Harvard cracks DNA storage, crams 700 terabytes of data into a single gramBy
on August 17, 2012 at 10:22 am
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A bioengineer and geneticist at Harvard’s Wyss Institute have successfully stored 5.5 petabits of data — around 700 terabytes — in a single gram of DNA, smashing the previous DNA data density record by a thousand times.The work, , basically treats DNA as just another digital storage device. Instead of binary data being encoded as magnetic regions on a hard drive platter, strands of DNA that store 96 bits are synthesized, with each of the bases (TGAC) representing a binary value (T and G = 1, A and C = 0).To read the data stored in DNA, you simply sequence it — just as if you were sequencing the human genome — and convert each of the TGAC bases back into binary. To aid with sequencing, each strand of DNA has a 19-bit address block at the start (the red bits in the image below) — so a whole vat of DNA can be sequenced out of order, and then sorted into usable data using the addresses.Scientists have been
for a long time, for three very good reasons: It’s incredibly dense (you can store one bit per base, and a base is only a few atoms large); it’s volumetric (beaker) rather than planar (hard disk); and it’s incredibly stable — where other bleeding-edge storage mediums need to be kept in sub-zero vacuums, DNA can survive for hundreds of thousands of years in a box in your garage.It is only with recent advances in
that synthesizing and sequencing DNA has become an everyday task, though. While it took years for the original Human Genome Project to analyze a single human genome (some 3 billion DNA base pairs), modern lab equipment with
can do it in hours. Now this isn’t to say that Church and Kosuri’s DNA storage is fast — but it’s fast enough for very-long-term archival.Just think about it for a moment: One gram of DNA can store 700 terabytes of data. That’s 14,000 50-gigabyte Blu-ray discs… in a droplet of DNA that would fit on the tip of your pinky. To store the same kind of data on hard drives — the densest storage medium in use today — you’d need 233 3TB drives, weighing a total of 151 kilos. In Church and Kosuri’s case, they have successfully stored around 700 kilobytes of data in DNA — Church’s latest book, in fact — and proceeded to make 70 billion copies (which they claim, jokingly, makes it the best-selling book of all time!) totaling 44 petabytes of data stored. Looking forward, they foresee a world where biological storage would allow us to record anything and everything without reservation. Today, we wouldn’t dream of blanketing every square meter of Earth with cameras, and recording every moment for all eternity/human posterity — we simply don’t have the storage capacity. There is a reason that backed up data is usually only kept for a few weeks or months — it just isn’t feasible to have warehouses full of hard drives, which could fail at any time. If the entirety of human knowledge — every book, uttered word, and funny cat video — can be stored in a few hundred kilos of DNA, though… well, it might just be possible to record everything (hello, police state!) It’s also worth noting that it’s possible to store data in the DNA of living cells — though only for a short time. Storing data in your skin would be a fantastic way of transferring data securely…Read: , Research paper:
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Ziff Davis, LLC.PCMag Digital Group All Rights Reserved. ExtremeTech is a registered trademark of Ziff Davis, LLC. Reproduction in whole or in part in any form or medium without express written permission of Ziff Davis, LLC. is prohibited.[1.2.5] MineColony RC19 (Roads, a lot of bug fixes) - WIP Mods - Minecraft Mods - Mapping and Modding - Minecraft Forum - Minecraft Forum
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Chest recipes
Any wood type can be used in the recipes. Amount of the worker chests depends on a material of the tool.
Aditional recipes
Supply chest should be placed next to the water. Divider is used for measuring a distance. Golden scepter is used to make villagers follow you. Warning bell rings when enemies are near (place it high).
[url="http://www.minecraftforum.net/topic/0-minecolony-rc16-reworked-builder-new-buildings-fixes/"][img]/albums/bb362/toster666/Thread/minecolonyBaner.png[/img][/url]
Private Mod Note
Private Mod Note
I found a bug where i cant place the chests without my game crashes
this is the error log
Mods loaded: 14
ModLoader Beta 1.6.6
mod_BuildCraftCore 1.6.6.3
mod_BuildCraftBuilders 1.6.6.3
mod_BuildCraftFactory 1.6.6.3
mod_BuildCraftTransport 1.6.6.3
mod_IntegratedRedstone 1.0
mod_MineColony MineColony 0.6 rc10
mod_TooManyItems 1.6.5
mod_ToggleBlocks 1.6.5/1.6.6-v2.4
mod_Allocator 1.6.6
mod_ChestTrap 1.6.6
mod_Fan 1.6.6
mod_JumpPad 1.6.6
mod_Pfaeff 1.6.6
Minecraft has crashed!
----------------------
Minecraft has stopped running because it encountered a problem.
If you wish to report this, please copy this entire text and email it to
Please include a description of what you did when the error occured.
--- BEGIN ERROR REPORT
Generated 17-06-11 15:49
Minecraft: Minecraft Beta 1.6.6
OS: Windows 7 (x86) version 6.1
Java: 1.6.0_24, Sun Microsystems Inc.
VM: Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (mixed mode), Sun Microsystems Inc.
LWJGL: 2.4.2
OpenGL: GeForce GTX 460/PCI/SSE2 version 4.0.0, NVIDIA Corporation
java.lang.NullPointerException
at BlockHut.scanForHutNearPoint(Unknown Source)
at BlockHut.a(Unknown Source)
at un.e(SourceFile:538)
at fb.a(SourceFile:1873)
at ci.a(SourceFile:37)
at iw.a(SourceFile:78)
at nx.a(SourceFile:90)
at net.minecraft.client.Minecraft.a(SourceFile:1069)
at net.minecraft.client.Minecraft.k(SourceFile:1257)
at net.minecraft.client.Minecraft.run(SourceFile:720)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source)
--- END ERROR REPORT edc730d5 ----------
Maybe it conflicts with other mod ID's you've got. You could try to change the MineColony ID's in MineColony.properties file to other values:
[Block IDs]
MinerBlockID=97
WarehouseBlockID=98
FarmerBlockID=99
BankBlockID=100
BuilderBlockID=101
CitizenBlockID=102
TownHallBlockID=103
MarketBlockID=104
LumberjackBlockID=105
Does it work with new world?
Maybe it conflicts with other mod ID's you've got. You could try to change the MineColony ID's in MineColony.properties file to other values:
[Block IDs]
MinerBlockID=97
WarehouseBlockID=98
FarmerBlockID=99
BankBlockID=100
BuilderBlockID=101
CitizenBlockID=102
TownHallBlockID=103
MarketBlockID=104
LumberjackBlockID=105
Does it work with new world?
it works in a new world i wonder why
and this is my new id to make it work with my mods
[Block IDs]
MinerBlockID=97
WarehouseBlockID=98
FarmerBlockID=99
BankBlockID=100
BuilderBlockID=101
CitizenBlockID=102
TownHallBlockID=126
MarketBlockID=127
LumberjackBlockID=125
Edit they dont seem to take any jobs other than delivery man
Private Mod Note
Private Mod Note
So, after a lot of work our team (rscott6666, Vlad11, Heho, eastborn) have released MineColony 0.6. It's still in beta stage, so you could expect bugs here and there (miner is still WIP) but it's playable. Here is a list of major changes:
New buildings:
- Town hall
- Builder's hut
- Citizen's hut
New npc's with greatly improved pathfinding by ralphscott6666:
- builder (see the 'Building system' below)
- citizen (both male and female)
New spawning system:
- Npc's spawn only near a Town hall hut, however you need to have at least one Citizen't hut near it
- maximum number of npc's is up to 2*number of citizen's hut (however 8 is minimum)
- npc's spawn over time, so you have to wait a bit
If you place one Town hall and 2 Citizen's hut your maximum number of population is 4
- new npc will walk towads the nearest hut and settle down
- after settling down male resident will look for a worker's hut (miner, lumberjack, farmer etc...) and if he finds one, he will convert to that worker
- workers will sleep in their houses at night
- if you destroy worker's chest he will convert back into citizen
- npc's talk! what's on their mind :smile.gif:, it could be generic message or current issue they encounter, you need to be close to the citizen to hear them
- npc's have names
- if you use golden scepter on npc he will follow you
Happiness system
- citizens now have individual needings based on their level, for instance settlers need to eat bread
- if needing is fullfilled the personal happiness is increased, otherwise decreased
- happiness affects maximum tax the citizen is willing to pay
- you can check current needings in citizen's hut GUI or check overall happiness of colony in Town Hall GUI
New economy system
- accounting is proceseed everyday around morning (you can check it in Town Hall GUI)
- taxes are payed only by citizens (not workers)
- you can change tax rates per citizen type using Town Hall GUI
- you can withdraw treasure money in Town Hall
- you must pay salary to workers (using his chest GUI or turn autosalary to ON in Town Hall GUI) otherwise they will not work
Building system:
- to order the builder to build a hut you can use any worker's hut GUI (activate chest->'Information'->'Build worker's hut'), it will place appropriate sign like 'Build lumberjackhut' for lumberjack
- check builder.txt in archive for instructions on how to create new floorplans
(RP2, BC, IC2, & More!)
When i try to place any of the npc chests it wont let me :sad.gif:...
When i installed it i used the mod loader and placed the files like said, idk what wrong.
Because you need to build town hall at first.
You make it like this:
is a piece of paper
is of course a wooden plank
Because you need to build town hall at first.
You make it like this:
is a piece of paper
is of course a wooden plank
Private Mod Note
(RP2, BC, IC2, & More!)
To post a comment, please
a new account.
Posts Quoted:
Clear All Quotes
Handcrafted in San Francisco & HuntsvilleLearning to Ring Handbells | One band, one living room and a lot of changesShow Threads
Show Posts
TESTING: global kernel with a lot of changes ...
1,761 posts
here a kernel, which we want to commit to kernel &msm-linux&
(the kernel should be for: raphael, diamond, blackstone, topaz, rhodium, kovsky) booting via haret
all credits to
crazyvirus, alex, acl, jonpry, phh, oliwe, etc ...
BE CAREFUL ! best would be -& make backup before, beucase there a lotof changes and i tested only the blackstone !
changes overview:
1.) new battery algo for better display the VOLUME (for now blackstone is ajusted, the other devices battery devices could be, that we must do finetuning
2.) new USB driver (working also if not connected on boot)
3.) AC / USB charger detection
4.) reboot/shutdown should now work for devices (maybe it reboots - not only shutdown, must do testing on it for diff devices)
please test this kernel:
1.) battery - specially we need testing on battery -& please add the logging data from kernel... -& via kernel logging -& cat /proc/kmsg | grep battlog)
.) connecting USB after rebooting, then try to connect via win adb or linux
.) test mass data storage
.) DON'T click/test wlan hotspot !!! it could be, that you have problems after using it !
3.) AC / USB charger -& change the adapter and look on battery information if it will be changed correct.
4.) reboot/shutdown should now work for devices (maybe it reboots - not only shutdown, must do testing on it for diff devices)
please help on testing, because we want soon to commit this changes.
PLS: as you know, this kernel is for multiple sys please add always:
Device: ??
Battery Type: Original or ????
Battery Volume: ???? mAh
############################
attached a new kernel V8
.) try now to fix the boot for kovsky (device think the batt is 70° hot ...)
.) cleanups for battery driver things
.) logging is now different
.) there is a new log option (only in startup.txt boot option like
+ htc_battery_smem.debug=7 ( 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 ) via bit (so 7=all)
+ htc_battery_smem.fake=1 ( 0 | 1 ) via bit (0 = OFF / 1=ON) (would fake to system, that it is always on USB charger)
+ htc_battery_smem.vol_min=5 ( integer value which will be the minimum value) if it is & then it will correct the volume to this value, so the battery can also run out (if wanted)
here an example of my startup boot option line:
set cmdline &gsensor_axis=-2,-1,3 lcd.density=240 msm_blackstone_pad.vibrate=1 msmvkeyb_toggle=off acpuclock.oc_freq_khz=575000 msmsdcc_fmax= htc_battery_smem.debug=7 rel_path=AndroidBoot&
EDIT9: kernel v9
.) fixing high temperature on kovsky & rhod (which does on startup autoamtically a shutdown, because android system is thinking the batt is too hot.
:& i made a mistake, which should be now correct. if it would be too hot (& 50°), then i set the temp to 499 = 49,9° -& so watch out if there is a value of 499 on temp
EDIT10: kernel_v10
.) now battery data for blackstone should be fine. (current + volatage, + % + 93% to 100%
.) kovsky adjustment for voltage, temp + current should be now better ...
EDIT11: kernel_v11
.) now battery data for raph should be fine. (current + volatage, + % + 93% to 100%)
EDIT12: kernel_v12
some device had problems with wrong values from battery driver, and then device shutdown by itself ..
-& should be fixed now
EDIT13: kernel_13
sorry, the kernel v12 was very bad, a lot of mistakes ..sorry
.) fixed a lot of things in alog, specially if charging, had wrong values, also fix temperature values, etc...
.) adjusted raph100 (hwboard_id=1)
fixed some errors on wrong values which shutdown the whole system
EDIT14: kernel v14
.) fixed some problems with charger devices
.) added corr for AC adapter if current is higher
.) adjust a lot of things on algo
EDIT15: kernel v15
.) made a stupid bug in autocorrection function (temp was never corrected), so the device shutdown the device if wrong values ..is fixed now
EDIT16: kernel v16
.) add addionally debug prints for kovsky (because no battery init)
.) diamond100-900 adjustments - for diamond100-900 we need a FINAL LONG TEST - see posting #2
EDIT17: kernel v17
.) added support for topa??-1100 vendor=2
.) removed extra debugging prints for kovsky
EDIT18: kernel v18
.) added support for kovsky, new rhod type
.) extreme values checking
.) adjustments for rhod + kovsky current, temp, etc..
.) extra recheck for INCALL
.) rhod: set POWER to HOME KEY (only for rhod)
EDIT19: kernel v19
.) try to write the temperature only once, if value is ok, so the auto shutdown shouldn't happen any more.)
.) adjustment for kovsky device
.) some other small fixes
EDIT 20: kernel v20 (battery driver on chip 2746 - experimental)
.) there is a new log option (only in startup.txt) boot option like
+ htc_battery_smem.debug=7 ( 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 ) via bit (so 7=all)
+ htc_battery_smem.fake=0 ( 0 | 1 )
+ htc_battery_smem.vol_min=0 ( integer value which will be the minimum value) if it is & then it will correct the volume to this value, so the battery can also run out (if wanted)
+ htc_battery_smem.vol_max=100 ( integer value which will be the maximum value) if it is & then it will correct the volume to this value, so the battery won'T be charged by kernel, and the battery can switch off the charging by itself
.) adjustment on current + voltage for kovsky
.) alex patches: clock wince + kovsky battery support via ds2746 (no idea how it works - short test before a long time test makes sense and would be welcome
EDIT21: kernel v21
.) support for rhod300
.) changed back to calc the kovsky from kernel on normal way
.) removed the wince clock path from Alex (because users reported problems with flickering)
Attached Files
(1.56 MB, 3897 views)
(7.25 MB, 4077 views)
L 20th October 2010 at .
1,761 posts
o.....IMPLEMENTED - FINAL TEST IS MISSING
t.....TESTING
n.....not supported
b.....buggy, not working
?.....no info about ..
BATTERY TYPES__:raph100-1340|raph100-1340|raph300-????|raph500-????|raph800-????|diam100-????|diam500-????|blstone-1350|topa100-1100|topa100-1100|rhod100-????|rhod210-????|rhod300-1500|rhod400-????|rhod500-????|kovsky1-????|
ExTRAINFO______:hwboardid=0_|hwboardid=1_|
|vref=1254
---------------:------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|
boot procedure_:______?_____|______x_____|______?_____|______?_____|______?_____|______x_____|______?_____|______x_____|______?_____|______x_____|______?_____|______?_____|______x_____|______?_____|______?_____|______x_____|
InCall Mic_____:______?_____|______x_____|______?_____|______?_____|______?_____|______x_____|______?_____|______x_____|______?_____|______?_____|______?_____|______?_____|______x_____|______?_____|______?_____|______?_____|
InCall Earpice_:______?_____|______x_____|______?_____|______?_____|______?_____|______x_____|______?_____|______x_____|______?_____|______?_____|______?_____|______?_____|______x_____|______?_____|______?_____|______?_____|
USB Gadget_____:______?_____|______x_____|______?_____|______?_____|______?_____|______x_____|______?_____|______x_____|______?_____|______?_____|______?_____|______?_____|______x_____|______?_____|______?_____|______?_____|
USB Mass Storag:______n_____|______n_____|______n_____|______n_____|______n_____|______n_____|______n_____|______n_____|______n_____|______n_____|______n_____|______n_____|______n_____|______n_____|______n_____|______n_____|
temperature____:______?_____|______o_____|______?_____|______?_____|______?_____|______t_____|______?_____|______o_____|______b_____|______b_____|______?_____|______?_____|______o_____|______?_____|______?_____|______t_____|
voltage________:______?_____|______o_____|______?_____|______?_____|______?_____|______t_____|______?_____|______o_____|______t_____|______t_____|______?_____|______?_____|______o_____|______?_____|______?_____|______t_____|
current on AC__:______?_____|______o_____|______?_____|______?_____|______?_____|______t_____|______?_____|______o_____|______t_____|______t_____|______?_____|______?_____|______o_____|______?_____|______?_____|______t_____|
current on USB_:______?_____|______o_____|______?_____|______?_____|______?_____|______t_____|______?_____|______o_____|______t_____|______t_____|______?_____|______?_____|______o_____|______?_____|______?_____|______t_____|
current on batt:______?_____|______o_____|______?_____|______?_____|______?_____|______t_____|______?_____|______o_____|______t_____|______t_____|______?_____|______?_____|______o_____|______?_____|______?_____|______t_____|
(updated -& 20.10. GMT+2)
we need for every battery type and device a detail log, so that i can adjust the battery parameter
if you also want that your phone shows the real % volume, then you must log as described..if not -& your own fault
how to log:
at first you must activate logging:
short test:
2.) activate logging via:
dmesg && /sdcard/kovskylog.txt
cat /proc/kmsg && /sdcard/kovskylog.txt
preconditions: best would be if the phone is 10% -90% (not on 100% !!)
~2min charging via AC
~2min on battery
~2min charging via USB
################################################## ##
then send me this log file, then i can adjust the basisc...
################################################## ##
after that we can do the long time test:
################################################## ##
long time test: (needs ~10hrs)
(preconditions: best would be if the phone is 0% - 50%)
(for this test -& before booting to android -& you should add to startup.txt)
htc_battery_smem.debug=7
htc_battery_smem.vol_min=15
htc_battery_smem.vol_max=90
2.) activate logging via:
dmesg && /sdcard/kovskylog.txt
cat /proc/kmsg && /sdcard/devicename_log.txt
~30min charging via USB
~3min on battery
~3-4hrs charging via AC
after that prepare your device:
-& flight mode ON
-& SYNC data - OFF
-& 3G -& OFF
-& screen always ON
-& screen ~50% brightning
plug out the cable and let device run out of battery
(needs ~6hrs)
then send me the log
################################################## ##
.) there is a new log option (only in startup.txt) boot option like
+ htc_battery_smem.debug=7 ( 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 ) via bit (so 7=all)
+ htc_battery_smem.fake=0 ( 0 | 1 )
+ htc_battery_smem.vol_min=0 ( integer value which will be the minimum value) if it is & then it will correct the volume to this value, so the battery can also run out (if wanted)
here an example of my startup boot option line:
set cmdline &gsensor_axis=-2,-1,3 lcd.density=240 msm_blackstone_pad.vibrate=1 msmvkeyb_toggle=off acpuclock.oc_freq_khz=575000 msmsdcc_fmax= htc_battery_smem.debug=7 rel_path=AndroidBoot&
1.) full charging of your phone, -& please to be sure, that it is really full -& charge it ~3hrs via AC adapter.
2.) kill all applications
3.) open terminal emulator:
-& then input: su
-& then input: cat /proc/kmsg | grep BATTLOG && /sdcard/batterylog.txt
or if you want full logging -& then input: cat /proc/kmsg | grep BATT && /sdcard/batterylog.txt
(for me it is very simple to grep my data for algo fine tuning
4.) switch to AIRPLANE mode
5.) set your device to: SCREEN ALWAYS ON (there are several tools on the market wher you can do that, 30 is not enough
6.) SET DISPLAY BRIGHTNESS to 50%
then plugout the AC Adapter - and let the phone run out o battery (mostly 5-8hrs)
after that please post the log data. which can be found in sdcard -& (called) -& batterylog.txt
PLS: special apps on market
for &STAY ALWAYS ON& -& you can use: &caffein& (from Syntaxa)
for disable &UNLOCK SLIDE SCREEN& -& you can use: or &screemodewidget&
or also &extended control& but cost some bucks ..
L 20th October 2010 at .
wow these changes sound so promising. downloading and soon to be testing. gettting ever so closer to have a fully functional android. =D
keep up the good work devs
Device: Blackstone
Battery Type: Original
Battery Volume: ?
Detects usb conection, but can't use as usb storage...
Detects if is usb or ac charge...
mic, not perfect, have to pull volume down to activate.
i will do more tests
Sorry, my english... portuguese... to english....
change to english or not... nothing change, only japonese keybord
1.) It says permission denied, what I'm doing wrong?
2.) USB connection is detected, but no mass storage
3.) AC / USB charger seems to be correct
4.) (only) reboot works
Device: Blackstone
Battery Type: Original
Battery Volume: 1350 mAh ???
Additional: no mic without pressing volume +/-,no speaker on incoming calls (also after pressing +/-)
Junior Member
Blackstone
Original battery
Wifi not working
Incoming call mic only works after you press volume down
ac and usb charging detected properly.
switch from ac - usb - detects usb
switch usb - ac (with a delay after the battery info says unplugged) -
switch usb - ac (quickly) - doesnt detect.
shutdown button reboots the phone to windows.
USB detected on PC.
USB mass storage didn't work.
Teethering detects USB as connected.
Turn on wifi - gets error with this image. with the 17 th build
image it works.
Mic is mutted on receving call. We may need some state machine tweks to get it done.(guess)
Any one facing issue with re detecting signal once it is lost?
Enable GPS - battery level suddenly goes down. Disable GPS it comes back. Is it expected.
Device: Blackstone
Battery Type: Original
Battery Volume: 1350 mAh
L 22nd September 2010 at .
May sound weird but where to copy these files to test them..I'm a rookie at android..
Junior Member
Originally Posted by joveen
with the 17 th image it works.
Where can I find this file?
-- XDA Classic
-- XDA 2010
-- XDA 2013
---- XDA 2013 Beta - 1024
-- XDA 2015
---- 2015 - Dark Theme
We're Social}