/14该会员上传的其它文档：17 p.17 p.15 p.22 p.13 p.16 p.15 p.17 p.13 p.15 p.18 p.22 p.18 p.20 p.16 p.18 p.14 p.15 p.16 p.15 p.17 p.18 p.14 p.19 p.第四模块阅读填空（七选五）1【海南嘉积中学2013届高三上学期高中质（四）T..第四模块阅读填空（七选五）1【海南嘉积中学2013届高三上学期高中质（四）TheUnitedStateshasallsortsofgeography,fromdesertstobeaches,mountainstoflatlands.Theseconditionshelpcreateal...2013高考英语二轮模拟新题分类汇编第四模块阅读填空相关文档专题docdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocpptdocdocdocdocdocdoc关于我们常见问题关注我们官方公共微信How To Drive Defensively
How To Drive Defensively
Someone got cut off. They bleeped their horn. You bleeped back. They gesticulated, you gesticulated. And now you're stuck with a lunatic on your back, tailgating and swerving, keeping up with you with a crazy grimace on his face and trying his best to force you off the road. Whoa there. Not everybody lives in Orange County, Calif. Or Miami, Fla. And maybe you're the lunatic, who knows? Or perhaps you take a more considered path of action. We've chosen eight often overlooked defensive driving tips that hopefully will help ensure situations like this one don't develop, and which come with the added bonus of avoiding an expensive
payment or minimizing the risks of injury or death in a serious crash.
Tip 1: Don't do unto others
So the crazy-driver pursuit is unlikely to occur, but remonstrating with another driver can not only prove dangerous to your health and wellbeing -- remember you may be inflaming a road-rage situation -- but perhaps more crucially, it distracts a driver for a split second or longer. The entire event could adversely affect their driving for the rest of the day. Remember: Don't take it out on others. And though I usually don't subscribe to the fractured logic of bumper stickers -- mean people, and in particular mean drivers, really do suck.
Tip 2: Stay out of the way
One of the first defensive driving tips listed by Dr Leon James, a professor at the University of Hawaii who , is: "Stay out of the way. Give aggressive drivers plenty of room to get around you." If another driver is endangering you or his actions are threatening to cause a smash, the best tactic is avoidance, usually by slowing down (with one caveat: always check mirrors before hitting the ).
He tells : "One thing to remember is that there is a diversity of drivers on the road. They have different goals for being there -- some are in a hurry to get somewhere, others are just looking around or don't know where they are going exactly and have plenty of time. Others are challenged by sickness, age, drugs, anger, depression, etc. So the best defensive driving advice is to give them more latitude. Let them do what they want at all times."
Tip 3: Yield
Dr. James also says it is never a given that other drivers will follow the rules of the road, and to never insist on your own right of way if another driver is challenging you. Mark Sedenquist, the publisher , agrees, advocating a "yield anyway" strategy. He says: "Even if the right of way is yours by law, custom, or common sense, always remember that the real object is to get home safely. So when someone barges out ahead of you when it's not their turn, put your ego and irritation in the back seat and ... yield anyway."
Tip 4: Be aware of your surroundings
Riding Chicago's L train system to O'Hare Airport alongside the Kennedy Expressway, as I did recently in transit to Los Angeles, gives a great opportunity to observe
what drivers get up to behind the wheel: text messaging, applying lipstick, talking on cell phones and reading (!), often at speed. Sedenquist advises keeping an eye out for others' -- and also your own -- bad habits. He says: "One major key to safe driving is observing and responding to the unexpected things that other drivers do. Drivers should be scanning the road constantly, both ahead and (in a rear-view mirror) behind. Another strategy is the 'two-seconds-plus rule,' ensuring a safe following distance between your car and that car or
in front of you."
Tip 5: Overcome overconfidence
Russ Radar, of the , suggests overconfidence could be at the root of the problem and also offers a practical approach to . "We all think we're good drivers and it's all the other drivers out there that are dangerous. We need to examine our own driving behavior: Slow down, obey , and always wear safety belts. If everyone did those things, our highways would be a lot safer."
Tip 6: Take a refresher course
I attended a brief
as part of an assignment a few years back and was shocked by just how much my road habits had decayed in a decade or so behind the wheel, perhaps as a result of overconfidence. One-hand steering wheel spins? Please no. Even crossing hands is frowned upon here. Quick to point out and work on combating bad habits, my instructor also offered valuable lessons on everyday road stuff that I'd forgotten, some as surprisingly basic as road position or safely approaching a stop sign or street entrance. It's valuable in other ways, too: Any
money spent on the course may end up saving larger payouts on
misdemeanors
-- both of which will probably necessitate the taking of defensive driving course, usually in a class or online.
Tip 7: Rest and refresh
reports that more than 56,000 crashes annually are caused by drowsy drivers. It also suggests some startling characteristics of crashes involving a drowsy driver: The crash occurs late at night or
a single vehicl the crash occurs on a high- the driver does not atte the driver is alone in the vehicle.
A friend of mine, who crashed a
850 into highway safety barrels at 70 mph (and thankfully walked away without a scratch) will bear witness that all of these factors occurred in her early-morning smash when she fell asleep at the wheel. The
says that, young people (ages 16 to 29), especially males, are most at risk. Shift workers whose sleep is disrupted by working at night or working long or irregular hours also face the same risks. Sedenquist, who has tallied a half million miles in his 30 years on the road across America, says "Before you push on for 'just another fifty miles,' keep in mind that sleepy drivers can be just as dangerous as drunk ones." Stay alert, it can save your life.
Tip 8: Take a
Zen-like approach
Dr James advises: "The secret of being a "supportive driver" -- the opposite of an aggressive driver. Facilitate what they are trying to do. Do not put your sail in their wind. Be a smart driver, a peaceful driver, and be safe and calm that way."
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2015届高考英语阅读理解暑假练习（1）
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下载文档:2015届高考英语阅读理解暑假练习（1）.DOC1Learn the driving rules for your location. Before you get a permit, it's important to be aware of the rules of driving and the basic safety precautions you should take as a responsible driver. It's much more advisable to learn the rules before you get behind the wheel so you don't wing it and make mistakes as you go along. Here's how:
Read the driver's handbook provided by the DMV or your local department that regulates driving and automobiles. If you do not learn the rules, you won't be able to get your permit.
Some basic rules and common sense safety precautions that everyone should know include: stopping for pedestrians, obeying traffic signs, staying within the speed limit, and wearing your seatbelt.
2Get your permit. Your permit will allow you to drive with adult supervision and a curfew. Learn your state's laws to see what age you need to be to apply for a permit (typically between the ages of 14 and 18) and what you need to do to get it.
Here are some general guidelines:
If you're a minor, you'll need the signature of your parent or guardian.
You'll have to pass a written test about driving rules and regulation.
Some jurisdictions will require a certain number of hours of “behind-the-wheel” driver’s education in order to get your license.
If you are still in school, most will have classes in driver's education.
3Practice driving. Once you have your permit, you need to hone your driving skills. Before you take your car on the highway, you need to practice getting comfortable behind the wheel. Take it one day at a time and be patient. Nobody's a perfect driver at first. Here are some tips:
Practice with an adult that you trust. Drive with a responsible driver over the age of 21 who can guide you and give you advice without getting frustrated.
Practice in an isolated and safe location, such as an empty parking lot on the weekends. This will help you understand the way your car accelerates, how your brakes work, and how to generally maneuver your car. Each car is different and it's important to get a feel for what makes your car unique.
1Make the proper adjustments. Before you start driving, it's important to adjust your mirrors and seat so that you are ready for the road. Doing this before you drive instead of while you're driving will ensure that you're being safe and focused. Here's what to do:
Check your rearview and side mirrors and make any necessary adjustments. Make sure you have a good view of the cars on either side and behind you. Do not adjust your mirrors while driving---this can be far too distracting.
2Make sure you and your car are ready to go. Before you put your hands on the wheel, it's important that your body and car are ready to venture out onto the roads. Here's what you should do:
Fasten your seatbelt. Depending on where you live, there is most likely a law that requires you wear a seatbelt. Not only will you get cited for breaking this rule, but your chances of injury and fatality during a collision also increase exponentially.
Check your dashboard. Make sure your car is ready to drive and that there are no alarming lights that signal that your car needs to be taken to the shop.
Adjust your seat, making sure you can comfortably reach the pedals and see the road.
3Minimize distractions. To be safe, you should minimize any distractions before you put your foot to the pedal. Eliminate any obstacles that will keep you from focusing on the road. Here are some tips:
Put away your cell phone. Don't get behind the wheel if you're in the middle of an intense texting session with your best friend. Finish the conversation by saying you're going to drive and will talk later. You can even turn off your phone if you're prone to distractions.
Turn down your music. Put on something soothing and relaxing to get you focused.
If you need to brush your hair or put on makeup, do not do this while driving--get everything you need to do done before you put the keys in the ignition.
. To start your car, you have to follow a few easy steps in the right order. Here's what you do:
Release your emergency brake.
Put your foot on the brake.
Put your key in the ignition and turn it. You should hear it turning on.
2Place your car into gear. Since you are learning on an automatic, this will either be (D) Drive or (R) Reverse, depending on how you are parked.
If you're driving forward, you should put your car in Drive.
If you're driving backward, in order to back out of a driveway or a parking spot, your car should be in Reverse.
If reversing, first check your rearview mirror and then place your hand on the passenger seat as you turn your head to the right to look behind you.
3Take your foot off the brake and feel the car move. Congratulations--you are driving a car!
Slowly apply your foot to the gas to accelerate.
4Accelerate your car. You should accelerate your car to reach the speed limit in your neighborhood. If you're on the highway, you should be aware of the speed limit but go with the flow of traffic.
If all the cars around you are going much slower than the speed limit due to traffic, drive accordingly to avoid crashing into them.
If all of the cars around you are driving much faster than the speed limit, you don't have to break the law, but you can accelerate a bit so you don't slow the flow down too much.
Remember that driving too slow can be just as dangerous as driving too fast.
Accelerate your car calmly. Don't push your foot too hard on the gas or you may go much faster than you intended. Know that each car has its own acceleration rate.
5Steer your car properly. Proper steering techniques will make your driving experience smoother and will help you avoid collisions. Steering your car the right way can help you turn and position in your car in the most convenient way. Here are some tips for good steering:
Make sure to have both hands on the wheel.
Place your hands at either 8 or 4 o’clock, or slightly higher at 9 and 3 o’clock, depending on your preference. At this position, you can safely maneuver the wheel and are prevented from making any sharp turns.
When making a turn, pull down on the side of the wheel you wish to turn towards and push up with opposite hand. This is called “pull-push” steering.
To make sharper turns at lower speeds, use hand-over-hand turning. To do this, perform a push-pull turn but bring your pull hand over your push hand in order to continue moving the wheel in the desired direction.
6Understand your brakes. You should know how long it takes for your car to reach a full and complete stop when traveling at various speeds.
Always drive at least a car length behind the car in front of you. If you have to make a fast stop, you do not want to crash into the front car.
When traveling at a faster speed, you will need even more than one car length in order to come safely to a stop, so understand and observe the two-second rule, which states that you should be at least two seconds behind any car directly in front of you to keep a safe following distance. Take weather and road conditions into account.
Try not to stop suddenly unless it’s an emergency. Sudden stops can lead to vehicles behind you plowing into your rear.
7Signal appropriately. Remember that the person in the car behind you cannot read your mind. They don't know which direction you are going to move unless you signal.You should signal in the following situations:
As you approach the last 100 feet (30.5 m) before your turning point (left or right turn).
Before you change lanes, be sure that you signal at least 5 seconds prior.
Before pulling into or out from a curbside parking spot.
When changing directions.
8Use your lights. Your car lights can help you see more clearly and avoid danger. You should use them when it's dark, raining, or foggy.
A general rule of thumb is if you have to ask yourself, "Should my lights be on right now?" then the answer is always yes.
Check the other cars on the road. If most of them turn their lights on, flick yours on too.
Remember that some cars have lights that automatically turn on and off under certain conditions. If you don't have one of these types of cars, make sure to turn your lights off when you park your car, or you may drain your battery.
9Use your wipers. Learn how your windshield wipers work before the first drop of rain falls. You can adjust them to move back and forth at different speeds depending on how hard the rain is falling.
You can also use your wipers to squirt fluid on your windshield to wipe off any dirt or stains.
Do not drive if your wipers are broken. Driving in a storm without wipers is incredibly dangerous.
10Change lanes like a pro. Follow the rules for properly and safely changing lanes. A useful mnemonic device to follow is S.M.O.G.
S: SIGNAL to let the cars around you know that where you intend to change lanes.
M: Check your MIRROR to see that it is clear.
O: Check OVER-THE-SHOULDER to again make sure that it is safe to proceed.
11Park your car correctly. After you've reached your destination, you'll need to turn off your engine and park your car safely. Here's how to finish driving:
Find a good parking spot, and stop your car by putting your foot on the brake.
Shift gears into "Park."
Turn off your engine.
Pull up your parking brake.
If your lights are on, turn them off.
Lock your car to prevent theft.
Get out of the car and make sure it fits in its spot.
1Remember that many basic rules of driving apply to both automatic and manual cars. Though the differences between the cars will be discussed, there are many basic rules that still apply to both types of cars. They are:
The steps you should take to prepare for driving, such as adjusting your mirrors and avoiding distractions.
The rules of signaling appropriately.
The rules of changing lanes.
Using your lights and wipers when needed.
The placement of your hands on the wheel.
2Learn the controls. Most people will agree that the manual car is trickier to drive than the automatic because of the extra steps that need to be taken to drive successfully. However, many people also say that driving a manual car can be more fun and rewarding, because you'll be more involved in the driving process. If you have a manual car, you should recognize and use two extra controls. They are:
The clutch: The clutch controls the connection between the engine and transmission. Pushing on the clutch pedal disengages the clutch and disconnects the engine from the transmission. Releasing will engage the clutch and connect them. When disengaging the clutch you effectively place the car in neutral regardless of whether it is in gear or not. Engaging the clutch will place the car into whichever gear is currently selected.
The shifter: Shifting gears is done by moving a stick called either the gear stick, shift stick, gearshift, gear lever, gear selector, or shifter. Gear numbers and shift patterns will vary by model but the “default” position is “N” neutral, followed by gears that range from 1 to 5 or 1 to 6, and then “R” reverse.
3Start the car. Starting your manual car is a bit trickier than starting an automatic car. It will also take more practice. When you're starting out, make sure you're in an isolated location to prevent any mishaps. Here's how to do it:
Begin by stepping on the clutch. Most manual cars will not start unless the clutch is disengaged.
Once you have started the car, place your foot on the brake and release the emergency brake.
If moving forward, place the car into 1st gear. If reversing, place the car into reverse ("R").
As you slowly release the clutch, slowly apply pressure onto the gas pedal.
You will hear the engine revving up and then feel and hear the clutch “catch.” If the car moves forward without the engine stalling, then great work! You have successfully started the car and are traveling in 1st gear.
4Switch your gears to match your speed. Shift gears just as you would from Neutral to 1st gear in order to move into the higher gears. Before you start switching gears, remember these points:
You must shift gears in this order. Disengage the clutch by pressing on the clutch pedal. Shift gears using the shifter. Re-engage the clutch by slowly taking pressure off the clutch pedal while stepping on the gas.
Think of the clutch pedal and gas pedal as being proportionate to the other in pressure. They should act in concert together in the same way that a seesaw behaves. When one goes up, the other goes down.
Gradually applying gas while engaging the clutch will make shifting gears smoother. It will take time, but once you master the feeling of the clutch and gas, it will become second nature.
5Move into higher gears for higher speed. Each car will have its own speed range for each gear. Some will tell you to only switch gears after reaching a certain RPM.
Listen to your car and switch when you think the engine needs to make the change.
6Brake appropriately. Press on the clutch pedal and move into Neutral when braking. Moving the car into Neutral will ensure that the engine is no longer moving the transmission and prevents you from stalling as you decelerate with the brake.
You can potentially save gas and improve the life of your brakes by downshifting to decelerate. This takes practice however, so begin by just using your brakes.
7Park your car. Once you've found the right place to park your car, it's important to follow a few key rules to park your manual car properly. Here's what you should do:
Leave your car in gear, not Neutral. It'll typically be in either reverse or first gear. If you leave it in Neutral, it won't stay put.
Take your keys out of the ignition.
1Take the appropriate steps to receive a license. Once you've gotten your permit, have mastered either the automatic or manual car, and have driven on the road for the requisite amount of time (six months in some states), then you are ready to get your driver's license! The driver's license will allow you to drive alone, at any hour, and with more than one other person in the car. To get the license, there are a few things you may have to do, depending on your state:
Pass a written test.
Pass a short driving test, which will test you on basic driving skills which include how to
and make K-turns.
Pass a vision test.
Check out your state's DMV requirements to see exactly how old you have to be and what you have to do to get a license.
2Remember that driving is a responsibility. Once you've done everything you need to do to get your license, you should remember to be a cautious, safe, or responsible driver. If you don't drive by the rules, your driving privileges will be revoked and you may get in trouble with the law. Here are some things to keep in mind once you're a licensed driver:
Always put safety first. Safety should be your priority over fun. Don't do anything that compromises your safety like cram seven people in your car, drive without a seatbelt, or be a generally distracted driver.
Your driving skills could always be improved. Make notes of things you want to work on, from making smooth turns to signaling ahead of time, and work to address your driving flaws.
Keep your passengers safe. Make sure your passengers are behaving appropriately before you start the car. If they are hanging out of windows, not wearing seatbelts, or not respecting the roads, don't start the car.
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Tell us everything you know here. Remember, more detail is better.
Please be as detailed as possible in your explanation. Don't worry about formatting! We'll take care of it.
For example:Don't say: Eat more fats.Do say: Add fats with some nutritional value to the foods you already eat. Try olive oil, butter, avocado, and mayonnaise.
Watch others while they drive and ask questions. While there is no substitute for firsthand practice, this can be a good opportunity to review rules and techniques.
When other drivers behind you are speeding aggressively or driving erratically and you can do so, let them pass.
Anticipate the behavior of others that you see ahead of you, people exiting a car on the driver's side, bicyclists, children playing in the street or nearby, and be prepared to stop.
When you approach a yellow light, stop if you can do so safely. If you're about to sail through it, stopping abruptly will be more dangerous than driving ahead.
When backing out of a parking space in a parking lot or driveway, look out for small children and animals, particularly children and pets behind you who may not be visible from the driver's viewpoint, and children riding tricycles or skateboards. When backing out of a parking space or before making a turn at an intersection, look both ways for pedestrians.
When the driver's view is obstructed by a larger vehicle, a truck or van near an intersection or parked near a corner, proceed with care before making a left turn or when crossing an intersection.
Watch out for bicyclists on your right side (USA), particularly when making a right turn or when moving toward the curb. If possible, make room for bicyclists on narrow streets.
When driving through an intersection, never assume that a car travelling on the cross street will stop. Stop signs may be obscured by trees or other factors, or the driver may not be paying attention. Proceed with caution and be prepared to stop.
Do not operate a vehicle if you are feeling tired. Pull over and take a nap if you must.
Do not operate a vehicle while under the influence of any substance.
Do not talk on the phone (although it may be acceptable for you if you have a wireless headpiece) or send text messages while you're driving. It is absolutely dangerous and can have lethal consequences.
Never drink and drive. The police will stop you if they have reason to suspect you driving under the influence. Not only do you run the risk of killing a fellow driver or pedestrian, but you may also kill yourself.
Check which times are curfews for being off the road if you have a learner's permit.
Stay off of highways if you are new. Highways have lots of cars and can be a dangerous place for inexperienced motorists. In some jurisdictions, it is illegal for a driver who has a learner's permit to drive on highways and can be a cause for your license to be revoked if caught. It is not recommended for license holders who have a junior license to drive on highways. If at all possible, get someone who has a regular license drive on highways.
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