writing skills gre gmat ph?n 5 pps - Tài li?u text
writing skills gre gmat ph?n 5 pps
Thc lbllos&irrr xppca.cd in r n)cmo fronl a rctcvision nctsoik sprotnmrrinF dircctor:&Parcnrs of ]&oun8 chitdrcn arc bccominA incrcxsingh. EURonccrrcdabour ho\\& depicrions of viotcncc o,r rclcvision mighr inJtuencc ichikls trrl)ivior xnd rrritlrdes. Drrrjng lhe pnsr vexr, rlte.rtin8sfor Rcal Crirrtc. one o[ oLr ncrwork s n]ost popular primc.timcsho!\,s. hrvc sreidih. declincd. Thcrcforc. in ofdc, ro boosr ourpnmel1imc mrinss, \ec should rcpjacc Rc.rt CriDrc \,irh tlsiruxrion comCdt shos &Response AThe at8ument rclies on an unproven cxuse.nnd-effcc relaiionshipbcrwEURen cefiain parcnnl conccms and rhe shoq,&s ntings proble, .The direcror h:rs nor rulcd our orher possibte ciuscs lor thc show,sr^tings decline-for examplc, ! chanSc in rhe show&s specific timcslot. lf it rums our rhrt rhe show s dcings problem hxs nothing ro dowjth it&s dcpictions ofviotencc. r.hcn simptv rept:rclng the show.(vlthone thar contains no violcnce wil probiblt nor solve rhc problcm_Response BTo begin wid), rhe meoro indicires ncirhcr ttut yo!ng children areinrcrEURsred in warching Rcat Cnnc nor thar thEUR show actu.Iy depicrsviolence. Ycr borb coridirions.re neccssan, in ordcr for the show rocarq& t}Ie kind of delcrerious irJluence on young chitdren wjth whichparcnts seem concemcd. Thus. ur ess both condirjons are mct, theorrector cannor convince me rhi! anv changc involvjng thEUR show willaddrcss rese parenhl concems, ler alonc boost rlrc sbow&s.mtings,Even il Real Cntne does ponrav viotEURnce and does have a porenri.ltl.undcsirablc impac! on yolrng chjldren as a resut, the diiector has norshovh rhar thEUR show&s waning poputarity is amiburable ro rhisimpact. Perhaps the show owcd i$ popularity !o some oilcr featurc,such ai n certain celebrity narmror, thar the shos, now lacks. OrpEURrhaps a new compering sho$&, onc rhti is ar lcasr as violcnt as,RedlCnnc, has drawn vicwers ^war tsiotn ReaI Crirr?. h shon, untit ibcdircctor rules our_all-orhcr possible reasons for thc rerinS&s dectine, Iwill rernain unconvinced thrr rhe shov&s violent porlmFls, if an),, arercsponsible for rhe tlend ind tlcrcforc rhar inl chrn8c s.outd scrvcln order ro c\.aluatc rheargumenr properj). ar rhc very leasr,I woutdnced ro know \t/hcrhcr !hEUR conreni of,Reat C-rn e is cxuse for parcnrrtconcem and what percenrage of rirc show&s viewers are yo\rng chil-drcn. lt would also be uscful to kno$ rhe re.lsons for rJ]c show s reta-tivc populariff in t}lc prs! and whv formerJ??a/ Czi,Dc vievers, cspc-cially those wnh voung child.en. no longer wxtch ltrc shos rvri.&tg Skxlt fo. tlieCIWGI\UT Tcsts;wI4 01 sI ou.,t,,4rrntnlrjr.joj prtuno:))r lou sxrJ Joqtnt: s,lnu0 pr lu. .ss.tLrr^n):)t1:)s)r s)UluU:t:p trq) .)uiurltru) sjl]ou ^.t ,, ,1,,^,ru,&,dLU,,,&)Io lJ,rrl eql sr tr lrqt ))rJ erll sloop)^o tu)u;;ni3:l: )ql .r)^ol4.spurdap uoDrpu)ruurojfl s,lrgollpJ rllt rljrrlauodn (suodar ur aurl)rp rllt pur: ^rrl aru rqr urr^u)q) dlqsuo[rrrrtJsJtr put rsnEt t: qcrlqrts: t(ruuur rol{lnx \.lruotrpl .)ql .rsJqr sc u)n\sou&ru.)Js )no Sullnl tnoll A\ qJrl|lrqtssoJ aJr l: )snl tqll o,_a.,&rr,,u,On s.X )luc SuouJr rlru jlrlruoul ArnsrrrJur u& ro .*r& pr,&u-lurxluoJ urort lx,{rr qlqs rqdusouJep r .suroldur{s $r loJ lulwl8Jll^iJtr Jo Cjl JoJ rrnJ r :prrlsr4 lur^e Jaqro :r!os riro:J pelFs:: E^Ertplnor ltnlJrp v ;)uo Jgltl JrIt plgnr) lu5urdole^rp J&JFD rqt 1!qla^ord ()1 rJUIrs lou saop jlrsll nJ ,slur^a asarll Jo a:luenbos trF ,rr^l-aoH -arll)ap arp roj ?lqrsuodsr sl :u)rrDru, s.axl cq&] rzql sraJrlrrTE)ds re .arrJ o e8zssrd aqr :rurs sruordru,{s 1q1) oscasgs.urrJll Jo rJurpl)ul erF q lullJap p)uodar s.X lrns uo prs!0g assodsels.rou&,nr f,q! ,,& r^D).ra rrrrrrurs.q Dlno^\ ^\xr r!n,,.s !,&* ,.*:i&JfBuolrlpp! *l: Jo JJuareJu ,rll Jeqlla Alrml torJt !J Jorlln! aql&rsrrn st qjns suopsurJdx! !^D?ulatF Bqtlunull, tnoqtlr! .sruorduds(ll1 JoJ luerulxeJl alu .to aJnJ co r1ltu r ,alduJEr:. 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Wr^r pasnJxroJ lJeJM-prre-as-nq)) eJdurs4AVSSS TN:AN9UV 9NIUOOS.HgIH V ]IIUM Ol MOHPossibilin thil dEURsPitc rlrc nc\\& hs thc cmissions hivc continuedtrnxDxrco lf tln\ i5 thc crsc. thcrr thc chirn (hit d)c ix$& h:t$ bceocff&jc(ivc trr Pr(\cnrinA Urknr&s Discxsc io Strtc X would hck an)&cd( wh:rtsoclcr-:rs Nould thc llhiDrr( clxim dr:rl I similar lrt\\&would bc cffccli\&s in tlris sLrtc-&fo strcngtlrcn the ar8umcnl tlrt ednorj:rl s ruthor must suPpl)&evidenccu)rt smcc the lrw was cnacted rlvo yerrs a8o (l) SBte X residenb arc justrs likch to repon UD q&mP(omti xs bcfo&c (2) cmjssions thi! viola(e tlreliiv h:rvc ibated. and (l) allorhcr trrctors in tlrc incidcncc ofUD svmf,&loms have remain essentialll unchmgedFalse-Cause Problems in the Official Arguncnts (Parts 6 and 8)As you studl& my essays in Parl 6 (&Essays for 20 Offjcial Gn_E Ar8\rmen6&)&look for m)& an,l.vsis of fxlse-cause problcms in the following paragdphs:t t I CRI ArSumEURnt No. I (founh EURssiJ& paflar:ph)GRE ArSumctt No 20 (secotd md thjrd essi)& pa&rSciphs)GRI ArSument No. {2 (third essa.Y pan8mPh)GRE Argumenr N;. 46 (founh essal paflAnph)GRE Argumcnt No- 59 (thi.d cssay pan8rtrplr)GRE Ar8umcnt No 68 (sEURco8d essay pll-ngmph)GRI Argumcni No. a8 (drird ess4& pit-rgrrph)GRE Ar8ument No. 91 (tlrird essay paragmpnJGRL4.rgument No. 96 (frfth essay PanSnPh)Gn-E Argumcnt No. 105 (second arjd rhird essay p aSflphs)GRE ArSument No. 122 (second cssay pamglaph)As you srudy my cssi\&s ifl Pan 8 (&Essays for 20 Official GlvlAT Argu& .mcnrs-). toot
anrlysis of falsc&causc problems in the followinSParrgfaphs:I t I I GMAT ,\rgumcnr No. 23 (third essav paragnph)GMAT AJgument No 28 (second and i,&fth cssay paragmPhs)GMAT ArgumEURnl No. 37 (sccond EURssal paragraph)GMAT Argumcnt No. 42 (fourth essay paragiaplr)GMAT At8ument No- 48 (third EURssxy Par&8mPh)GIIAT Argumcnt No 74 (tnird essay parngcaph)GtvlAT ArBrment No. a4 (second cssqr pangraph)GMAT Argumcnt No. 89 (ftird and founh cssal& PimSriphs)GI&IAT At8rrmcnt No. 93 (sccond cssay paragnph)GMAT A8umcnt No. 105 (second.nd thfd essfy paragtaphs)GMAT A,r$rmcn! 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The iverage snlan&ofrcxchc.s:rr Duns{o. is Frcircr ihrn xr arl,orhEURr school in thcdislrjct. ]lcncc in order tor vrl-lc)&Hiah sludcnls ro improvc thcirscorcs on ilre state&s snndrrdizcd achievemcnr exams, Valievshould bc8in rs&arding bonuses to 1,: lc]&teachers whEURncvcrValley dcf(:tts Dunslon in drc Mitl) S!perDovl.&The principal&s recommendation relies on what might be a poora.nnlo8)& berween Dunston and Vallcy. vallev lcachers might bc lessresponsive tllan Dunslon teachers when it comes to monetar)&ircentives, or Vdley srudents mjeht be lcss Sjfred than DrrlNtonsrudcnrs wheD i( comEURs !o marh. ln shor.!, whar milFr havc hclpcdDunnon perform-wcll at the llrti SupeaDowl would not nccessiril)&trelp VaIq& perfom bettcr EURithcr at the SupcrBowl or on the sttteRcsponsc BEven assujr1ing Dunsron s sreurr perfomancc at cl)e SuperBowl isanriburrble to ns high rEURlcher salaries, a differenr monctlr.9 inccntiveOonuscs) for r dificrenr Sroup of reachcrs and studenB O?llcy&s) willnot ncccssaril)& cah a similar rcsulr. Thc mcrEUR prospect of a bonusmighr not provide xs Frex! io inccntivc as a salar]&mise, For tha(mrftcr, xnl form of monenry rcward midlr provide far less motiva-tion for Vallq&s rcichEURrs than for Dunsron&s, As for thc siuderlrs,Dunsron s fiight be cxceptional]. giftcd in math and rvodd win thcSupcrBowl cvery vear, regardlcss of cffo(s at other schools. ln shor.,without accouflring for impotunt possiblc differcnces berwccn Velleyand Dunsron, the princip crnnor rcaionabl-y rel.y on Dunston&ssxlaries ro prove thht the proposed bonuscs will hcip vallcy defealDunston, ler alone score high on t}Ic state s cxams.To streEgthEURn the ;8umcnt, inslcad of rEURlyir8 on a dubious analoSlbctwcen Dunsron and valq, rhe plincipal should supply cvidcncc,perh?ps by !/ay oI a reicher survq&or pilor program at vallcy, thatdre proposed bonuses q,ould providc sufficicnl incennvc for Valicy srclchers ro help thcir srudenE pcrform bcRcr in frgtb compctiUonsand oo flath resls. 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(8 prrp 9 s}Jcd) sruaun8ry pltggg aqrAVSSS lNSr\ln5dv 9Ntuo3s-H9tH v lltut 01 r oHq saFoIDrarnple2. Dlucialrtc by providing 1I lexsr ont or ts&o tcsP.cts in which ketch:rncrc.istics of simple group mjghl diffcr from drose of thEURItrScr populxtion.l. Irphin hoN lhosc dilfcrcnccs Nould undcrnlin( the,^r8tr-mcnt s conclusron.)&o&r&ll probihh nccd ar leasl ftrcc senrcnccs lo accomPlish xll threc slePs (oncscnrcncc for crch s!ep). Oncc you vc xccomplished xll thr(c t]lsks, if ]&ou havccxtn tknc ro discuss the p.oblem, add one of thcse rwo optjontl elcmcntsr. lndrc.rre l)ow rhe Argument&s ruthor crn prove tirrr rhc srmp)egroup is rcprcsEURnttrrivc, or in the allcmativc, makc a convincingargumEURnt without thc sBtistic.. lndicate whal else you would nccd io know to derermine \ehelherrhc sample group is rEURprescnmtivc of thEUR hr8er populatjon.Hcre&s an A4pment thxt rclics on auro Potcntirll) unrePrcsentarive samplcBroups: (f) ncw Braduates ftom a cer(ah stxte&s undcrgmduate prognmsand (2) Dcw gmduates from thc slate s Snduate&lcvcl progl-ims. (ThcArl|urDcnt niSht suffcr from other rcasonj$8 problcms a5 wcll, but hcrcI&m focusurg on this slrt&sticat probiem.) Rcsponse A Provides a briEURf buladcquare one-paraSmpb analysis thlt conBins cach of tlrc dfee elcmcntsncrdcd to addrcss this problem. Rcsponse B provides a morc de.ailcdulysis with morc eximples, as wcll as indicating (in a fmd pan8r&aph)what ad.htioml inlomralion is needed to tulh& cvxluate .bc Argument.A.rSumenrThe following was pan of an nrticle apPerring in r nadonal magazrne:&Olr Dition&s ncw college Smduetes will have bener succcss oblain_ing jobs if lhEURy do not Pursue advanccd degtces after Sraduation.Aficr all. morc $an 90 pcrccn( ofStatcX s underGnduatc studcnB,rc employcd full-ime within onc yc.rr 2fter thcy Lraduitc, whilclcss *lan ha.lf of Sate X&s lraduetclcvel students find emplqrneniwithjn one yel& ajier rccciving thcir grrduate de8tees.&The *Bument f:jls ro considcr ahar Stite X s ncs& graaluates might nolbc rcprcscnBdvc ofthe nation&s ?s a wholEUR, esPccblly if thc formcrgroup &corEdrutcs only a small pcrccntaSc of tbc laftcr 8rouP. If ltturrns out, for cxamplc, thrt Stalc x&s undcrgmdualetstudcflB ,rEUR lcss-moti\?icd thrn the nacion&s averagc collcgc saudcnt lo pursucSEduatc&lcvcl srudy, then thc argumcnt s rEURcomnEURndarion for allundc4lradurtc srudcnas lvould be un*arnnlcd.Pete6oh s | \t&/lting Ststlslor rbeCRI&/GMAT TesttutoI tuo&l?t,rd.n1aInlstsaJJWDAnqt /.tt s7lt4s dut,uar . t.uorar.!9l(rldtr,.lrJrd ,iEss) qunoj) 86 .oN ru)lr|nir.r\. J_u{D(qdrun-Lrcd ^xssr puoJ.s) ., on ,**&r,ru l_oia,](rtcju8rusd ftssr prlr1t) I oN ,u.*n:ry jy|1,l 1r r 1&^\ol,oi )ql ur sruelqord eldur:s.pru.,r&r. :o .,.it&u& ;.u ,oltlff&.[|lr:|.]-nfry lvHO lrrrllo 0a roj s,irssj&)_ u uld ut slxssa llu lpus noi s1,(qdrrsurr:d ft:s&: puoJrs) g6.oN )ueurnSry 3)lc(qdErSurd ftsse puo)rs) t6 .oN lururn8rv gU;(qdrJ8cjxd drss. gg .otJ ruerun8rv 3X,(qdur8uryd ,itss, puo*s) Z, .ol r,r._nArv gUC(qdErSr.rsd ftssr puorrs) zz .or.: t*u_ary 31O(qdErSErrd lrss. qunoj) 6 .oN lu:)run8ry 31C(rJdErEURcrxd ,{rsse puo)rs) I .oN lsrurn8rv gIa I t f sTaorroJ r.a q sur.lqord eldrursJrru.u&,. ,& ,,.^o*ltl1fi.&ol&(&slulurn3rv 3u9 t[r)Ulo oz roJ sftss{&) 9 ur4 rn slvssr lu lpnrs nj sy(8 prlr 9 srJpd) sruol[nsrv It If,IFO atrJ r4 srllolqord aIduzS_Ie)I]sDE,{!qr Jo anqr !q1 rJrJrB rqs,&&r rlqr srrrsrr.rrun ;I&:Hr::;&jffJO Serrutq Jaqlo lnogc uol1rllloln4 !JOr! SE llJ^l s, .s]uf,prus s.x llxtsJo Jrql[cJ !^]rEr!duro) rql jd.oll)l ol p)ru osJ! plno^\ I .!o!l!u l4lurJql JoJ sJJqrrrnu aqt 01 slrlot assql arrdrloa pur X atrls ul slurprus5rxnpEJS pue ottnpEJ3jtpun Jo Jrqr.[nu pro] Jqr ^rorDl 01 prau pJno^lI lrlnu4ulll& r lv ruruloldub alBparsurr pug nurprus lrEnp?.I3 pur)xnpEEURJ)pun sll liJlq^t qlr^\ esr! aq.t.Jo sturrl r& .,{llr.J!uJ8 9uf,prusJirllo) s.uo,rleu oql .to &^rrrJursajd:r ,-ru5rx! rqr ruo,.rJrrsp or paau pJno ^ I,r:rTn?J],li:t*&r:tJ ,rets rrrpo 14 s)llnp&,EUR !3oJlo) ^\au JoJ ))tnp& ,ood o, ,._o,rirrJglur uoFspsarluroral s.JBlorlpJ ,gl .ruc^tr raqir. uJ .rood lll?-nsnsn arE slrf,dsold- qgl gf,tq^l rol s.qldh,srp uo snroJ prnj rf,qurnurr ^r{,{Jf,^Irxl.r D surd8ord Fn.3I-orvnp[J8 T rtrts q sdrqredrO saStlof, pur sllltsJe^run ts:fuq s.X arrrs Buorur spjcpuxtsuorssrurpr qBJq ,{lr^rrr:zduo) ot rnp lmrruaperr Ar4pwrono,,(FpfnrFEd &rE dno.d t sr oucpnrs atmpz:B:.p,j., ,X,r&rs _ rd&gr.a, ,loqa E sr slsapn$ s,uonlu.rno Jo a^Dxxu:se:da: :ou erc s:seDn;s.l& lrns rErI )lqtssod ll jus s! tJ ruorrru Eqt ul sruapms,B)llo:)pur srSclloJ Jo Jaqrunu fuol rqr uo impuadoo .:rlr&s euo laro rrrorlsJDsDErs uo p!s[q uon[u J(Il rn s]SrIloJ fr Jo srr&np&rs areu rnoq&suolmpuoJ lu[ ,$.EJp ol 3lqxuosxajrln s, tJ .s,lxnpl,EUR ^I3U s.X elztslnoqu sJDsrlris pe)r) )qr sr^lo^ur rurtrln8rn a.p ,p,^ *r1qoi,l,ruptr osuoossuAVSS] 1N3WO9UV ENJUO3S.H9JH V :IIIJM 01 MOHkryrr&tc oHE:ceopleIATMIED lusurrs FRoM A SuRVEy oR Pou-A{ }ou iusr lermed, :r GRE or GI,IAT ArAunrcnr nrrAhr dms, somc conchFsion involvin8 x Froup bxsc(t on sririsrical drur ^tjo\tr N insulficie, oll.nroprcscntatiDa safiplc. Howcvcr, rlis is nor ahc onlv potcntirl problcmwith sritsrjcal det2. The proccss of coltccrinS rhEUR datf (i.c rbEUR methodo,-ogy) rnighl be nawcd in :r v:rl. rhar c:rls irro qucsrion rhc qua D, ol rhc(hta, rcndcrirg rhe dal2 &tainted& and rhercfore unrcliable for rhe purposcof drrwirg any conclusions. ln ordcr for surveY or rroll rcsults to berdiable in quxliq:. The suffct or poll responscs mus! bc credflr/& Gruthful 2JIdeccunrc). U respondents have rcason ro provide incomplcrc orfalse responses, t}Ic results are taintcd ard unrcliable.. Thc method of collecdng the da!3 mu5t be lrbra.red. lf respoflsesatEUR not rDancl&tory or if thc survcy.s fodn predisposEURs subjects tolcspond in cenaj, ways, rhcn the rcsufts arc rainred and unreliable.To shov,/ the rcader that you rccognizc ard undcrsrrid rhis statisticdprobicm, you nccd to accomplish ajl rbrcc of thc following tasks:t. Idenrlfy r})c problem (c.8_, 16 onc of r}Ic Ar8umcflt&s cruciat!5sumprions).
2. Elucidate by providing a! lcasr one or rwo reasons, bascd on rhe. ArgumEURnfs irformadon, why rhc sratisrical dara mjght be taimcd2nd lln.eliable.3. Expb.in how r}|c porcnliallt .r.inred dari mighr undcrminc rheA4trment&s conclusion.You&U probably flecd at leiit tliree sintcnccs to accompljsh all three slcps(onc sEURntcoce for each srep). Once vou.vc accomplishcd alt r}lree tasks, iIyou havc cxtra rimc ro discuss rhe problem, add one of thcse rsro optionaj. lndicare how thc argumcnCs propoocn! cfir csrablish t}rit thcsatistical cvidcncc is rcLiable (nor taintcd)..&lndiiate whar clse yoo would need ro knos. ro delermine whcilrerthc statisricd evidence is rcliable (not raimcd)_Thc followin8 Arguncnt rclics on suflcy rlut poscs 1 potcnrial,lrtas asw.ll ^s ^ credibiliDt probiem. CIhe Afglglcnt mighr sulfcr ftom orhcrrcasoning probletr)r a5 wcll, bur here I&m focusing on rii|rcd{ata prob-lcms.) Thc icsponse con.zirs aI rhree etemcnB requirEURd ro addrcss cachproblcm, in a siode parrgrnph.Pate6oa&s . Wrlttn| Sk kfor.tbcGRE/GI{AT Test!nE/(T.(r- ^ (rldrJSrJtd ?irss) pu(r).s) azl .oN tururn8ry JWtg(sqdrlEURDrrd lussr pr[ll pur puor:s) i]6 .oN :ururn8rv JVI,{5(qdcrSurd ;xssr qunol) 8 .oN rurtun8+, J!,t,{9 | I t I.e_ur_Er!p J&lrs.us prl&r&r lrlxrru.rod Jo s&.,,&r&&;5fiTj,t:;:13-ndw JVI^I9 plrujo oz JoJ sltss-J&) I urd u] s,irssa ,{ur lprus nol w(qdsiErBd llss.&,,rd*s*&d r&,., ;;;;;#T:] 3: .il l:il1fl ffi(qd! rtr.ryd ,{Essr(sqd.,ss.nd ,i?ssr ,*;,#::3ff .:il fiffi #; ,,, aq,&.onol .$ ur Elxp rDnsDD,. per.&-i ,*&&.,.0 r&
rn* ;tl1ffri&(,srunmSrv gllc tEr)g;o oz JoJ sl!sq-) 9 uEa ,! .l** i* tp &,.i ;$ua*nsrv r&rrsJo aqr u] &_.r0.#;[ ?ffil.orqrl( lt llblrnpord ffcra^o r^oldu4 ot,$.oq lnoqxcuoE 1ol ,strurajrd ?lloldrur oJqJ \ tnoqt suotsnlJuoJ lu! gu-,{Erp_Jo esodrnd rq) roJ rlqEnorun 5q plnoa nl&srr l &;.;.;;;grsuodsar eqr Jrqtaq^t yo ssapn3ji 3o:aord.-ox pFo,a. sro!.dns lr.qr pr^lllrq ,{rql tEqt srsuoasu prpr.nora a,.tl-tq3-r! qsepDodsaj uerTr ,tou arr^l,{aqr JI .JsllurpljxJoJ s!^a Jo snoE. -^uow:lf,r sJsuodsr ,{r.uns Jaql!q,{ p3uuoJ14 los 3Jr ea ,,(JpuoJaS,;:T:.:I.I l:, .l&^ord rou rf,,oq) olnprqrs.rro^l EDJ d nr,!, a)^J,lotu uq6 &sru)puoosr )rI Jo s:Ju)rrJold arrl uorstp )qEURrur srlns,l jqrurqr &plp rl jl_.s.^Dvruatl& uc)no.rq oJu,r,r:Jcrd lrr^_n ;&,r; .r;;;.- stu:puodsf,l lxql pajrnb:r lea:ns oql:aqraqa peulojx.t lou aLft oa&)s4j &$Jdsrr o,,!r1 ln Jnr6.lqord .q rqgrur jrolopo,frr* ,f.n .r&.u,utor&t otDtadnlntol*r r,t r,,r, U&urr^&&! t\g&cssodsau&.r13!.r lroja jrp-c^g Jo lEpjnoj r r!r{rl. J:psjcr{ro Jl)sur1l roJ osooqr ol a.loldurr qr!, ndollr ol sr.orqal(ll lli^IrJnpojd IIIrJ^o r ojdrl&l ot ,fta a^rrrrga tsoru JrIl tErlt^ jl]&_:lL,^ms csoqJ .tr:a rJoa ,{sprnoJ ru)rjrD rno qrr^^oorq rrE_.{rln rEql palEJlpr4 JTEII lnoqf, .^r^ms luJr:r lsour.s,tsaluuedJp mo u-r BuFrdpErEd s5.loldr!. otrq5t( Suourv_&& mH Jo J ol))4c,rp *&rr .*r*,.&, o.r;:11&$ffiil::j:ur6nE VAVSSI 1N3hin9dv 9Ntuocs,H3lH V lltut oI MOHUMING THAT ATAIN OUTCOMECrnratN CoxontoN ls Necrssanv AND/oR SuFtlclENT FoR A
6llE or GM T Ar|unrcol Dli8hl rccomnrcnd r ccnain corrrsc ot xction&b;rscd on ooc or bod) of tht followinF clrrors:l. Thc cours( ol rclion is tc.c.rsa.&t() xchicvc i clcsircd tEURsuh2. Thc cou$EUR of ictiott is sulficictt ro ^clieve ibe dcsired result&Borh claims often occur in the samc ^r8umEURnL and both xre Porentidl]&\arlneirble to criticism \Vjtl) rcsPecl Io claim l. (hc
rgumenr musrprovidc evidence tha! no othcr msrns of achicving t)rc s3me res&rlt areavailab)c O-Y the wal, it von&O wilh resPect to cliim 2, 1ne -/\&rgument -must provjde Strong cvidencc tha! thc Ptoposed course of sction b)&ltsellwould bc suflicicnt lo bdng rboul thc desired result (by the w3) & itwon\), bcking this son of cvidcnce, the Atgumcnt cannot tely on tnescclaims to suPPon ils rc.ommendrtronAn AJgrlmcnl that rclics on one of these two 2ssumPtions doei no(necisserily rely on tle other a5 wcu. Read the Aigumcnt vEURry carcfutly-becxuse 1 fcw wotds can mlkc ill lhc diffcrencc For insrance& considerthc followitg altemativc recommendations for rcversing a profit dcclinc atX1z& ComPany (thc il-?licizEURd words are the key):Utlc$ XYZ Company hres thEUR former markctinB dircctor of ABCc,omP^n\&, )|fZ rti nor tevcrse i6 current profit decLinc&IThis conclusion tclies on the neces$ry-condidon assumPtionody lBJ, hinlg the former markednB drccror of AIIC Compan) & XYzComPanY uiJl boosl ,!s ProhtsJ&Ilns conclusion rdics on the sufficient-condition nssumPdononly.lJt order to boos! its Prolits, Xl&Z Company sbottld hjre rhe fo&mctmarketjng dircctor of ABC CompanylThis conclusion relies on both assumptions ThEUR lrnguageimPttcs thar the recommended course of acrion is necdcd to&and in fact will, brin8 about the s6ted obicctivc lTo show t}lc rcadcr you u$dcrstard .rlcccssary{ondition-ffld su{icicnl&condi$on Problems, .tou necd to accompljsh all ti&rcEUR ot ulc Iouoq&rns]. ldentify thc Problcm (EUR.8., as one of the Lrgrjment s crucialPetclson s
rvlrnnA ShtllsforJbeGRI/GMAT Tentpuloiruon &rdonnrslsal Jwrt2E,rqt ral qt&4s dtut,P^t ia t,uouaJol-s)^aEtrrr]ll J I]o atcururrl: prn: l)ptsuor oslr tmur JqS .sutrlioldr:qro tno alru pux eqnuxx. rsml lx rsnru:u:pu:tuutdns rqr .r:ae,nog&r^&tr.:lqo prtr)s.)qt r^.rq.rj tr:trt sr: sr
rrr:rriord- l]qx, ou tlxtratruapr^:) )LUO\ Ot StunOUlr: (trlB) sJtsxtl ot l)r:B to pJoJrl Jouedns )tn&,ilprxrurpv !uarx) p:rrsrp )lll or sJFrJs :i$prjl .s)urplus trlt 3u^orchulJo srJ[:lu alqrssod l)q]o JoJ tuno)rr or sfr,l turpuatqu)dns lqlasuodsrlJ s:r^rr.r!.rll tnoq8nollt pr:u Itr^r,irql sllr)lsSurprfr eqr dolr^rp Ilr,ad urrprrj) rt)qr rrqt prrnssr aq pfno^rsluspus Sunol rno Jo lua:rd aqr .s)lsrfl ot )ilrg Sqtdoptlg rDr,d.uoatu s.retsfunol 3uowr sflDis 3uprar EURuhoJdunroj pro)rr rou.dns D srq u.r3oJd Blrlpler srqt .li,lalv .ur6EURordSulpE:J .s5!stg ot lrn8& rqt rdopr pinoqs a^i ,o8!rr^t reuoDrur(n nu)s:ldaJ tsrrl lr lxqr lr^:l l: 01 ,lurprus IooqJs Anu)rx)l:s,lJlrlslp Jno SuorrD qrts BtIIpxrJ Jo lr^Jl ar{l esEr ol l5pjo rrl&)tF Jo rurpsrtqu.dns oqt,/,,,&!& nl) r,iv,:rJqtsJp looqJs ^:ljnol JtdJlIJtuo4 oureur I ur paJioddr Sln.4lolloJ ftLItueEnAJVruarlmfrv oq: 01 essods:r ,{{u ul s!
uo LlJra or qdl:J8[Jsd3lElldf,s ! lto^ap pfnoqs nol .ru41 5^rri nol J,r .qduSErd sltlns x u: suon-dunssE rFoq ssrppr or llqr aq tq8ru, no,{ qgnoq:lv (.suralqord o. ].s!uluo Srrsn:roJ u.l elaq 1nq ,na,{ sr suroJqord Suruosrrl ttqlo !uo{ lrJJnclqSn ru3uJnSrv rql) suoDdunssr gtoq uo sellrl trqt ruatun8rv ur s.!rH. loltno oq) JoJ lulrJlqns/lrssr:)Ju sl uoplpuo) JrprJrlaqr&d cqmlalJp or ,$olrrl 01 prJt, pFo,{. nol Jsl, txq,.d, alrJlpt l ..)rl&,o)]|.ro f,tp roj luarJrJns lolpw furgsalau$ uoplrruo) .rjt r.qr lJsar.Jul rrlt urqrSurns or 5pl^old plnoJrorpnx s.ru5urn8JE
It uolrErrlroll puollppsJo uos r!qr!. arEJlpgl .lruordo orar osrql Jo .uo ppr .u&lqord
,r s ro &, ,&* &ro, lli*&TJ! &s{scr rxlr IJE paqsqduotJ! e^.no,( aJUO .(dJ]s rlJD loJ ,Jurlu3s 5uo)sd.rs r:Jql JJE qsnduof,Ju ol sJJualurs.aJt{t rsral rr paau,{Jqzqord 1.nols.lue.un-,ry .qr serr.ur:pun
,0&,o .* &utffutii .,&ou,of,lno arn JoJ AessaJru eq osF lq3lr, )xqt suoD-tpuo) r)rpo 1sr38ns .urrlqord uontpuollu:rrUFs r roJ .&)^)rrJlqo prlEts )ql St&l^anlr[ Jo suc:r!rlqrssod rJrFo )sr38ns .r!)lqold uonrf\uo&furs()J!u f, roJ .&saldurxxe o,{.] Jo ruo r$.1 rc Bulpl^oJcl lq5&rsppnJl .Zlvssl.tNlnn9dv oNldoas,HgtH V 31tul .01MoHs&uondrfnssv qlog eldtrrBxNccessary- and SufEcicnt-Condition Assumptions h the Official.drguments (Paits 6 aDd 8)ex:rnrplc, cncoungin! pltrcnrs ro rc:rd witb rheir childrcn or simpl)&devorint morc rinle durin8 lding. Oihcrwisc, it seems hasryil besr ro concludc th( rlrc disrricr musr adopr (he BTA protll-inr, ortor dMr maccr ant re,&dinA pro8rinr. h ()rdcr to achicvc ir5 objccrivc.Thc supc.inrcndEURnl also netlccrs ro subsranixte hcr issumprion iharadopdng BTB would suffice bv irself to improve srudents& rexdingskills to $e desirEURd c).1enr. Common sense rells me that BTB will bchr8cl! ineffEURctivc unless othcr condirions arc mcr as wcll. Mosrnotabl],. srudcnrs musr bc sufficiEndv xtrenrii&c and motivated, lnshot1, uotil lhc superinrendenr shows lhat rhc p.ogmm wil becffcclivclv implemcnred and rEURceived. I simp\& cannor accepr lhcAs you snrdy rny essays in Pan 6 (&Lssxys for 20 Ociit cItE Aj.Sumcnts&),iook for my analysis of Dcccssary- and suflicienr{ondidon assumptlons lnthc fouowirg paragrnphs:Necessa.ry Conditiorsr ll GRE Ar8urnenr No. 20 (sEURcond cssay par-rgraph)GRE Argumcnr No. 59 (fifrh css:ry para8|aph). GRE,lrgumcn( No. 109 (sccond essay pangnph)GFJ Aqumert No. 122 (fifth essry pffaSnph)Suf1]cicnt ConditionsI | | GRE Argument No. 20 (founh essa-\& pangr-aph)GRI Ar8ument No. 46 (thkd ?rd ff$ essay paragraphs)Gru Argumcnt No. 68 (third essay parrgraph)GRI Argumem No. 76 (sEURcond cssay paragnph)GRI A4lument No. 96 (founn essay paragraph)GRIE A4$menr No. 122 (third essay panglaph)As you study my essays in Prrt 8 (&Essays lor 20 Official GIIAT Argu-E)co!s&), look for my ana,lysis of nccessry- and suf{icienr.condirionproblems in the follovin8 paragmphs:Neccssa-ry Conditions| | I | ,GjU,{T {rgument No. 28 (third essay paragraph)GMAT J\rsument No. 53 (foulIh cssay paraSriph) GMAT AiSumcnt No. 59 (rhnd cssay paiagmph) |GI{AT ,{rgl]mcnt No. 79 (fifrh cssay paragraph)GMAT tu&g]lmenr No. 89 (nfi-h cssay paragraph)GMaT ArI|umcnt No- 93 (founh essay paragaph)& GMAT Arrllment No. 117 (founh EURssay prngaph)G]\4AT Argument No. 12{ (ffrh essa)&p &agriph)wuterno6.@/nGRTr&GNUT Nl.ia,p)u)qttu)lrs rq uxtr lurulnS^&:qt ^1otl s:laJlpr! osn::suods.:r f,qI tU:tqord s&qr ss)rppr ot prprau ru.l. f,rrqt rqt lo qJxtr su.rul-uo) txqr srslFUE qdllStlEd,euo ,trnbrpr rnqJiuq r: s.pr^ord :)suodsrr rqj( wrlqorcl r:qur)uldnor8 srllt uo St&lsnro-r LU,I .r.Ll rnq .ll!^1sr suralqordSlnuosrir J&rlto urol J.JJns lqfruj turlun8ry aql) .dnor:i aqrJo raqruruJ A)-^r or ilddlr dnorf rJo sJr]su)rflrrqr txqt sauinssx tururn8jy tut^tonoj &tLI&dnorg :r[] Jo r^urtursJ.Jdal $ JaquJeLU arft q)!rl^\ ol tut!\erq) :rulu!)l)p nol olsq pJno^\ uonuulolrl rruortlppl ]!qar olEJrDq .&rloq^\ x sl: dnojS aqt Jo )soqt or JxlJlrrlsirf, sJr)surlrdxqtr lux^rlar s,Jaqursur trq1 llqr ^oqs or ,(lddns plnolrornnr s.lu.txnSry rqt aJurpr^a EUoDrppE Jo uos rxqa ,rrf,rpul .:slu5utslrlluoltdo o^|l )s*p Jo ruo ppx &uralqord tqt smJsJp ot ?tup Erxa r,rxrl nolI &sisn JrJr{r lI! p)qsldBorJr a^,no,{ aJuO .(d)rs qJEl loJ f,lu&rurs euo)sdrrs.rql lJl] qsllduoJrr 01 saruetu&s 5!j$ rsErl tr paru,{lqDqord ll,nol&uorsnlJuotr s,tu:umsJv aqt euruD.DLm pp&to.rs uondurni-5[ lqt atrgrJ ot rass qJJrI r &srf,ur.])jl:lp ,{rI trsorF ^\oq EIqdrT ,EUR&dnor8 lrlrue8 rilr uro{ laglp tqEURlur rrqtuelll arp q)lridrt4 s,ftnr rurrlJTrrSls o^!r ro.uo tsrrl tc 3r4pl^ord lq orspflnrJ .Zlxlrru, s,rs.um:I, &It lo iuo sr &3 a; ualqo:&:tilH;T ,:qs&] Sln,adolloJ eq1 Jo .arql nr qqldu.roJrx or pa?Uno,{ &r[a]qojd Dqr$5urinor3 r pucrsJJpun no^ Japl:aj eqr ^!oqs oJ&rrsIJDuJ or Jlqlr.uTn^ q rurum8J\& eqr .(r,uora ll .,{r^! rqr iq))loqa ! sD dnoJS arp Jo 9^IlElu:srrdal $ Jrqurrul 5ql trqt !Ju)pr^, tEolJs)Jlddns lurEnfuy ogr ssaFm &oFeueJs Jaql,ra tJi .dnoj8 :[Fua lqr lnoqrruJBls r loddnr ol JrqsreuJ dnorS rzlnrrtrd I tnoqx DrJ sojos 1no rtnodtqEURlw rsaum8lv orp &llasJf,AuoJ :o dno:EUR rrqt.Jo :aqrueru JelnJlurd ruotnoqr u{rlJ x loddns ot-srllr:) ro &s)alolduD srurpms s! qf,ns-dnor8TEr)trt3 r tnoqE :txJ rEos rno rurod nfSrut ruounEURry Irr&1,{5 ro aU9 ]&(vsu:1 rrrl r)ilswll f dnolg H)vl or Alddv dnoug v Jo s)tlsrxtDwvHJ .tvHr cNtwnss(qduSuEd .ftss5 pjnp) zzl oN lu.unEURry $&1,{C(rJdtr3!.rud ,trssr qqu) EUR6 oN luaumRw $&l^19(qder8fJrd,{xss, rFIJ) 6i oN ru.urnSt JVW9(qdrdx-Ed ,(rssr qunot) t1 oN lu.umtrv I]II^19(sqd Scrrd ,{Ess. rnJU pr&[ p.41p) Zt oN ru.llngrv wI{t ||Dflsuoplpuol ltrsPgijxrsiIal sroe,tad o&no&s1s4IW1!&aEaqt tol slttrts Stttrl^t I q!os.rr*J&qurrI4l drry :o; arua ory s1 dno:9 r: JoJ &rul s,1cr1Xg-aldrnur-g VSSI tNlWn9UV 9NTUOOS-H9|H V lllu^\ O.t A OH,\r&!iumentThe followin8 appeared in a Iocxl newsP,rPEURr EURditorial:&ACcordinS lo . rcccnl n:ltions idc srlta(l. n 8.c.Ier Pctccnta8cof our n:r!&oo r lccn:rgc.s comPlxilr ()f dcprcss&(n) rodnr (lrxn cvcrbcforc. ller( in lhc town of Scrsidc. wc necd to do more !oensure th4 our leenxgc.s fill their dxis with mcaninSturl.productivc activides, so lhxt lhc) gro\1& trp to bc happl, B&cll&adjustcd aduks.&Rcsponsc lrhough tic edirodnl rssumes ihat Seaside s tecnaEcrs are typical ofthe nation&s tcenagers m leneml, it supplies no evidence wh1ts0ever tosub5ontiate dris aJsumption. For 3-ll wc knorr&. the incidence ofdeprcs_sion among Scaside&s rcens is far lower than the national alerage-lowenough thacteen deprcssion does not pose a cofiununitl&widc Problcmfor SEURaride- IJso, t.\e cditorial cainot jusrj4&ils rcconmendation to tlrEURcofimunjq, atleast nor based on tie nationwide su.vct.To bolsrcr tbe rccommendation, instcad of relvjtS on a nvecPinggenct&lizalion, the editorial&s aud)or should Providc speciic cvicleflccthat among SEURaside lccnagers, depression is 2 s&td problEURmrhar is !.kely to contjnuc udcss the communiq Ld{es sPccific mea&surcS ro rcversc tnc lrcnct.Ex.rmplc-what&s Truc for a Mcmbcr Is also Truc for the GroupThe fo owillg Argumcnt ffsumcs that chxractcristics of a pxniculalmembEURr of a SfouP aPplv to the SrouP as a vhole. Cfhe Argurnent mightsuffei from olher reasoninS problems a5 vell, but herc I m focusing ons groupmimber problem.) ResPonse A Provides a bnef bu( rdaqu:rreone-par&gmPh an.lvsis that cont?hs each of the three elements ncedco toed&ess thEUR problcm. ResPonsc B providEURs x more deniled mi\&sis witbriorc exr,nplcs, a5 well 15listing additjonal infofiniiion neEURcled to proFcrl-v evaluatc the Atgument.The fo owing is pan of in articlc appeffing in tre entcftrtmentsccuon of a IocJ nEUR!$p.Per.&At the local viewcr Choicc video store, thc number of aLailablcmoviEURs rn YH$tapc format tcEr.aits about thc same as thrceycars ago, cvcn thouSh Lhe number of arailablc movics on drFilalwideo disk, or D\rD, hx5 rrcrcrscd tcnlold oter u)e pr5l ulfccyelrs. Pcople who predict the jspending obsolescence of tbevHS format irc mistakcn. smce dcm:rnd for vHs movie renttlsroday clexrl), remarns jrx! ar sFonS 2s evEURr.&I&s | \vitin! S0UK-[or tbeGRE/Gnuf Tctt\uo1 suoeted,natal&o3[ sJr&,( rrilr sr lltpot srdr) SIL{,{uzur sE saLrlEJ ]A
qr$ ulrJl ollrgdlsq rq pFor,d rJ .rrortrur:oJu snn 3ur:{rrl .sJEUer pu? s.ll1s o,{Cl u!spuel $^-Hr^ slEtl&&r pur srps slIA rn spuerl rpl,t pFo,r rnoqD uolrtur-rojrn trou p5lu plno,rl. l .uoqrsod s.llJDrr rqt arrnp^a jilfv ot rrpro sl&Sll/t Jo rsJur)p pJlrlprrd .rF Sulfl)dslp ur papaar)ns lor, srg?lJlu! eql &o3[ sjs9,{ trrl] sr s)du S}l{ r(ucur sE x)ots ol srnrntuoJlA lq,rl suosarJ Jlqrssod Jarno pLrc ,sarn Jr[t4j4l: puE JrprsuoJol sllq .lJFrr .rIl cJrIS .sO{O Jo uollJrlrs stl pucdx, J.qlrvor l]pro q srdEl SIL\ Jo EUR^lrqs nr rrayc or fur,LD q 3n esnrrcq :ucrJoJ tou rnq rps roJ sJ lJolu.Ar4 SII{ !sun, s.)A Jo qrnu sdrqDd:lrDEu, )rqr roJ .uosu:r Jr^crEq.6 JoJ .cscl)^c lxuoo[u ,q) t&|:q]rr^loJ sr sral[ld CIrtC r^rrj rrr.p pooqroqqSQu s.:)
ut sploqrsnoqJo.SnusrDd 5tF sdsqDd rO .CAC uo elqrlclr -tr,{ lou ajt lEqrser^olu Japlo rI SqrrlT[pads ,{q rJusu, !q)n, r :^lrs o] BultdrsJutsr lA sdrqDd .lJfrDuo8 lnmpq &)fEs pw JBls oaph aqr Jo TrJrds! OA) crroq] DArrA rErI f)tr&nssE llnI].un uonrsod s.olrrus_cqfg assodsEURlJ& .aloqa ! se lnmpul 3r]r roJ uortrpnd.ql lJprlJslp or pcllE:l srq luJurnSJrr aqr uarfr .os sI .rrors rSEr.lD aqlurqt &&otnr^ul Jstol 9r Jo 3Scrur ad r sa &sadu: 5114 croru ru3 fuctrg3lur ),1 :ssD arn lflJlssa3ru l,us! qqt lE^eaoH .dnor3 c sa ,s.Jolso)pr^ lJt Jo JErtd& sl OA) eJroqf orpt^ tcrF srrunse: tueuntrr_slrllv asuo{lsaus,tnJ Jr,^t)rtxt.1.
1t)t sltDts tuutral I s,uot/atT(rtdllSrjrd irsso pubJrs) 6g r)N tu)!un&y JVl^l.|(qdLr8Errd &ss? qlnoj) 8i_ .oN ru:urn8ry J\.,y{C I t t Iiur^rolroJ rqr q surrqord r.qlu&u&tnora Jo srsrJxux ;u ror 1Ji:,ff#.n8ry JVr{5 fxrrUJO OZ roJ s,&!sJ&) 8 ucd ln s/irssj tur lprus nol ry(qdclgsrd {Essc qug) 60t .oN tueurntuv gI9(qdz,EURr-Jrd l!ss, qu.g) 0Z .oN tu.rljn8ry aI5(qdErgllrd tess. q!T),I .oN rururnsrv fl,(qdEr8Erd ,{rssa qunoJ) 6 .oN ruerunirv gL lf l-End Sur,donoJ ar{t ur s&ra1qo:d :egruorodnor8 go .,.,ty&u& ,t* ,ffi(&s)u)umgrv gI9 TrrJgJO OZ roJ sdEsrJ-) 9 rjld ur sdxs!, ,{rll .{pn:s nod sl/(8 prrv 9 si.rcd) sluaunSr\r 1eIJgJO ar1r rr1 fiseJqord 4-dno:9AVSSI IN3t\lnguv 9NtdOaS-H9tH V lIdM 01MOHAssumrxc rHAT ALr THrruos Rrm,qrn UNcH.lr.rcro ovER TIMEsrrecB pil be sdcr rl)an cvcr.&/\ GRE or GI1AT Ar8umcnt mjehr re\, or cvidcrcc colccrcd n rl\e rast irtorder to formulirc:;omr conclusioo rrion conccming thcpreseilt ot rlJc JLtto-!. Similarl),, :ln Argumcnt miSht rclf on cvjdencc abourpresent condtrio s ro makEUR a prcdicrion or rccornmcndarion Ior tbe,ttttc. D\tr unlcss lhc rguDrcnr provides ctc:rr cvictcncr !t.r,lr kcy circum.st nces bave rcmaincd, or will rcmain, unchnngcd ovcr tbe relcvanr timcpcriod (b)& the wa), i! wonl), rhe Ar8umenr is \,l)lnerabte to crjricism.To address a mc.shifi problem, you should :rccomplish EURach of rl)efollowing rhrce usks:1. Identify lhe problem (i.e., rhe poor assumprion rha! aI kc),circumstanccs rcmrin txed over tiIne).2. Elucidate by providing cxamplcs of condirions t}}at migirchmge from one Ume Famc to tl)c orher.3. Evduare r}lc arAumenr in li8hr of rhc problEURm.You&U probably fieed rhrcc scnrenccJ to accomplish a[ rluEURe r$k5. If youhavc more t!ne, you can perforrn eithcr of thc following optional task5 a5. lodicatc rhar ro srcn$hcn tl)c argurncn!, rhe autlor musr conrtnccrhar oihcr rclevanr condirions remain urch4nSEURd from onc timcfoelne to rhc next.. Lisr addiional iJrformation about pasr afld present (or prcscni alrdfunrrc) ci.cumsunccs tlat you nccd in order to evaluarc thcrccommcndarion, predicrion, o. orhff conclusion.EfiaEple-Past CoDditiors Remain Unchanged i&:r the present 4zd FutureHcrc&s an AJgumcnr rhat prcvidcs EURvidcncc abour thc past to dl&w a. coDclusion abour rhc prcsenr ,s wcll aj 1tlc futufe. CIhe Al.gumcot mighasuffcr from oticr rcasoning problcms as wcll, but hcre I,m focusinb onthis tj$e-shifr problcm.) The rcsponse accomptishcs all duec rcquircdu.ski, as well as suggesdng how to suengt}lcn-the argumcnr, all in a single,concrsc p-e_fa8nph.The folowing zppEURarcd in a polirical cimpaign adveniscmcnr:&Rcsidcots of tJris st?te should votc to clect l{.r-avitz a5 stetcgovcmor i.n thc upconling elcction. During lctvitz&s _filr-al rcrfna-s x sratEUR scnator, shc a/as a mcmbcr of a special leAislativccommincc t}laa cxplored w&ys rhc statc can reducc ir5 cscatadrSratc of violcnr crime. Elcct Kravic for aovemor, and our citics&ntutut.pct6oB onPctcrson s , rrrititig SkILr lor thaGR-E/GIUT T6ttCRD,sal IYIll,ma(ti .1o.[ sll]15 lr!,!&a\ n s,uosran,uo:& sroe&tcd onto&4dord s,lu)(rtntur: )qr &sntLL ^\trr:lil ul ss:ursnq lo rno slilru:ss:l& &in1 ,- ,.1fto, :lrols :lurl:dtuor rt^\ru r: r&llrrur lxtp ro:l uost&r,r,rrr,r.L^r rn, )nlnl .tll ur Pro]]l: ol tlqr )q rrtuol ou II!^t srliaplstr&.,;;.;;&:;&,;& -&-&1 r& :o pr&r :iursstd r :c1 or rn{& urnr rqslur xso&(&^.t,\ &, .ra^l^\o!l &Jors eql lroddns or lJsnour Suojls ulf,ulal ol n-run. ,,,^t .,&.ntt)r a:r^&:lrI 6uotux (srrnPord p]rxFr&rso^ ptr!)&&roi ut taajrru& ru.rtcldr etp lErp uo|dunssr: &rlr uo s&Ilfl pxtrrnsn;;;; ;&*.&,&t .& ,rors sprru&ssa r:5oa r rrqr rurrp s ru&&unsrt-?qlg asuodsag&&1qr::1to:d :rq ppo&,,\ asrqruE{ ael^&:trl r 1Pq! pef,q^oolun.u& r &r.lui&.& q.ttt ttlllltqtssod roJ *morrr ol slul luf,run8rt &qli)tns uost:r J:^an:rl^t JOJ &Slstplsf,l sll JO &(trctu )sol IL{1 arl,l&Irtl,&aF ro r*^ t,tit* 1s3rt1tI| sIIl llql r&plsuoc ol sJlxJ ll &le^&Aloll&liuo.rla ut&ruaj ln^! srutplsu aal^a{r.l Suouir (gJnpold per?lJl-t3o&{&-*&n-*l &ioi u,,.&trlrr ru::vddt arn:rq: **nt* tt::;J:&.:X&-)ueulst^ulatqgluord E aq ,{ltns pFo^\ aal aTE.l u! :sfqJr4{ sfuluass3& r3o1 & &s.,r6 r :or.^ol{ r! uc$ sqnl& qrrtttl Due solpn$r3o,{ arour ::c aDril &nd&r^elvl Jo ij,|IAor &{qJLu Jtll ul -sDarr-rrqro ,rt .rntu.uroado esr{f,rtary 3u-utJo sl slxnuassJ rSol& idoNl::d&ds,nneu p:rol s.rsaitlunot{ rr ptsp:) pt l) tu slq tlultos.tjors eq1 q8noql qr,\a f,ptJ&p r lnoqx loj sstulsnq r4 ut&qstq lstl)lunoy,: rI plltJoi aJols ltlal nxrus t &sl!l1u&ssJ lSol&:rulzxSrur sserlsnq 1[uo6&r l.]l ptrEaddt 3q^\oloJ tq]&lutwn8lx aq1 3qulql6oers JoJ nrolls)a.sn( r! n:^r st s:ldurtxe f,iour rpr&^ord or&JsquIrJ saoB g esuodstl uralqoror*.
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t.t&&t) llnlla ermnj &qt uI prrr &{tpol rred s&zll^xrx.&;;;;;;;&-*1s & s&l,4 &t1&ryu& p& cqr &trLr* ruaror^ surlqau_ & _ otnr.,r*o. ,tl&qnu& sc&\\ z1l^rJ)l &lrlll cuo DxqlrSu.trijnssY^vss3 LN3!\neuv gNluoos-HolH v 3rldru\ or &^AoHncnt nlus! suppl) berer evidcncc-pcrbaps bI va_r& of a lljievicB,survev rnd i l-lkcvie\\&cconomic forec:rsr-of a sufficicnr dcmand inLlkevicN fo. thc kinds of p()clucls lo8x L\scnrirls .ells, ar lcast fortbc rblc fururc. Orhcnvisc. rlrr xurl)of cnnnor pcrsuadc mcrhir i L1kcvic$ fnnchise \l,ould bc profitlbtc.Tame-Shift Problems il the Official Arguments (Parts 6 and B)Ai you srudy mj,es$ys in Prfi 6 (&Essavs for 20 Officiai cREArgumenrs&), looktor m\& anal)sis of rime.shr.ft problenrs in lhc fottoNirs p;tn8mphs:| | | cn.E Argurncnr No. 9 (iirird essiy p:rragrapir)cRE ir!&umcnr No. 3l (fourih essxy pafignph)GRI Argumcnr No. 96 (sl\{r essal& pangi.rph)Gn-E Argument No- 109 (rhird essal. p:rmSrnplr)GRE Argument No. 113 (founh cssay prrlgriph) s you srud)&my css:rvs in Paft 6 (&EssaYs fof 20 Official clt T Arg:u-mcnrs&), look for m)&xnalysis of time,shifr problems ifl d1e followinSparagraphs:I I I I G 1!T Argument No. 23 (fourth cssxy prlagmpb)GI{, T Argument No. 28 (fouftb essq& pamgmph)GMAT Arg1lment No. 5l (sccond and rhird essay paligmphs)GtrIAT rgument No. 79 (fourth essly panSraph)- GMAT Argumenr No. l3l (second essxl&pangmph)OiHrn Rrasounrc Pnosle^as wtrH GRE AND GMAT AncurarursNosf rhat -\&ou&ve cximined rhEUR mosr common cR-E and GMAT reasonin8problcm!, briefl),su.vey some othe. rEURasoning problems you mighr Iind$&jth an Argumen(. Alrhough each of rhese problems is less common timanv of thc ones I&ve alrerd)& covered, you should be rcacil& for thcman,r5vay- jusr in case.Failirg to Dcfine lmportant TcrmsAr rgumcnr might rely on a ceftain rcrm wiriloui providing an sdcquatcdcfirition of it. l-ook especially for rcferences ro a parlicuiir class, cfl-. cgoo, or group, without x clear cxplanarion of&whar jr jncludes orexcludes. For cxamplcs of rhis problem, seeI I I cRI Arr$mcor No. 59 (fou.rh essa)& p;rngnph)I r I I GiIAT lrgument No. 23 (fiilr essiy pa.rgr:rph) IGMiT Argument No. 71 (founh cssly pxragraph)cN&lAT Argrmcnr No. 89 (frsr essay parag.iph)CI{AT Aryumcnt No. 122 (founh cssay p:lmgmph)uuu.peI6oB omGRE/GntAT Ilutox suoettallatntntstsaJ. 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Argumcnr No. 42 (frfth essay pangBph)DO&S AND DON&TS FOR YOUN ARGUMENT ESSAYNor&, reviev,/ sonrc oI thc kEURy poinrs f.om Pxn 3. Hcre xrc rwo lists ofDO&s and DON Ts-for conren! and or8anization-ro kecp I.ou on iherighr rnck jn organizinF and composing your
rgrjmcnr css:rr. To reinforccdre ide6 in rhis list, emark the lisr ud rcfer 10 ir from ume ro rime asvou pmcucEUR rhe Argumcn! \rTiting t;lsk .lnd as -vou ,cid m), sample cssrl,sir Pln 6 ,nd Pirr 8.Comrr.n-Youn Cnrrrour or rHE ARGUMEMDO idenrii ana keep in mind rle Ajtumcni s linrl .rnd rnrermedirre conclu--sions so&thrr you can analyze the ArgriJnent&s use of evjdEURnce ard line ofreasoning in suppofi of rhose conciusions,DON&I mcrely resqre or rehaih the st&tcd Argumcnt. Ihe ont),wa.\, ro scorcpoims is to rcU thc reader_whafs wrorg s/ith the Ar8llment.UO ,nri)ze rhe Ar8llmcni virh an eye for uncovering tlree or lour 0aws-in .thc author&s iinc of reasoning and use of cvidcnce._ r.re corunjr ro mcmoN rhc rfpes of re.soning flas/s you lcamcd in part 3, andlook for e! lcai. rhrce of thcm in your Arglrncnr. .DON&T rctv on ttre technical lermirotoSl& of format toSic ro idcndy icisoning plain English wi! su.ffice.DO idcntib unsubsrrnriated or r]nre3isonable assumpLions upon.srbich thcArtument s conclusion clcpcnds.DO suppon c&ch cb-allen8EUR ro an assumption with ar lea.s! onc example(scennno)Pctqsons, rrritrtg Sktk lor theGI|E/GAUT TcsL&llIALOtut01 ttuosatad o&mnIstsat I,.t) rot qltqs nutty)r ._ tood IEr)UJo f,rp ln slu5rrm8+. EZI rojl s&ssr lul surrruoJ )iooq eru&(s.uosrrr:d,{q pzqsttqnd) s1lonsa A tDss!,ooY uq o,,o^*r_gOioar r)qro rru ro )uo u,,r&.r, s,,,puoa ,&Jlrffi,l&j::1.fi&Jll:,JtJn)rued r vl surtlqojd Suruos&)J lno Btnt?.urJ alqnoJt r^Eq nol JlNO[\rZtw9x0s)oog gNtltui^ lwtu.lvNv o/yU ulr{lo lW r.lnsNo]. ino{ 1! o8zd arlr JJo ,{U nrr&d doq$po,{. s.nn ul rnoqrpruJFl nol s,rtu SuruosttJ uorrtrroj ,rp ,arncr-rd apq r gtr,711 ruar.uni.ry1x5u- )rn ot !o a^or! ir)ql .saop urri{r tol jprnu hol otul &Ioa ppoqsrnbfrlD Jo slr4od JnoJ Jo cajqt rsEll tV .sruelqoJd gqruossu uoujujoJJo rall ^ur ot EqlrJrl .ru:|IllnEURrv ctp Jrpuod ot 3rnuJIrJ x JoJ csnrd .,loodtql tuo.g nurumgrv urarJrJ ol dn rtr3los lltlropu&n 1.srt6 qr,ag 6jal pw!U9 s,tJt^Ds tuFsat rqt qr^ srJolrslnb aqi ,rpqo o, ^oq &oy uoprnporra.l6.1009 qq! Dg sturrun8rv Jo lood craldwor eqr ;o rnorr.ri.l & .r*;;;rurrrr{or pu& ll&nb.p& &c B.,,phord pu? sw.,r&&. .r;&,lH;J;uo prol9rn sn)oc .lEsa rull!.nEURrv mol Jo qlguel plo,, .qr rnoq&Lo^ lrNgqr&orJ-{IfDfsol pus llfrrru&u ,aog s?rpl rnol sd,., ,&* ;ff: ilr:il::mo^Jo nu&od snogc .ql ttruuoJ rrro s.serqa p,r&.pro^ uoprr,*r&rl.& 66,&.l::jI_.T -**i. ,{nry Jo s)srSu]ns or parrnbr: sr rrq,r rrFlpur o)^JqGsod pIJ[ sunlqord urEtll s,tu3uln8rv crF ar]llrtrf,l or llduns sr aJcr{ qolrnoi r{dE6rlt-d 8ripnpuoj:rp ur onbnpe 30 sruroct ,r:.au ,{rrr arnponn- .3uluosEJ Jo ar4l s,tufuIn8Jv )rF rolJl!, plnoqs af,ulnbrs.qL qduSErzd ::d.lro !cp.!o Jrcrgol EUR Er o.to&.:& &rroj,rJ.x rilirc oO&Iy 3unft^ roe,. grv aql ol llJD^cl.r4 r.rc lurunfuy aqt q plssn stp.nssl .{nE lnoqr suolt4do fEuosjJd ftol .p*q t& ru._nBrV a.p t orJ ,{&rt. 1rp9q&3tr&Il ru.trlqns r^rq no,{Jx-rr ertrnfE a rruaq no,{ dlaq ppo,n rrqarrolp.o Sqr&ir^uoJ 5ror! rsr.onSJv,qj ,ry&- o: p r.b&r&r, r&;;;;;lp- OAlwtr tuow InvH no^ ill,NoclOOd lVr)HJO rno^ Nr slNlwncdv 3Hr NO S ON ilvl:su^ofis:tESns ,rlros cjr r3H .saJmosej JJrpo qlra )iooq slqt In sEu5rErD turur.n8ry.gt Br&nu lclddns rcprguoJ .urrx: mol.roy.q .&ai.1a*&.^&f noi!AVSSS .tN3htnSdv eNtdocs_H9jH V 3-Utl/r\ 01 MoHCI&UT CAl -A&lsloer k& tbc Real l:ssa| Qucstio&Is (l&{blishcd b}&Perer&on&s). Thc ltook s ?nd edirion conr.rins m) cssds for 115,^r8umeols io thc offic&xl pool.,{s yor rcad the book s ^rlumcnt essa}&s, jot down Poinls of cririqLre -Youfind clcarcsr or nrosr conyincioF. Also. highliSht tmnsilionil Phflses.whjch conncct ihc cssa] s poin6 of criliquc. Rcviclv $c phrases, then iIJ&composing sevcnrl cssxvs voursclf. miking x specinl cffon to incorpo.rtesimihr phrascs into your ess:r-\&s.NOTE: For book irJorm:ition, see fte booki& wEURb supplcmcn6& (slary.vcsr.ncr/-srewld).Pnacrcr, Pnaorcr, PnqqrrcE!Compose as many p:zctice essa&s 3s you reasonably havc time for,responding (o the official qucstions, Be su.rc io P.rctice under liJncdconditions with a a,ord proccssor, restricting your use of editing fudcdonsto lhc ones provided on thc rcrl exam. Elaluatc your Practice cssays,rcfcrdJrg .o lhc olncial scoring
rcJlect on your wealncsscs, andconcenrare on improving in thosc arcrs nexi time.REINFORCE&NENT EXERCISESNow lcfs reinforce whxr vou&ve leamed ir Pan 3. Each of the followingcxEURrciscs conbins an Argrmcnt dcsiSned to hiShlSht a paltjcular lcason&ing problcm. For each ArgumencL Compose a brief (one- or two-prragraph) cssav response tfiatIoc]rses on4& ofl tbat iroblern.2, Tr.v ro incorponrc alt thc requted elcmeots Ior an adcquatcanrlysis of thc problco.3. You ma)&also discuss how to remcdy the problem (strcnSahcnthc arSumcnr) and/o. whft addirional inJomalioq is nccdEURd ton y cvaluztelhe .^rBumcnt, in tcrms of the sPcciJic problcm.4. On scratch papcf, outlite addirional rezsoning problems wlthA.rEURumcnt that you would alticipatc drscussitg were this atull&length (3Grrirutc) snring task.ljmir t/our tirne to l0 minules pcr cxerciseIor each tFoup of cxcrcisEURs, clircciions for tllat Sroup immcdialelyprecede rhe cxcrciscs. M! lespotLses and com&EnLt be8o1 on page 1I Ir&tu.p.&cr5o6.codPctcrson&s I wtlttng Sht|ls lorGRAGMAT T,ttt oJ&t u& re rt ed t) n& r&E,141)ol sllttls nrltt)a\ | s,uotrala.l9-9 srsr)rtx3?-e srsDllx3&il:ss. qr.3u.fllrl,l rr trr iurssnrsr| f,rxdr.our: pFodno,i slu.lqord rlqtssod r.qro )rou oslt .]u.lllnlil rlrl:. Jtt:] tttaltlotd t&tttP-Frutt, frr}suztod rqr Fsnrslp pux llruepl I :s!trrtl_:l ttl stlllsdr lt11!,slltt&sanltouasatdatutt &tjlttlttlrroal ttp ssn)$fr pux /ftruiPr &! ,sr)lrr: ul&pralsur stlt^ras s.otrrlslrrl .&n PUI: s)rt^lass,orp Sqsn enuDuof,slp pnoqs alll^slllH slrurl ^rrr sll uqrl^ruoor)s JajssErt asryli t lJnrsuor ol lauotu q8nou. a^!s ol Jtpjo ul&sr)r^r)s Sullrb)r put aslvrr s,oJpJu JoJ lsotr I[lol s,rllt^slllH Jo :sof,Trrol aql spnqr o,{t lnoql l! ITr &SrnqsllEld Jo uaol :ql roJ sttl,ues3ullrLilJJ sr lttr,{ sr Fsodslp prII drLltld esnjrr srpl^ord oJq${ }&pou.d rwD f,urts .ql l.^o 58uu.uad rerlajEURur^r ue lq prutlJ5p srq sluoq ,&(Irulq-e]EURqs s,uolrldrrtJo lnfc^.8LD^r .rF JlIqAl &Jt5,( lstl p)!)do 98aIoJ ,{lrunutrxor ,t{tru sll oJllstuaJJrd 0t ,{q pssarjtrrp scq srijsuju[dr JoJ ]ual a3rl.^[ ?qr &uol td!I{ to u^ror lqrD)u .tI Ul &lJt r.UY u,{lor r.ql lJI .8)noJ rl!^.udrE ,(.rnoJ a?u ! Jo F^orddi .rn lsutttr lno W:tds rsnrll &If WOJo fruaprsJj.qr &putlrruroJ uf,r srsuao lladord,{rll )IlrO )|&rli sru&lsr pt&r srnF^ ,{urdord s,Alf lro Jo rulrep x lur^.rd ol lapro ul EUR&,{!ssa lulutnSrv rllSuf,fllrg t q 3qssntrsnrrndlJrrl,t plno^r nol sdslqord elqrssod leqro :&?ou osv &6ol4ub 4bam,tpyuatod ]&.l) ssnrslp put lmutpl &s:sl:)Dx:t oal lxtu rqr Jo qJis ut&f,uoq (Uo{ 3u.uq,sl:r{ro^l 1x!Il spooJ qrunl Jo sed,b aur?s rqr rego plnolls xu3ltFr s,luItdruo: rqt &stuo:d um: uJ put &AhnJnpoJd .r:-jro,u nEla^o 3Jneqseor uotJJX roJ Jcpro ut &5JoJ.lrlLL zu:rtll: s,{uvduor &qr rx qJtmltslqJjnd oqa sje)poa rtuql a^ntrnpojd eJou& IIJ!J&rr38 arD eutoq_ rrro{ scqrtml u,{o JI.ql 3u.uq oq,1 sr&)lro^\ &,{uedtljotr uouax lv &z&rnu.^ar q au-rl)tplpEURls r petu)padxe.^cq lrplslp.gr 14 $sssqsnq llvr &urql,rr{s !ur!r.d of ,{lrt u lq crroJ arllod sll Jo azls Tgrol orn P$np&r,{tl) c(Il &o8E sJ!5{ f)Jrll $nog sslqsnq autnlcp tu.unp pltslpssllllmq u^roluaop s,lllr aq) lo!?d 1!qr srf,)!6o ?{lod Jo Dqumurn tstJDUl pFoqs .,{ &,{lllouotr3 s,A!J slql rzllrll^er or Dpro r&l &I& &&{!sse ]u&tDn:rv tDaurHInJ ! r{ 3q{sn)s!p rrrdrrllrft plnoa no,{ suDlqord slqrssod rtqlo .rou osIY 1u&lqa&d,rrr&rsrrJf.ql ssntrsp puE lJpu.p! &s3s]r).xf, oal lsu es:qr lo qJct ulAVSSS lN3v\lneUV gNltloas&HglH v 3!llM ol &^ oHz-l srsl)l3xl
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