浅谈定语从句的翻译方法-外语翻译-论文联盟
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浅谈定语从句的翻译方法
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作者：董兆辉
浅谈定语从句的翻译方法
　　定语，是用来修饰、限制，或说明另一个词语的品质及特征的一种句子成分。定语从句又名形容词性从句，是的三大从句之一。英语定语从句为右开放型，放在被修饰词语之后。定语从句的后置使句子长而复杂，因此翻译时难度也最大。而汉语则不然，定语部分置于被修饰词之前，一般是前置定语，不能像英语那样随意地扩展，句子较短。英汉两种句子结构上的这些差异给翻译定语从句带来了许多困难，在翻译时必须根据句子的特点，结合上下文灵活处理。定语从句可分为：限定性定语从句、非限定性定语从句、兼有状语功能的定语从句及特种定语从句等。下面，将针对各种类型的定语从句的特点及各种情况研究其译法。　　一、定语从句的译法　　限制性定语从句对所修饰的先行词起限制作用，与先行词关系密切，其中间不用逗号分开，主句的含意不完整，必须靠从句的补充说明，全句意义才能表达清楚。合译法：亦称前置法，主要是指把英语限制性定语从句译成带&的&字本文由联盟收集整理的定语词组，放在被修饰词之前，从而将复合句译成汉语单句。例如：People who cannot distinguish between colors are said to be color-blinded，分不清颜色的人是色盲。分译法：亦称后置法，是指将定语从句与主语分开，译成并列分句，这主要是在从句结构复杂或译成汉语前置不方便，不符合汉语语言特点的时候，可考虑采用分译法。译成并列句，重复先行词的含义。例如：A moment later he steps onto a moving stairway that takes him rapidly up to the street level.不一会，他踏上了滚动的电梯，滚动的电梯载着他很快地升到了街面。译成并列分句，省略先行词。例如：They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapid increased.他们制定出一种新方法，采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。　　融合法是指把原句中的主语和定语从句融合起来译成一个独立句子，定语从句在汉译后成为单句中的谓语等句子成分。这种译法特别适用于&there be&结构带有定语从句的句型。例如：There are many people who want to see the film.许多人要看这部电影。　　此外，还有一些带有定语从句的英语复合句，译成汉语时可将英语主句压缩成汉语词组作主语，而把定语从句译成谓语，融合成一个句子。例如：&We are a nation that must beg to stay alive，&said a forgn economist.一个外国学家说道，&我们这个国家不讨饭就活不下去&。　　二、非限定性定语从句的译法　　非限定性定语从句与它所修饰的词关系不很密切，只是起补充说明的作用，主句和从句之间用逗号分开。这种定语从句，或是修饰主句中的某一名词，或是修饰整个主句。译成汉语中后置的并列分句，作为复句的补充。如：Day light comes from the sun， which is a mass of hot， glowing gas.日光来自太阳，太阳是一团炽热发光的气体。译成独立句。如：Galileo， who made the first telescope， died in 1642.伽俐略死于1642年，他制造了第一架望远镜。　　特种定语从句，指的是修饰整个主句或主句部分内容的非限制性定语从句，只能由which和as引导。　　（1）as引导的特种定语从句译法。as引导的非限制性定语从句常译成&（正）如&&一样&，&（正）像&&一样&。这类从句可译成独立分句。但并非所有as引导的非限制性定语从句都适合译成&如&&一样&，译成的独立分句放在主句之前还是之后也要根据汉语习惯灵活变通。如：More American troops are being sent to the Middle East， as（也可用which）I have learnt from the newspaper.我从报纸上得知，更多的美国部队正在被派往中东。　　（2）兼有状语职能的定语从句的译法在英语中，有些定语从句和主句在逻辑上有状语关系，实际上起着主句的原因、结果、目的、条件、让步等状语的作用。这时，就要求我们对定语从句进行转译，译成相应的状语从句。例如：Electrical energy that is supplied to a lamp can be turned into light energy.当电能供给电灯时，电能就变为光能。　　三、结束语　　英语定语从句是复合句中的分句，通过上述对限制性和非限制性定语从句翻译方法的，可以看出大多数定语从句都不一定译成中文的定语。要想在翻译时做到忠实、通顺，就必须摆脱原文语法结构的限制，在句型上灵活变通，使译文通顺自然，符合目标语规范。
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高考鬼才们是这么做定语从句题的，思路非常清晰
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高考鬼才们是这么做定语从句题的，思路非常清晰
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{description}有什么好的定语从句的方法
掌握好定语从句的关系词很重要。
定语从句的关系词有很多，而且用法也很复杂，下面将几个关系词的"使用权限"进行归纳：
　　一、只能用that,不能用which, who 的几种情况:
　　1.先行词是人和物
　　The 相关信息rson and his dog that were killed in the accident were buried.
　　The man and his school that you told me are very interesting.
　　2.先行词是不定代词anything, something, everything, nothing, all, the one 等
　　Has everything that can be done been done?
　　All that you told me was difficult to understand.
　　3.先行词被最高级修饰
　　It is the longest fi...
掌握好定语从句的关系词很重要。
定语从句的关系词有很多，而且用法也很复杂，下面将几个关系词的"使用权限"进行归纳：
　　一、只能用that,不能用which, who 的几种情况:
　　1.先行词是人和物
　　The 相关信息rson and his dog that were killed in the accident were buried.
　　The man and his school that you told me are very interesting.
　　2.先行词是不定代词anything, something, everything, nothing, all, the one 等
　　Has everything that can be done been done?
　　All that you told me was difficult to understand.
　　3.先行词被最高级修饰
　　It is the longest film that I have seen in my life.
　　4.先行词被序数词修饰
　　It's the first time that I've been to Beijing.
　　The first stamp that was invented appeared in England.
　　5.先行词被just ,very, only等强调词语所修饰
　　It's the very house that I want to buy.
　　Only the vegetables that haven't been polluted are safe to eat.
　　二、只能用which, who,不能用that的两种情况:
　　1.非限制性定语从句
　　The Changjiang River, which is the third longest river in the world, lies in China.
　　Do you know Tom, who used to be the headmaster of this school?
　　2.整句话当先行词
　　It rained a lot, which made a flood happen.
　　He tore my photo, which made me angry.
　　三、只能用as,不能用which,that, who的两种情况:
　　1. 先行词被such, the same 修饰
　　I've never heard of such a terrible earthquake as you told me.
　　对比:It's such a terrible earthquake that many people were killed.
　　分析:定语从句的动词和先行词有动宾关系,如上面第一句应用结果状语从句应用such...that句型,表示"如此……以至于",如上面第二句。
　　2. 整句话当先行词,且从句有"正如……所知道/预料的一样"之意
　　Taiwan belongs to China, as we know.
　　As everybody can see, we have a good harvest in fruit this year, so the fruit will be cheap.
as与which以整句话当先行词的区别:1.which引导的句子有"这就使……"造成某些客观后果的意思,而as引导的句子都含有主观认识的动词:如know,see,expect之类. 引导的定语从句可放在句首,这是唯一能放在先行词前的定语从句.当然,它也可放在先行词后.而which却只能放在先行词后,不能放在句首.
　　四、that, which,who等关系代词在作定语从句中的宾语时可省略。如:
　　This is the house (that/ which) my grandparents built twenty years ago.
　　The person (who/ whom/ that) you just spoke to is our headmaster.
　　五、只能用when, where,不能用that, which的情况:
　　关系代词在从句中作状语.例如作live, work, study等不及物动词的状语.
　　试比较:I'll never forget the days that we spent together.
　　I'll never forget the days when we studied together.
　　He enjoyed the place that/ which he visited a week ago in Wuhan.
　　He enjoyed the place where he stayed a week ago in Wuhan.
其他答案（共2个回答）
e 2.先性词是物用that ,which,前两者可作主，宾语，定语3.先行词是物，但再从句中作状语分别用when,where,why,所以关键是看先行词是人是物，且在从句中作何种成分。如：
1。This is the person (who /that,x) you want to look for.
2.
The things (that)you are worrying about is really difficult.
3.The school (where) you had studied
(that /which/x) he is talking about
(that/which )lies beside the lake
is very beautiful.
(in which )they are working
4. ...
掌握好引导词很重要。
　　1.先行词是人和物 that /who/wh相关信息e 2.先性词是物用that ,which,前两者可作主，宾语，定语3.先行词是物，但再从句中作状语分别用when,where,why,所以关键是看先行词是人是物，且在从句中作何种成分。如：
1。This is the person (who /that,x) you want to look for.
2.
The things (that)you are worrying about is really difficult.
3.The school (where) you had studied
(that /which/x) he is talking about
(that/which )lies beside the lake
is very beautiful.
(in which )they are working
4. The day (when/on which) he lived a bad life
(that/which/x)
he spent in the country
(which/ that/x)they are looking forward to
x表是可省略，认真看懂这些句子，你就快懂了。
　　
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