dotless
? (final ??) and may only appear at the end of a word. Although it looks different from a regular alif, it represents the same sound /a:/, often realized as a short vowel. When written, alif maq?ūrah is indistinguishable from final
or Arabic yā’ as it is written in Egypt, Sudan, and sometimes other places. Alif maqsurah is transliterated as á in , ā in , à in ISO 233-2, and ? in .
Code point
character name (or descriptive synonyms used in the JoiningType and JoiningGroup datatables)
ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH MADDA ABOVE
ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH HAMZA ABOVE
ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH HAMZA BELOW
ARABIC LETTER ALEF
ARABIC LETTER ALEF WASLA
ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH WAVY HAMZA ABOVE
ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH WAVY HAMZA BELOW
ARABIC LETTER HIGH HAMZA ALEF
ARABIC LETTER WITH EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT TWO ABOVE
ARABIC LETTER WITH EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT THREE ABOVE
Written as ?, spelled as ????? and transcribed as Aleph.
In , the letter either represents a
([]) or indicates a
(the separation of two adjacent
into distinct
with no intervening ), as well as sometimes being silent (as word-final always, as word-medial sometimes, e.g. ???? [hu] "he", ??????? [?a'?i] "main", ????? [?o?] "head", ???????? [?i'?on] "first"). The pronunciation varies among .
In , aleph represents the number 1, and when used at the beginning of , it means 1000 (i.e. ?'???"? in
would be the
Aleph, along with , , , and , cannot receive a . (However, there are few very rare examples where the
added a dagesh or
to an Aleph or Resh. The verses of
wherein an Aleph with a mappiq or dagesh appears are
In Modern Hebrew the frequency of the usage of alef, out of all the letters, is 4.94%.
Aleph is sometimes used as a
to denote a vowel, usually /a/. Such use is more common in words of
origin, in foreign names and some other borrowed words.
Various Print Fonts
Aleph is the subject of a
which praises its humility in not demanding to start the Bible. (In
the Bible begins with the second letter of the , .) In this folktale, Aleph is rewarded by being allowed to start the . (In , the first word is ???????, which starts with an aleph.)
In the , the
over breath, formed air in the universe, temperate in the year, and the
in the soul.
Aleph is also the first letter of the
word emet (?????), which means truth. In
it was the letter aleph that was carved into the head of the
which ultimately gave it life.
Aleph also begins the three words that make up God's mystical name in ,
(in , Ehyeh Asher Ehyeh ???? ??? ????), and aleph is an important part of mystical
and formulas.
represents the oneness of God. The letter can been seen as being composed of an upper yud (), a lower yud, and a vav () leaning on a diagonal. The upper yud represents the hidden and ineffable aspects of God while the lower yud represents God's revelation and presence in the world. The vav ("hook") connects the two realms.
Jewish mysticism relates aleph to the element of air, the Fool (Key 0, value 1) of the major arcana of the tarot deck, and the Scintillating Intelligence (#11) of the path between Kether and Chokmah in the Tree of the Sephiroth.
From aleph to
describes something from beginning to end, the Hebrew equivalent of the English "From A to Z."
One who doesn't know how to make an aleph is someone who is illiterate.
No...with a big aleph! (lo be-aleph rabbati - ?? ???? ?????) means 'Absolutely not!'.
Madn?aya Alap
Ser?o Olaph
Es?rangela Alap
In the , the first letter is ? — : ????? — Alap (in eastern dialects) or Olaph (in western dialects). It is used in word-initial position to mark a word beginning with a vowel — although some words beginning with i or u do not need its help, and sometimes an initial Alap/Olaph is . For example, when the Syriac
????? is in
positions, it is pronounced no/na (again west/east) rather than the full form eno/ana. The letter occurs very regularly at the end of words, where it represents the long final vowels o/a or e. In the middle of the word, the letter represents either a
between vowels (but West Syriac pronunciation often makes this a ), a long i/e (less commonly o/a) or is silent.
As a numeral, Alaph/Olaf stands for the number one. With a dot below, it is the number 1,000; with a line above it, Alaph/Olaf will represent 1,000,000. With a line below it is 10,000 and with two dots below it is 10,000,000.
Further information:
The Egyptian "vulture"
( 1), by convention pronounced [a]) is also referred to as aleph, on grounds that it has traditionally been taken to represent a glottal stop, although some recent suggestions tend towards an [] sound instead.
The phoneme is commonly transliterated by a symbol composed of two half-rings, in
(as of version 5.1, in the
range) encoded at U+A722 ? LATIN CAPITAL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF and U+A723 ? LATIN SMALL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF. A fallback representation is the numeral 3, or the Middle English character ? ; neither are to be preferred to the genuine Egyptological characters.
In , the Hebrew aleph glyph is used as the symbol to denote the , which represent the
of infinite sets. This notation was introduced by mathematician .
Unicode name
HEBREW LETTER ALEF
ARABIC LETTER ALIF
SYRIAC LETTER ALAPH
SAMARITAN LETTER ALAF
UGARITIC LETTER ALPA
PHOENICIAN LETTER ALF
ALEF SYMBOL
224 160 128
E0 A0 80
240 144 142 128
F0 90 8E 80
240 144 164 128
F0 90 A4 80
226 132 181
E2 84 B5
, a short story by
describing a point in space that contains all other spaces at once
Wikimedia Commons has media related to .
(1994). A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic: (Arabic-English) (4th ed.). Urbana: Spoken Language Services. pp. 28–29.  .
Jones, Alan (2005). Arabic Through The Qur'an. Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society. p. 4.  .
Schneider, Thomas. 2003. "Etymologische Methode, die Historizit?t der Phoneme und das ?gyptologische Transkriptionsalphabet." Lingua aegyptia: Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 11:187–199.
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以优厚的条件on equal terms with 和, to terms 使某人接受条件, 接受条件, 仅仅相识而已(与with连用)on terms 友好, 妥协, 好听的话, 使某人屈服[就范]come to terms 屈服, 高等法院6月9日至7月31日的开庭期term by term 逐项地term of [for]years 于一定期间掌有的地产权,,,,,平等相处on even terms 和,方面,, a+2ab+b 这个式子有三项。The academic year is divided into two terms,, 毫不含糊in flattering terms 用奉承的言词, 条款,无论如何不not on borrowing terms 无交情, 毫不含糊地in terms of 依,【物】能极【建】胸像柱界限, 界标a long term of imprisonment 长时期的监禁a minor term 一小项accept it on these terms 按这些条件加以接受be on good terms with a person 同某人关系好scientific terms 科学术语The expression a+2ab+b has three terms, 在, 坦白地说in practical terms 实际上in terms 在谈判[协商]中 明确地,不相上下on good[friendly] terms 友善,, 专门名词Trinity term [英]牛津大学学期之一, 任期【律】开庭期[pl,s existence 安分守己during one&#39,,条件相同, 据, 关系良好on one&#39,, 按照自己的主张on sb,, 用过奖的话语in (good) set terms 用明确严密的话语,, 拒绝让步technical terms 术语, 就, 在学校住宿一学期keep on good (friendly) terms with sb,, 一学年分成两学期。习惯用语at term 到期终时, 达成协议,&#39,s) life 一辈子holiday terms [speeches, 亲属, ]关系, 地位(特定意义的)专门名词术语,,, 限期学期, 笼统地in high terms 极力称赞in plain terms 简单说来,为单位,加以限制stand on [upon] terms 坚持条件[权利],,](契约,, 与,s term 服刑 服兵役 服务满期或任满set a term to 对,, 在任何情况下in black and white terms 白纸黑字, 定价]on speaking terms 泛泛之交,,,, 达成协议]mutual terms [principles] 交换条件not on any terms [on no terms] 决不, 咬文嚼字的词语keep a term 上一个学期的课,, 期间, first-name, 关系良好 在谈判中, words] 冠冕堂皇的言语, 和, 从,采取将就态度come to terms with one&#39,期限,, 通信]的朋友关系serve one&#39, 以,, 交朋友keep terms with sb,继续谈判, 与某人保持友好关系law term 法律用语 (法庭)开庭期Lent term 大学春秋学期make terms with 和,有来往[很熟,, 准备当律师for term of (one&#39,,s own terms 按照自己的条件[价钱], 到期be born at full terms (小孩)足月生be in terms 在谈判[交涉]中be on intimate terms with 与, 用毫不含糊的言语in general terms 概括地, 与某人保持良好(友谊)关系,, 价钱[pl, 折合,, 规定条件, 措辞,, intimate writing] terms with 和,,方面, 关系不好on easy terms 【商】以分期付款的方式,谈判等的)条件, 在商议中 在平等地位上on visiting [familiar,term
n, 从, 换算,s terms [英]学法律,s terms 按照某人的条件[意见,角度来讲, 终点(正常的)分娩期界石,, 交谊,关系密切bring sb,谈判[妥协, 要好, 项,,, 说法【数】条,, 奉承话in any term 无论如何, 不很友好(通常指邻居关系)on bad terms 不和,来说in the long term 从长远观点来看in the short term 就眼前来说inclusive terms 包括各种费用在内的价目(通常指旅馆的膳宿费等)ink-horn term 卖弄学问的措词, 对, 关于,,s term of office 在任职期间eat one&#39, 费用,
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termtermAHD:[t&rm] D.J.[tT8m]K.K.[tPm]n.（名词）A limited period of time.期限：一段限定的时间A period of time that is assigned to a person to serve:任期：某人任期内的一段期限：a six-year term as senator.See Synonyms at period 作为议员的六年任期参见 periodA period when a school or court is in session.学期，开庭期A point in time at
termination:期限：一段时间内某事结束的时间点；终结：an apprenticeship nearing its term.学徒生涯将满The end of a normal gestation period:足月：正常妊娠期的终结：carried the fetus to term.临近产期A deadline, as for making a payment.付款日：付款的最后期限Law 【法律】 A fixed period of time for which an estate is granted.地产租用期：租用地产的一段确定时间An estate granted for a fixed period.有限期租用的地产：一段固定时期内租用的地产A word or group of words having a particular meaning:专用名词：一个或一组具有特殊意义的词：had to explain the termgridlock.
必须解释gridlock（交通全面大堵塞） 这个词 terms Langua chosen words: terms 词语：某种语言；选用的词：spoke i praised him in glowing terms.用相当隐晦的词讲述；用炫丽的词语称赞他Often terms One of the elements of a proposed or a condition: 常作 terms 条款：计划或确定的协定的一个要素；条件：offered f one of th the terms of a divorce settlement.提出良好的和平条件；一项租赁条款；达成离婚协议的条件terms The relationship between
personal footing: terms 关系：两个人或团体间的关系；个人关系：on good terms with her in-laws.与她婆家的人相处得很好Mathematics 【数学】 One of the quantities composing a ratio or fraction or forming a series.项：组成比率或分式或者构成一数列的一个量One of the quantities connected by addition or subtraction
a member.项：等式中用加号或减号连在一起的量；一项Logic Each of the two concepts being compared or related in a proposition.【逻辑学】 项：一命题中相比较或相关的两个概念之一A stone or post marking a boundary, especially a squared and downward-tapering pillar adorned with a head and upper torso.界标：标志一边界的石头或柱子，尤指一圆柱形、底部渐细、上饰有胸像的柱子v.tr.（及物动词）termed,term.ing,terms T call.把…称为：称为；叫做in terms ofAs meas in units of:用…衡量或表示；用…的措辞：distances expressed in terms of kilomet cheap entertainment, but costly in terms of time wasted.用公里和英里来表示距离；低廉的娱乐，但就浪费的时间来说却极昂贵I with reference to:根据：按照；就…而言：“facilities planned and programmed in terms of their interrelationships, instead of evolving haphazardly”(Wharton Magazine)“按照其内在的关系来营造设施以防止其产生灾难性的进展”(沃顿杂志)}