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Search and Rescue Task Force
Blizzards&
Blizzards are severe winter storms that pack a combination of blowing snow and wind resulting in very low visibilities.& While heavy snowfalls and severe cold often accompany blizzards, they are not required. &Sometimes strong winds pick up snow that has already fallen, creating a blizzard. &Officially, the National Weather Service defines a blizzard as large amounts of falling OR blowing snow with winds in excess of 35 mph and visibilities of less than 1/4 of a mile for an extended period of time (greater than 3 hours). When these conditions are expected, the National Weather Service may issue a &Blizzard Warning&. & When a less severe, but still dangerous, winter storm is expected a &Winter storm Watch& or &Winter storm Warning& may be issued.& A &Winter storm Watch& is issued in advance and means that there is the possibility of a winter storm affecting your area. Keep alert and stay tuned to TV, radio, and other sources of weather information.& A &Winter storm Warning& means a winter storm is imminent or already occurring.
Blizzards can create a variety of dangerous conditions.& Traveling by automobile can become difficult or even impossible due to
&whiteout& conditions and drifting snow. If you must drive in a blizzard, be
prepared!& Make sure your automobile is properly equipped and that you have emergency
supplies in case you become stranded or lost. The strong winds and cold temperatures accompanying blizzards can
combine to create another danger.& The wind chill factor is the amount of cooling one
&feels& due to the combination of wind and temperature.& For instance, a
strong wind combined with a temperature of just below freezing can have the same effect as
a still air temperature about 35 degrees colder.& A wind chill chart may be used to
estimate the wind chill factor.
Exposure to low wind chill values can result
in frostbite or
.& Frostbite is a severe reaction to cold exposure that
can permanently damage its victims.& A loss of feeling and a white or pale appearance
in fingers, toes, or nose and ear lobes are symptoms of frostbite.&&
Hypothermia
is a condition brought on when the body temperature drops dangerously low. Symptoms or
hypothermia include uncontrollable shivering, slow speech, memory lapses, frequent
stumbling, drowsiness, and exhaustion.& Both hypothermia and frostbite require
immediate medical assistance! However, low wind chill values shouldn't keep you from going
outside, but encourage you be informed and dress properly.
Blizzards also can cause a variety of other
problems.& Power outages can occur due to strong winds and heavy snow.& Pipes
can freeze and regular fuel sources may be cut off.
with Strong WindsSometimes winter storms
are accompanied by strong winds creating blizzard conditions with blinding wind-driven
snow, severe drifting, and dangerous wind chill.& Strong winds with these intense
storms and cold fronts can knock down trees, utility poles, and power lines. Storms near
the coast can cause coastal flooding and beach erosion as well as sink ships at sea.&
In the West and Alaska, winds descending off the mountains can gust to 100 mph or
more damaging roofs and other structures.Extreme
ColdExtreme cold often accompanies
a winter storm or is left in its wake.& Prolonged exposure to the cold can
cause frostbite or hypothermia and become life-threatening.& Infants and elderly people
are most susceptible.& What constitutes extreme cold and its effect varies
across different areas of the United States.& In areas unaccustomed to winter weather,
near freezing temperatures are considered &extreme cold.&& Freezing
temperatures can cause severe damage to citrus fruit crops and other vegetation. Pipes may freeze
and burst in homes that are poorly insulated or without heat.& In the north, below
zero temperatures may be considered as &extreme cold.&& Long cold spells
can cause rivers to freeze, disrupting shipping. Ice jams may form and lead to flooding.Ice StormsHeavy accumulations of ice can
bring down trees, electrical wires, telephone poles and lines, and communication towers. &Communications and power can be disrupted for days while utility companies work to
repair the extensive damage.& Even small accumulations of ice may cause extreme hazards
to motorists and pedestrians.Heavy
Snow StormsHeavy snow can immobilize a
region and paralyze a city, stranding commuters, stopping the flow of supplies, and
disrupting emergency and medical services.& Accumulations of snow can collapse buildings
and knock down trees and power lines.& In rural areas, homes and farms may be
isolated for days, and unprotected livestock may be lost.& In the mountains, heavy snow
can lead to avalanches.& The cost of snow removal, repairing damages, and loss
of business can have large economic impacts on cities and towns.Winter
PrecipitationSnow:
FLURRIES - Light snow falling for
short durations.& No accumulation or light dusting is all that is expected.
SHOWERS - Snow falling at varying intensities for brief periods of time.& Some
accumulation is possible.
SQUALLS - Brief, intense snow showers accompanied by strong, gusty winds. Accumulation may
be significant.& Snow squalls are best known in the Great Lakes region.
BLOWING SNOW - Wind-driven snow that reduces visibility and causes significant drifting.
& Blowing snow may be snow that is falling and/or loose snow on the ground picked up
by the wind.
BLIZZARD - Winds over 35 mph with snow and blowing snow reducing visibility to near zero.
Sleet:Rain drops that freeze into
ice pellets before reaching the ground.& Sleet usually bounces when hitting a surface
and does not stick to objects.& However, it can accumulate like snow and cause a
hazard to motorists.Freezing Rain:Rain that falls onto
a surface with a temperature below freezing.& This causes it to freeze to
surfaces, such as trees, cars, and roads, forming a coating or glaze of ice.& Even
small accumulations of ice can cause a significant hazard.Winter
RegionsFrom the Mid-Atlantic Coast to New England...The classic storm is called a Nor'easter.& A low pressure area off the Carolina coast strengthens and moves north. &Wind-driven waves batter the coast from Virginia to Maine, causing flooding and
severe beach erosion.& The storm taps the Atlantic's moisture-supply and dumps heavy
snow over a densely populated region. The snow and wind may combine into blizzard
conditions and form deep drifts paralyzing the region.& Ice storms are also a problem.&Mountains, such as the Appalachians, act as a barrier to cold air trapping it in
the valleys and adjacent low elevations.& Warm air and moisture moves over the
cold, trapped air.& Rain falls from the warm layer onto a cold surface below becoming ice.Along the Gulf Coast and Southeast...This region is generally unaccustomed
to snow, ice, and freezing temperatures.& Once in a while, cold air penetrates
south across Texas and Florida, into the Gulf of Mexico.& Temperatures fall below
freezing, killing tender vegetation, such as flowering plants and the citrus fruit crop.&
Wet snow and ice rapidly accumulate on trees with leaves, causing the branches to snap
under the load.& Motorists are generally unaccustomed to driving on slick roads and
traffic accidents increase.& Some buildings are poorly insulated or lack heat altogether.& Local municipalities may not have available snow removal equipment or
treatments, such as sand or salt, for icy roads.In the Midwest and Plains...Storms tend to develop over
southeast Colorado in the lee of the Rockies.& These storms move east or northeast and use
both the southward plunge of cold air from Canada and the northward flow of moisture from
the Gulf of Mexico to produce heavy snow and sometimes blizzard conditions.& Other
storms affecting the Midwest and Plains intensify in the lee of the Canadian Rockies and
move southeast.& Arctic air is drawn from the north and moves south across the Plains
and Great Lakes.& Wind and cold sometimes combine to cause wind chill temperatures as
lo was 70F below zero.& The wind crosses the lakes, tapping its moisture and forming
snow squalls and narrow heavy snow bands.& This is called &lake-effect snow.&From the Rockies to the West Coast...Strong storms crossing the North
Pacific sometimes slam into the coast from California to Washington.& The vast
Pacific provides an unlimited source of moisture for the storm.& If cold enough, snow
falls over Washington and Oregon and sometimes even in California.& As the moisture
rises into the mountains, heavy snow closes the mountain passes and can cause avalanches. &The cold air from the north has to filter through mountain canyons into the basins
and valleys to the south.& If the cold air is deep enough, it can spill over the
mountain ridge. As the air funnels through canyons and over ridges, wind speeds can reach 100
mph, damaging roofs and taking down power and telephone lines.& Combining these winds
with snow results in a blizzard.In Alaska...Wind-driven waves from intense storms crossing the Bering Sea
produce coastal flooding and can drive large chunks of sea ice inland destroying buildings
near the shore. High winds, especially across Alaska's Arctic coast, can combine with
loose snow to produce a blinding blizzard and wind chill temperatures to 90F below zero!& Extreme cold (-40F to -60F) and
ice fog may last a week at a time.& Heavy snow can impact the interior and is
common along the southern coast.& With only brief glimpses of the winter sun across
the southern horizon, the snow accumulates through the winter months.& In the
mountains, it builds glaciers, but the heavy snow accumulations can also cause avalanches or
collapse roofs of buildings.& A quick thaw means certain flooding.& Ice jams on
rivers can also cause substantial flooding.Winter Storm FactsWhat Makes a Winter Storm?Cold Air:Below freezing temperatures in the
clouds and near the ground are necessary to make snow and/or ice. Moisture:To form clouds and precipitation. &Air blowing across a body of water, such as a large lake or the ocean, is an
excellent source of moisture.Lift:Something to raise the moist air to
form the clouds and cause precipitation. An example of lift is warm air colliding with cold
air and being forced to rise over the cold dome.& The boundary between the warm and
cold air masses is called a front.& Another example of lift is air flowing up a mountainside. Winter DeathsEveryone is potentially at
risk during winter storms.& The actual threat to you depends on your specific situation.& Recent observations indicate the following:
Related to ice and snow:
About 70% occur in automobiles.
About 25% are people caught out in
the storm.
Majority are males over 40 years old.
Related to exposure to cold:
50% are people over 60 years old.
Over 75% are males.
About 20% occur in the home.
Frostbite:Frostbite is damage to body
tissue caused by that tissue being frozen. Frostbite causes a loss of feeling and a white or
pale appearance in extremities, such as fingers, toes, ear lobes, or the tip of the nose.& If symptoms are detected, get medical help immediately!& If you must wait
for help, slowly rewarm affected areas.& However, if the person is also showing signs
of hypothermia, warm the body core before the extremities.
Body Temperature:Warning signs -
uncontrollable shivering, memory loss, disorientation, incoherence, slurred speech, drowsiness,
and apparent exhaustion.Detection - Take the person's temperature.& If below 95F (35C), immediately
seek medical care!& If medical care is not available, begin warming the person slowly.& Warm the body core first.& If needed, use your own body heat to help. &Get the person into dry clothing, and wrap them in a warm blanket covering the head
and neck.& Do not give the person alcohol, drugs, coffee, or any hot beverage or
warm broth is better.& Do not warm extremities (arms and legs) first! &
This drives the cold blood toward the heart and can lead to heart failure.When
CAUGHT in a Winter Storm...Outside:
Do not eat snow:& It will lower
your body temperature.& Melt it first.
Find shelter:
try to stay dry
cover all exposed parts of the body.
No shelter:
prepare a lean-to, wind-break, or
snow cave for protection from the wind.
build a fire for heat and to attract
attention.
place rocks around the fire to absorb
and reflect heat.
Building A Snow Cave
1. Despite tales of grizzled old
mountain men surviving by digging holes in the snow with their bare hands, you
must have a snow shovel.&& This is a prime reason snow caves aren't a
viable emergency shelter because when was the last time you carried a snow shovel
on a routine winter outing?& So, if you can, carry a small snow shovel.
2. It is usually takes 2 to 6
hours of exhausting digging and excavating to build a snow cave but when
completed is well worth the effort and can mean the difference between life
and death!
3. It's virtually impossible to
stay dry building a snow cave.& If you manage not to soak yourself while
groveling about on your hands and knees, then all that digging surely will
soak your clothes with sweat.&& Having a change of clothes is
extremely beneficial.
4. Snow caves aren't as warm as
legend holds.&& If it gets too warm inside, the walls run with water
and the ceiling can collapse.&& Still, a snow cave can keep you
warmer than tent if you manage to build it without soaking yourself - thereby
avoiding hypothermia - and you build it correctly.
5. Dig tag-team fashion.&
One person rests while the other digs.& This reduces fatigue, as well as
sweat buildup.
6. Try to dig from a standing
position.&& This also reduces fatigue and keeps you drier.
7. In soft snow, a big aluminum
grain shovel is ideal.& In hard snow, the nylon/plastic/aluminum
avalanche safety shovels are better.& With any shovel, avoid burying it
and then prying back on the handle, otherwise you'll snap the blade.
8. A snow saw is useful for
cutting uniform snow blocks.
9. Take extra care to make the
sleeping platform perfectly smooth and level. During the night, your body heat
will help turn it into a bed of ice and any errant lumps will be quite
apparent and uncomfortable.
Entrance To
Snow Caves
In A Car Or Truck:
Stay in your car or truck. &
Disorientation occurs quickly in wind-driven snow and cold.
Run the motor about ten minutes each hour for heat:
open the window a little for fresh
air to avoid carbon monoxide poisoning.
make sure the exhaust pipe is not
Make yourself visible to rescuers:
turn on the dome light at night when
running engine.
tie a colored cloth (preferably red)
to your antenna or door.
raise the hood indicating trouble
after snow stops falling.
Exercise from time to time by
vigorously moving arms, legs, fingers, and toes to keep blood circulating and to keep
warm.At Home Or In A Building:
Stay inside. When using ALTERNATIVE
HEAT from a fireplace, wood stove, space heater, etc.:
use fire safeguards.
properly ventilate.
close off unneeded rooms.
stuff towels or rags in cracks under
cover windows at night.
Eat and drink.& Food provides
the body with energy for producing its own heat.& Keep the body replenished with
fluids to prevent dehydration.&& Wear layers of loose-fitting, lightweight, warm
clothing.& Remove layers to avoid overheating, perspiration, and subsequent chill.Keep Ahead Of The Storm -
Listen To Weather Radio For:
WINTER STORM WATCH:
Severe winter conditions, such as
heavy snow and/or ice, are possible within the next day or two. Prepare now!
WINTER STORM WARNING:
Severe winter conditions have begun
or are about to begin in your area. Stay indoors!
BLIZZARD WARNING:
Snow and strong winds will combine
to produce a blinding snow (near zero visibility), deep drifts, and life-threatening wind
chill.& Seek refuge immediately!
WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY:
Winter weather conditions are
expected to cause significant inconveniences and may be hazardous. If caution is
exercised, these situations should not become life- threatening.& The greatest hazard
is often to motorists.
FROST/FREEZE WARNING:
Below freezing temperatures are
expected and may cause significant damage to plants, crops, or fruit trees.& In areas
unaccustomed to freezing temperatures, people who have homes without heat need to take
added precautions.
Prepared Before The Storm StrikesAt Home And At Work:Primary concerns are the
potential loss of heat, power, telephone service, and a shortage of supplies if storm
conditions continue for more than a day.Have available:
Flashlight and extra batteries.
Battery-powered NOAA Weather Radio
and portable radio to receive emergency information.& These may be your only links to
the outside.
Extra food and water.& High
energy food, such as dried fruit or candy, and food requiring no cooking or refrigeration
Extra medicine and baby items.
First-aid supplies.
Heating fuel.& Fuel carriers may
not reach you for days after a severe winter storm.
Emergency heating source, such as a
fireplace, wood stove, space heater, etc.
Learn to use properly to prevent a
Have proper ventilation.
Fire extinguisher and smoke detector.
Test units regularly to ensure they
are working properly.
In Cars And Trucks:Plan your travel and check
the latest weather reports to avoid the storm!
Fully check and winterize your
vehicle before the winter season begins.
Carry a WINTER STORM SURVIVAL KIT:
blankets/sleeping bags
flashlight with extra batteries
first-aid kit
high-calorie, non-perishable food
extra clothing to keep dry
a large empty can and plastic cover
with tissues and paper towels for sanitary purposes
a smaller can and water-proof matches
to melt snow for drinking water
sack of sand (or cat litter)
windshield scraper and brush
booster cables
water container
compass and road maps
Keep your gas tank near full to avoid
ice in the tank and fuel lines.
Try not to travel alone.
Let someone know your timetable and
primary and alternate routes.On The Farm:Move animals to sheltered areas.& Shelter belts, properly laid out and oriented, are better protection for
cattle than confining shelters, such as sheds.
Haul extra feed to nearby feeding
Have a water supply available. &
Most animal deaths in winter storms are from dehydration.
DRESS TO FIT THE SEASON. Wear loose-fitting,
light-weight, warm clothing in several layers.& Trapped air insulates.& Layers
can be removed to avoid perspiration and subsequent chill.& Outer garments should be
tightly woven, water repellent, and hooded.& Wear a hat. Half your body heat loss can
be from the head.& Cover your mouth to protect your lungs from extreme cold. &
Mittens, snug at the wrist, are better than gloves.& Try to stay dry.
A DISASTER SUPPLIES KIT SHOULD INCLUDE:
& A 3-day supply of water (one gallon per person per day) and food that won't spoil,
one change of clothing and footwear per person, one blanket or sleeping bag per person, a
first-aid kit including prescription medicines, emergency tools including a
battery-powered NOAA Weather Radio and a portable radio, flashlight, and plenty of extra
batteries, an extra set of car keys and, cash special items for infant, elderly, or disabled
family members.&
Be sure to see the
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求翻译：Geometric cuts, light and dark blue, sandy shades and materials as light as sea foam, continuing with stripes,ropes and shrouds, essential elements of all boats, characterise the whole collection.是什么意思？
Geometric cuts, light and dark blue, sandy shades and materials as light as sea foam, continuing with stripes,ropes and shrouds, essential elements of all boats, characterise the whole collection.
问题补充：
几何切割，光与暗蓝色，沙滩的色调和材质轻如海上的泡沫，与条纹，绳索和罩，所有船只的基本要素持续，表征整个集合。
几何裁减，轻和深蓝，含沙树荫和材料一样轻象海泡沫，继续通过条纹，绳索和寿衣，所有小船的根本元素，描绘整个收藏。
几何学裁减，轻和深蓝，含沙树荫和作为材料光象海泡沫，继续通过条纹、绳索和寿衣，所有小船的根本元素，描绘整体收藏。
几何削减、 光和暗蓝，沙色和材料轻如大海的泡沫，继续与条纹，绳索和整流罩，所有的船只，基本要素描述整个集合。
几何体削减，光和黑暗蓝色，沙罩子和像大量的泡沫一样轻的材料，继续条纹，绳子和寿衣，所有船的必要的元素，描绘整个收集。
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