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【图文】美国ASTM标准A 999 – A 999M – 01
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Designation: A 999/A 999M – 01Standard Specication forGeneral Requirements for Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe1This standard is issued under the xed designation A 999/A 999M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope 1.1 This specication2 covers a group of general requirements that, unless otherwise specied in an individual specication, shall apply to the ASTM product specications noted below. 1.2 In the case of conict between a requirement of a product specication and a requirement of this specication, the product specication shall prevail. In the case of conict between a requirement of the product specication or a requirement of this specication and a more stringent requirement of the purchase order, the purchase order shall prevail.Title of Specication ASTM Designation3are n therefore each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specication. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation (SI) of the product specication is specied in the order.NOTE 1—The dimensionless designator NPS (nominal pipe size) is used in this standard for such traditional terms as “nominal diameter,” “size,”“ nominal bore,” and “nominal size”.Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe A 312/A 312M Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low-Temperature A 333/A 333M Service Seamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for High Temperature A 335/A 335M Service Electric-Fusion-Welded Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Alloy A 358/A 358M Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service Carbon and Ferritic Alloy Steel Forged and Bored Pipe for A 369/A 369M High-Temperature Service Seamless Austenitic Steel Pipe for Use With High Temperature A 376/A 376M Central-Station Service Welded Large Diameter Austenitic Steel Pipe for Corrosive A 409/A 409M or High-Temperature Service Welded, Unannealed Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubular A 778 Products Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe A 790/A 790M Single- or Double-Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe A 813/A 813M Cold-Worked Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe A 814/A 814M Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex) Stainless Steel Pipe Electric A 928 Fusion Welded with Addition of Filler Metal Spray-Formed Seamless Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe A 943 Spray-Formed Seamless Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel A 949 Pipe Austenitic Chromium-Nickel-Silicon Alloy Steel Seamless A 954 and Welded Pipe1.4 The following precautionary statement pertains only to the test method portion, Section 21, of this specication: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: A 370 Test Methods and Denitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products4 A 700 Practices for Packaging, Marking, and Loading Methods for Steel Products for Domestic Shipment4 A 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel Products5 D 3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging6 E 29 Practice for Using Signicant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specications7 E 213 Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Metal Pipe and Tubing8 E 273 Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Longitudinal Welded Pipe and Tubing8 E 309 Practice for Eddy-Current Examination of Steel Tubular Products Using Magnetic Saturation8 E 426 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Examination of Seamless and Welded Tubular Products, Austenitic Stainless Steel and Similar Alloys8 E 570 Practice for Flux Leakage Examination of Ferromagnetic Steel Tubular Products81.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. With the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system1 This specication is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.10 on Alloy Steel Tubular Products. Current edition approved March 10, 2001. Published May 2001. Originally published as A 999/A 999M – 98. Last previous edition A 999/A 999M – 98. 2 For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specication SA 999 in Section II of that Code. 3 These designations refer to the latest issue of the respective specications. See Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.01.4 5 6Annual Annual Annual 7 Annual 8 AnnualBook Book Book Book Bookof of of of ofASTM ASTM ASTM ASTM ASTMStandards, Standards, Standards, Standards, Standards,Vol Vol Vol Vol Vol01.05. 01.03. 15.09. 14.02. 03.03.Copyright
ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA , United States.1A 999/A 999M – 012.2 ANSI Standards: B36.10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe9 B36.19 Stainless Steel Pipe9 2.3 Military Standards: MIL-STD-163 Steel Mill Products, Preparation for Shipment and Storage10 MIL-STD-271 Nondestructive Testing Requirements for Metals10 MIL-STD-792 Identication Marking Requirements for Special Purpose Equipment10 2.4 Federal Standard: Fed. Std. No. 183 Continuous Identication Marking of Iron and Steel Products10 2.5 Steel Structures Painting Council: SSPC-SP6 Surface Preparation Specication No. 6 Commercial Blast Cleaning11 2.6 ASNT Standards: SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualication and Certication in Nondestructive Testing12 3. Process 3.1 The steel shall be made by a suitable process. 3.2 If secondary melting, such as electroslag remelting or vacuum remelting, is used, the heat shall be dened as all of the ingots remelted from a single primary heat. 3.3 When steels of different are sequentially strand cast, the resultant transition material shall be removed using an established procedure that positively separates the grades. 3.4 If a specic type of melting is required by the purchaser, it shall be specied on the purchase order. 4. Ordering Information 4.1 It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify all requirements that are necessary for material ordered under the product specication and this specication. Such requirements to be considered include, but are not limited to, the following: 4.1.1 Quantity (feet, metres, or number of pieces), 4.1.2 Name of material (stainless steel pipe), 4.1.3 Process, when applicable (seamless or welded), 4.1.4 Grade or UNS number, 4.1.5 Size (NPS and outside diameter and schedule number, average (nominal) wall thickness (see 8.1 and 9.1), or minimum wall thickness (see 8.2 and 9.1.1), or minimum inside diameter (see 10.1)), 4.1.6 Length (specic or random), 4.1.7 End nish, 4.1.8 Optional requirements, 4.1.9 Specic type of melting, if required (see 3.4), 4.1.10 Certied test report requirements, 4.1.11 Specication designation and date of issue, and 4.1.12 Special requirement or any supplementary requirements, or both. 5. Chemical Composition 5.1 Chemical Analysis—Samples for chemical analysis and method of analysis shall be in accordance with Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A 751. 5.2 Heat Analysis—An analysis of each heat of steel shall be made by the steel manufacturer to determine the percentages of the specied elements. If secondary melting processes are employed, the heat analysis shall be obtained from one remelted ingot or the product of one remelted ingot of each primary melt. The chemical composition thus determined, or that determined from a product analysis made by the tubular product manufacturer shall conform to the requirements specied. 5.3 Product Analysis—Product analysis requirements and options, if any, are contained in the product specication. 6. Mechanical Properties 6.1 Method of Mechanical Tests—The specimens and the mechanical tests required shall be in accordance with Test Methods and Denitions A 370, especially Annex A2 thereof. 6.2 Specimens shall be tested at room temperature. 6.3 Small or subsize specimens as described in Test Methods and Denitions A 370 may be used only when there is insufficient material to prepare one of the standard specimens. When using small or subsize specimens, the largest one possible shall be used. 7. Tensile Requirements 7.1 The material shall conform to the requirements as to tensile properties in the individual product specication. 7.2 The yield strength, when specied, shall be determined corresponding to a permanent offset of 0.2 % of the gage length or to a total extension of 0.5 % of the gage length under load. 7.3 If the percentage of elongation of any test specimen is less than that specied and any part of the fracture is more than 34 in. [19.0 mm] from the center of the gage length, as indicated by scribe marks on the specimen before testing, a retest shall be allowed. 8. Permissible Variation in Weight for Seamless Pipe 8.1 Except as noted in 8.2, the weight of any length of seamless pipe NPS 12 and under shall not vary more than 10 % over the 3.5 % under that specied. For sizes over NPS 12, the weight of any length of pipe shall not vary more than 10 % over and 5 % under that specied. Unless otherwise specied, pipe of NPS 4 and smaller may be weighe pipe in sizes larger than NPS 4 shall be weighed separately. 8.2 Minimum Wall—When the wall thickness of the pipe is specied as minimum wall in the purchase order, the weight of any length of seamless pipe shall not vary more than 16 % over that calculated in accordance with 13.3. Unless otherwise specied, pipe of NPS 4 and smaller may be weighe pipe in sizes larger than NPS 4 shall be weighed separately.29 Portions of these standards appear in ASTM Book of Standards, Vol 01.01. Full text of these standards is available from American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd St., 13th oor, New York, NY 10036. 10 Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA , Attn: NPODS. 11 Available from Steel Structures Painting Council, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213. 12 Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlington Plaza, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 4.A 999/A 999M – 019. Permissible Variations in Wall Thickness 9.1 Seamless and Welded—Except as noted in 9.1.1, the minimum wall thickness at any point shall not be more than 12.5 % under the nominal wall thickness specied. The minimum wall thickness on inspection is shown in Table X1.1. 9.1.1 Minimum Wall—When the wall thickness of the pipe is specied as minimum wall in the purchase order, there shall be no variation under the specied wall thickness. 9.2 Forged and Bored—The wall thickness shall not vary over that specied by more than 18 in. [3.2 mm]. There shall be no variation under the specied wall thickness. 9.3 Cast—The wall thickness shall not vary over that specied by more than 116 in. [1.6 mm]. There shall be no variation under the specied wall thickness. 10. Permissible Variations in Inside Diameter 10.1 Forged and Bored, and Cast—The inside diameter shall not vary under that specied by more than 116 in. [1.6 mm]. There shall be no variation over the specied inside diameter. 11. Permissible Variation in Outside Diameter 11.1 Variations in outside diameter, unless otherwise agreed upon, shall not exceed the limits prescribed in Table 1. The tolerances on outside diameter include ovality except as provided for in 11.2 and 11.2.1. (See Note 2.) 11.2 For thin-wall pipe, dened as pipe having a wall thickness of 3 % or less of the outside diameter, the diameter tolerance of Table 1 is applicable only to the mean of the extreme (maximum and minimum) outside diameter readings in any one cross-section. 11.2.1 For thin-wall pipe the difference in extreme outside readings (ovality) in any one cross-section shall not exceed 1.5 % of the specied outside diameter.NOTE 2—Thin-wall pipe usually develops signicant ovality (out-ofroundness) during nal annealing, straightening, or both. The diameter tolerances of Table 1 are usually not sufficient to provide for additional ovality expected in thin-wall pipe.12.2 Forged and Bored, Cast, and Cast Cold-Wrought—If specic cut lengths are ordered, no length of pipe shall be under the length specied or more than 18 in. [3 mm] over that specied. 12.3 For pipe ordered to random lengths, the lengths and variations shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser. 12.4 No girth welds are permitted unless agreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser. 13. Standard Weight (Weight per Unit Length) 13.1 A system of standard pipe sizes has been approved by the American National Standards Institute as ANSI B36.10 and B36.19. The standard sizes do not prohibit the production and use of other sizes of pipe produced to the various product specications referenced in 1.1. (See Note 3.) 13.2 For nonstandard sizes of pipe, the calculated weight per foot shall be determined from the following equation:W 5 C~D2t!t (1)where: C = 10.69 [0.02466], W = weight, lb/ft [kg/m], D = specied or calculated (from specied inside diameter and wall thickness) outside diameter, in. [mm], and t = specied wall thickness, in. (to 3 decimal places) [mm to 2 decimal places]. 13.3 When minimum wall thickness is specied on the purchase order, the calculated weight per foot shall be determined using Eq 1, obtaining from Table X1.1 the nominal wall thickness, t, corresponding to that minimum wall.NOTE 3—The weights given in the American National Standards and the calculated weights given by Eq 1 are based on the weights for carbon steel pipe. The weight of pipe made of ferritic stainless steels may be up to about 5 % less, and that made of austenitic stainless steel up to about 2 % greater than the values given.12. Permissible Variations in Length 12.1 Seamless and Welded (No Filler Metal Added)—If specic cut lengths of 24 ft [7.3 m] or less are ordered, no length of pipe shall be under the length specied or more than 14 in. [6 mm] over that specied. 12.1.1 Permissible variations in length for lengths greater than 24 ft [7.3 m] shall be subject to agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser.TABLE 1 Permissible Variations in Outside DiameterNPS Designator Permissible Variations in Outside Diameter Over in.18-112, incl Over 112 to 4, incl Over 4 to 8, incl Over 8 to 18, incl Over 18 to 26, incl Over 26 to 34, incl Over 34 to 48, incl14. Ends 14.1 Unless otherwise specied, the pipe shall be furnished with plain ends. All burrs at the ends of the pipe shall be removed. 15. Straightness 15.1 The nished pipe shall be reasonably straight. 15.2 For metal-arc welded pipe, the maximum deviation from a 10-ft [3.0-m] straightedge placed so that both ends are in contact with the pipe shall be 18 in. [3.2 mm]. For metal-arc welded pipe with lengths shorter than 10 ft [3.0 m], this maximum deviation shall be prorated with respect to the ratio of the actual length to 10 ft [3.0 m]. 16. Repair by Welding 16.1 Repair by welding of defects in seamless pipe (including centrifugally cast pipe and forged and bored pipe) and of plate defects in welded pipe and, when specically stated by the product specication, weld seam defects in welded pipe shall be permitted subject to the approval of the purchaser and with the further understanding that the composition of the deposited ller metal shall be suitable for the composition3Under mm 0.4 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 4.0 4.8
132 132 132
32 1 32in. (0.031) (0.031) (0.031) (0.031) (0.031) (0.031) (0.031)mm 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 (0.015)
(0.031) 116 (0.062) 332 (0.093) 18 (0.125) 532 (0.156) 316 (0.187)1 64 1 32A 999/A 999M – 01being welded. Defects shall be thoroughly chipped or ground out before welding and each repaired length shall be reheat treated or stress relieved as required by the applicable specication. Each length of repaired pipe shall be nondestructively tested as required by the product specication. 16.2 Repair welding shall be performed using procedures and welders or welding operators that have been qualied in accordance with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX. 17. Retests 17.1 If the results of the certication tests of any lot do not conform to the requirements specied in the individual specication, retests may be made on additional lengths of pipe of double the original number from the same lot, each of which shall conform to the requirements specied. Only one retest of any lot will be permitted. Nonconformance will be cause for the rejection of the lot. 17.2 Any individual length of pipe that meets the test requirements is acceptable. Individual lengths that do not conform to the test requirements may be resubmitted for test provided the reason for nonconformance is established and the nonconforming portion removed. 18. Retreatment 18.1 If individual lengths of pipe selected to represent any lot fail to conform to the test requirements, the lot represented may be reheat treated and resubmitted for test. The manufacturer may reheat treat the pipe, but not more than twice, except with the approval of the purchaser. 19. Test Specimens 19.1 Test specimens shall be taken from the ends of nished pipe prior to any forming operations, or being cut to length. 19.2 Specimens cut either longitudinally or transversely shall be acceptable for the tension test. 19.3 If any test specimen shows aws or defective machining, the specimen may be discarded and another substituted. 20. Flattening Test Requirements 20.1 Seamless and Centrifugally Cast Pipe—A section of pipe not less than 212 in. [63 mm] in length shall be attened cold between parallel plates in two steps. During the rst step, which is a test for ductility, no cracks or breaks on the inside, outside, or end surfaces, except as provided for in 20.3.4, shall occur until the distance between the plates is less than the value of H calculated as follows:H 5 ~l1e!t/~e1t/D! (2)e = deformation per unit length (constant for a given grade of steel, 0.07 for medium carbon steel (maximum specied carbon 0.19 % or greater), 0.08 for ferritic alloy steel, 0.09 for austenitic steel, and 0.09 for low-carbon steel (maximum specied carbon 0.18 % or less)). During the second step, which is a test for soundness, the attening shall be continued until the specimen breaks or the opposite walls of the pipe meet. 20.2 Welded Pipe—A section of welded pipe not less than 4 in. [100 mm] in length shall be attened cold between parallel plates in two steps. The weld shall be placed at 90° from the direction of the applied force (at the point of maximum bending). During the rst step, which is a test for ductility, no cracks or breaks on the inside or outside surfaces, except as provided for in 20.3.4, shall occur until the distance between the plates is less than the value of H calculated by Eq 2. During the second step, which is a test for soundness, the attening shall be continued until the specimen breaks or the opposite walls of the pipe meet. 20.3 Seamless, Centrifugally Cast, and Welded Pipe: 20.3.1 Evidence of laminated or defective material or weld that is revealed at any time during the entire attening test shall be cause for rejection. 20.3.2 Surface imperfections not evident in the test specimen before attening, but revealed during the rst step of attening test, shall be judged in accordance with the nish requirements. 20.3.3 Supercial ruptures resulting from surface imperfections shall not be a cause for rejection. 20.3.4 When low D-to-t ratio tubular products are tested, because the strain imposed due to geometry is unreasonably high on the inside surface at the six and twelve o’clock locations, cracks at these locations shall not be cause for rejection if the D-to-t ratio is less than 10. 21. Nondestructive Test Requirements 21.1 When required by the applicable product specication or the purchase order, the pipe shall be tested by the hydrostatic test (see 21.2) or by the nondestructive electrical test (see 21.3). 21.2 Hydrostatic Test: 21.2.1 Except as provided in 21.2.2 and 21.2.3, each length of pipe shall be tested by the manufacturer to a hydrostatic pressure which will produce in the pipe wall a stress not less than 60 % of the minimum specied yield strength for ferritic alloy and stainless steel pipe, or 50 % of the specied minimum yield strength for austenitic alloy and stainless steel pipe and for ferritic/austenitic stainless steel pipe. The test pressure or stress shall be determined by the following equation:P 5 2St/D or S 5 PD/2t (3)where: H = distance between attening plates, in. [mm], t = specied wall thickness, in. [mm], D = specied outside diameter, outside diameter corresponding to specied ANSI pipe size, or outside diameter calculated by adding 2t (as dened above) to the specied inside diameter in. [mm], and4where: P = hydrostatic test pressure in psi [MPa], S = pipe wall stress in psi or [MPa],A 999/A 999M – 01= specied wall thickness, nominal wall thickness according to specied ANSI schedule number, or 1.143 times the specied minimum wall thickness, in. [mm], and D = specied outside diameter, outside diameter corresponding to specied ANSI pipe size, or outside diameter calculated by adding 2t (as dened above) to the specied inside diameter, in. [mm]. 21.2.1.1 The hydrostatic test pressure determined by the equation shall be rounded to the nearest 50 psi [0.5 MPa] for pressures below 1000 psi [7 MPa], and to the nearest 100 psi [1 MPa] for pressures 1000 psi [7 MPa] and above. The hydrostatic test may be performed prior to cutting to nal length, or prior to upsetting, swaging, expanding, bending, or other forming operations. 21.2.2 Regardless of pipe-wall stress-level determined by Eq 3, the minimum hydrostatic test pressure required to satisfy these requirements need not exceed 2500 psi [17.0 MPa] for outside diameters (see D in 21.2) of 3.5 in. [88.9 mm] or less, or 2800 psi [19.0 MPa] for outside diameters over 3.5 in. [88.9 mm]. This does not prohibit testing at higher pressures at the option of the manufacturer or as provided in 21.3. 21.2.3 With concurrence of the manufacturer, a minimum hydrostatic test pressure in excess of the requirements of 21.2 or 21.1, or both, may be stated on the order. 21.2.4 The test pressure shall be held for a minimum of 5 s. For welded pipe, the test pressure shall be held for a time sufficient to permit the entire length of the welded seam to be inspected. 21.2.5 The hydrostatic test may not be capable of testing the end portion of the pipe. The length of pipe that cannot be tested shall be determined by the manufacturer and, when specied in the purchase order, reported to the purchaser. 21.3 Nondestructive Electric Test: 21.3.1 Each pipe shall be examined with a nondestructive test in accordance with Practices E 213, E 309, E 426, or E 570. Unless specically called out by the purchaser, the selection of the nondestructive electric test shall be at the option of the manufacturer. Upon agreement between purchaser and manufacturer, Practice E 273 shall be employed in addition to one of the full periphery tests. The range of pipe sizes that may be examined by each method shall be subject to the limitations in the scope of the respective practices. 21.3.2 The following information is for the benet of the user of this specication: 21.3.2.1 The reference standards dened in 21.2.2-21.2.5 are convenient standards for calibration of nondestructive testing equipment. The dimensions of these standards should not be construed as the minimum size imperfection detectable by such equipment. 21.3.2.2 The ultrasonic testing (UT) can be performed to detect both longitudinally and circumferentially oriented defects. It should be recognized that different techniques should be used to detect differently oriented imperfections. The examination may not detect short deep defects. 21.3.2.3 The eddy-current testing (ET) referenced in this specication, (see Practices E 426 and E 309), has the capability of detecting signicant discontinuities, especially of the5tshort abrupt type. The sensitivity of this test decreases with thickness over 0.25 in. (6 mm). 21.3.2.4 The ux leakage examination referred to in this specication is capable of detecting the presence and location of signicant longitudinally or transversely oriented discontinuities. However, sensitivity of the test to various types of discontinuities is affected by the calibration, and different techniques should be employed to detect differently oriented imperfections. 21.3.2.5 A purchaser interested in ascertaining the nature (type, size, location, and orientation) of discontinuities that can be detected in the specic application of these examinations should discuss this with the manufacturer of the tubular product. 21.3.3 Time of Examination: 21.3.3.1 Nondestructive testing for specication acceptance shall be performed after all mechanical processing, heat treatments, and straightening operations. This equipment does not preclude additional testing at earlier stages in the processing. 21.3.4 Surface Condition: 21.3.4.1 All surfaces shall be free of scale, dirt, grease, paint, and other foreign material that could interfere with interpretation of test results. The methods used for cleaning and preparing the surfaces for examination shall not be detrimental to the base metal or the surface nish. 21.3.4.2 Excessive surface roughness or deep scratches can produce signals that interfere with the test. 21.3.5 Extent of Examination: 21.3.5.1 The relative motion of the pipe and the transducer(s), coil(s), or sensor(s) shall be such that the entire pipe surface is scanned, except as in 21.3.5.2. 21.3.5.2 The existence of end effects is recognized, and the extent of such effects shall be determined by the manufacturer, and, if requested, shall be reported to the purchaser. Other nondestructive tests may be applied to the end areas, subject to agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer. 21.3.6 Operator Qualications: 21.3.6.1 The test unit operator shall be certied in accordance with SNT-TC-1A, or an equivalent recognized and documented standard. 21.3.7 Test Conditions: 21.3.7.1 For eddy-current testing, the excitation coil frequency shall be chosen to ensure adequate penetration yet provide good signal-to-noise ratio. 21.3.7.2 The maximum eddy-current coil frequency used shall be as follows:On specied walls up to 0.050 in. - 100 kHz max On specied walls up to 0.150 in. - 50 kHz max On specied walls equal to or greater than 0.150 in. - 10 kHz max21.3.7.3 Ultrasonic—For examination by the ultrasonic method, the minimum nominal transducer frequency shall be 2.00 MHz and the maximum nominal transducer size shall be 1.5 in. 21.3.7.4 If the equipment contains a reject notice lter setting, this shall remain off during calibration and testing unless linearity can be demonstrated at the setting. 21.3.8 Reference Standards:A 999/A 999M – .1 Reference standards of convenient length shall be prepared from a length of pipe of the same grade, size (NPS, or outside diameter and schedule or wall thickness), surface nish and heat treatment conditions as the pipe to be examined. 21.3.8.2 For Ultrasonic Testing, the reference ID and OD notches shall be any one of the three common notch shapes shown in Practice E 213, at the option of the manufacturer. The depth of each notch shall not exceed 1212% of the specied wall thickness of the pipe or 0.004 in. [0.1 mm], whichever is greater. The width of the notch shall not exceed twice the depth. Notches shall be placed on both the OD and ID surfaces. 21.3.8.3 For Eddy-Current Testing, the reference standard shall contain, at the option of the manufacturer, any one of the following discontinuities: 21.3.8.4 Drilled Hole —The reference standard shall contain three or more holes, equally spaced circumferentially around the pipe and longitudinally separated by a sufficient distance to allow distinct identication of the signal from each hole. The holes shall be drilled radially and completely through the pipe wall, with care being taken to avoid distortion of the pipe while drilling. One hole shall be drilled in the weld, if visible. Alternately, the producer of welded pipe may choose to drill one hole in the weld and run the calibration standard through the test coils three times with the weld turned at 120° on each pass. The hole diameter shall be no larger than as follows:NPS Designator
above 12 to 1 14 above 1 14 to 2 above 2 to 5 above 512Hole Diameter 0.039 in. [1 mm] 0.055 in. [1.4 mm] 0.071 in. [1.8 mm] 0.087 in. [2.2 mm] 0.106 in. [2.7 mm]21.3.8.5 Transverse Tangential Notch—Using a round tool or a le with a 14 in. [6.4 mm] diameter, a notch shall be led or milled tangential to the surface and transverse to the longitudinal axis of the pipe. Said notch shall have a depth not exceeding 12 12 % of the specied wall thickness of the pipe or 0.004 in. [0.10 mm], whichever is greater. 21.3.8.6 Longitudinal Notch—A notch of 0.031 in. [0.8 mm] or less in width shall be machined in a radial plane parallel to the tube axis on the outside surface of the pipe, to have a depth not exceeding 12 12 % of the specied wall thickness of the pipe or 0.004 in. [0.10 mm], whichever is greater. 21.3.8.7 More or smaller reference discontinuities, or both, may be used by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer. 21.3.9 Standardization Procedure: 21.3.9.1 The test apparatus shall be standardized at the beginning and end of each series of pipes of the same size (NPS or diameter and schedule or wall thickness), grade and heat treatment condition, and at intervals not exceeding 4 h. More frequent standardization may be performed at the manufacturer’s option and may be required upon agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer. 21.3.9.2 The test apparatus shall also be standardized after any change in test system settings, change of operator, equipment repair, or interruption due to power loss, process shutdown or when a problem is suspected.621.3.9.3 The reference standard shall be passed through the test apparatus at the same speed and test system settings as the pipe to be tested. 21.3.9.4 The signal-to-noise ratio for the reference standard shall be 212 to 1 or greater. Extraneous signals caused by identiable causes such as dings, scratches, dents, straightener marks, etc., shall not be considered noise. The rejection amplitude shall be adjusted to be at least 50 % of full scale of the readout display. 21.3.9.5 If upon any standardization, the rejection amplitude has decreased by 29 % (3 dB) of peak height from the last standardization, the pipe tested since the last calibration shall be rejected. The test system settings may be changed, or the transducer(s), coil(s) or sensor(s) adjusted, and the unit restandardized, but all pipe tested since the last acceptable standardization must be retested for acceptance. 21.3.10 Evaluation of Imperfections: 21.3.10.1 Pipes producing a signal equal to or greater than the lowest signal produced by the reference standard(s) shall be identied and separated from the acceptable pipes. The area producing the signal may be reexamined. 21.3.10.2 Such pipes shall be rejected if the test signal was produced by imperfections that cannot be identied or was produced by cracks or crack-life imperfections. These pipes may be repaired when such repair is permitted by the applicable product specication. To be accepted, a repaired pipe must pass the same nondestructive test by which it was rejected, and it must meet the minimum wall thickness requirements of the applicable product specication. 21.3.10.3 If the test signals were produced by visual imperfections such as: stop marks, or pipe reducer ripple. The pipe may be accepted based on visual examination provided that the imperfection is less than 0.004 in. [0.1 mm] or 1212% of the specied wall thickness, whichever is greater. 21.3.10.4 Rejected pipe may be reconditioned and retested providing that the wall thickness is not decreased to less than that required by the applicable product specication. The outside diameter at the point of grinding may be reduced by the amount so removed. To be accepted, retested pipe shall meet the test requirement. 21.3.10.5 If the imperfection is explored to the extent that it can be identied as non-rejectable, the pipe may be accepted without further test provided that the imperfection does not encroach on the minimum required wall thickness. 22. Inspection 22.1 The inspector representing the purchaser shall have entry at all times work on the contract of the purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer’s works that concern the manufacture of the material ordered. The manufacturer shall afford the inspector all reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the material is being furnished in accordance with this specication. All required tests and inspection shall be made at the place of manufacture prior to shipment, unless otherwise specied, and shall be conducted so as not to interfere unnecessarily with operation of the works.}