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＞＞＞In our country every boy and every girl _____ the right to e..
In our country every boy and every girl _____ the right to education.
A. has B. haveC. is D. are
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英语中的一致主要包括主语和谓语在人称和数上的一致、时态一致、名词和其代词的一致。主语和谓语保持一致叫主谓一致，即谓语动词的形式必须随着主语单、复数形式的变化而变化。主谓一致原则:1、语法上的一致所谓语法一致原则，即主语和谓语的语法形式在人称和数上取得一致。谓语的单、复数形式依据主语的单、复数形式而定：主语为复数，谓语动词用复数；主语为单数或者是不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。China belongs to the Third World. 中国属于第三世界。We are sure he will come. 我们肯定他会来。使用语法一致的情况（1）当主语是and，both…and连接的并列结构如果主语指的是两个或两个以上的人或物，则谓语动词用复数。My mother and I have seen the film. 我妈妈和我已看过这部电影。Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China. 在中国的这个地方既种稻子又种小麦。注意：由and连接的并列主语前面分别有each，every，no修饰时，其谓语动词用单数形式。Every boy and every girl has to receive education in our country. 在我国每一个男女孩子都得受教育。No student and no teacher was invited to the party. 师生没有被邀请参加晚会。（2）主语后面接说明主语的修饰语主语后面接说明主语的修饰语如：with，along with，together with，as well as，like，rather than，but，except，besides，including，in addition to，谓语动词不受修饰成分的影响，仍保持同主语一致的关系。The teacher with two students was at the meeting. 那位老师和两个学生参加了会议。The girl as well as the boys has learned to drive a car. 这个姑娘和男孩子一道，也学会了开汽车。A library with five thousand books is offered to the nation as a gift.一个有5000册书的图书馆作为礼物赠送给了国家。E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.电邮和电话在日常的通信中起着很重要的作用。Nobody but Jane knows the secret.只有简知道这个秘密。All but one were here just now. 刚才除了一个人外都来了。（3）非谓语动词或从句作主语非谓语动词 (动词的-ing形式、不定式)或从句作主语时，谓语一般用单数形式。When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet.什么时候在什么地方建新工厂还没定下来。Checking information is very important. 核实事实是非常重要的。To learn foreign languages is not easy. 学习外语并非易事。When we will hold the meeting is not decided yet. 我们何时开会尚未决定。注意：当what引导主语从句或由 and连接两个动词不定式或动名词作主语时，谓语动词的数应根据意义一致的原则来决定。What we need here is money．我们这里需要的是资金。 What we need here are workers．我们这里需要的是工人。 Lying and stealing are immoral．说谎与偷窃是不道德的。（4）each和复合不定代词作主语each和some/any/no//every十body/one/thing构成的复合不定代词：anyone、anybody、anything、everyone、everybody、everything、someone、somebody、something、no one、nobody、nothing、each、the other作主语，谓语动词用单数。 Each is worse than the one before. 一个比一个差。Nobody knows the answer. 没有一个人知道这答案。Someone wants to see you. 有人想见你。Is there anything in the box?箱子里有什么东西吗?There is a lot of milk in the bottle. 瓶子里有很多奶。（5）“many a +单数名词”作主语“many a、(很多)/more than one(不只一个)+单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Many a student has been to Beijing. 很多学生去过北京。There is more than one answer to your question. 你的问题不只有一个答案。（6）“one of+复数名词十定语从句”之前有the等限定词和修饰语“one of+复数名词十定语从句”之前有the only，the very，the等限定词和修饰语时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。Tom is the only one of those boys who is willing to help the old man. 汤姆是唯一的一个愿意帮助那个老人的男孩。He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years．他是这三年来唯一的一个获得奖学金的学生。注意:如没有这些限定词和修饰语，定语从句的谓语动词采用复数形式。Tom is one of the boys who are always ready to help others. 汤姆是个随时愿意帮助别人的男孩。（7）由两个部分组成的物体名词作主语英语中有些由两个部分组成的物体名称如g1asses(眼镜)，scissors(剪刀)，shorts(短裤)，shoes(鞋子)，trousers(裤子)等作主语，其后的谓语动词用复数形式。His glasses were broken, so he can't see well. 他的眼镜碎了，因而看不清楚。His trousers are made of cotton. 他的裤子是棉布的。注意:若这类名词前带有pair等表示单位的名词时，则以这些名词的单、复数形式决定动词的形式。Two pairs of trousers are missing. 两条裤子不见了。This pair of shoes is not on sale. 这双鞋不出售。2、意义上的一致意义上的一致是指谓语动词与主语的一致取决于主语所表达的意义。若主语形式上为复数，而意义上是单数，动词要用单数；若主语形式上为单数，而意义上为复数，则动词用复数。The United States is in North America. 美国在北美洲。The police are looking into the matter. 警察正在调查此事。使意义上的一致的情况（1）由and连接两个并列主语 其后的谓语动词一般用复数形式。但如果两个单数名词指同一个人、同一事物、单一概念时，谓语动词要用单数，有时两个名词共用一个冠词。The worker and writer has written a new novel. 这位工人兼作家写了一部新小说。(两个名词共用一个冠词)There is a journalist and writer living in America whose name is Alex Haley. 在美国有一个名叫亚利克斯?哈利的记者兼作家。Truth and honesty is always the best policy. 真诚总是上策。注意：用and连接起来的两个单数主语，谓语动词可以是单数，也可以是复数。Three and five makes /make eight.三加五等于八。Time and tide wait/waits for no man .岁月不等人。（2）形复意单的名词作主语①复数形式的专有名词（表示国家、城市、机构、组织以及书籍、报纸、杂志等）做主语，通常作为整体看待，谓语动词用单数。The United States is in North America.美国在北美洲。The Arabian Nights is read all over the world.《天方夜谭》是流传世界各地的名著。The New York Times has a wide circulation.《纽约时报》销路很广。注意：表示山脉、群岛、瀑布等的专有名词和以复数形式出现的表示同姓的一家人或同名、同姓的若干人，谓语也用复数。The Alps rise over 4 countries.阿尔卑斯山脉跨越了四国。Niagara Falls are not as high as Victoria Falls.尼亚加拉瀑布没有维多利亚瀑布高。The Smiths were also invited.史密斯一家人也受到了邀请。There are 3 Marys and 2 Roberts in my class.我班有三个叫玛丽、两个叫罗伯特的学生。②以-ics结尾表示学科的名词做主语，通常表示单数意义，谓语动词用单数形式。这类名词有：physics, politics, mathematics, economics, athletics, electronics等。Politics is now taught in all schools.现在各学校都开设政治课。Economics is a science of the way in which industry and trade produce and use wealth.经济学是研究工业、贸易生财和用财之道。注意：当这些动词表示有关方面的活动、情况、见解、原理等意思时，谓语动词需用复数形式。What are his politics?他的政见如何？The economics of national growth are of the greatest importance to all modern governments.国家发展经济的原理对现代各国政府都重要。③news，maths，plastics，physics，works，means(方法)，the United States等虽然以-s结尾，但意义上作为单数看待。“News of victories keeps pouring in as our army advances,” the company commander said. 集团军司令说：”随着我们军队的推进胜利的消息接踵而至。”Mathematics/Physics is a required subject for us.数学/物理是我们必修的科目。Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution，but the sky is still not clear. 所有可能的直至污染的方法都用了，但天空还是不晴朗的。④成对的名词做主语时用单数形式。Bread and butter is a daily food in the West .面包抹黄油是西方人每天的食品。His gratitude and devotion to the Party is endless.他无限感觉，无限忠于党。⑤“one and a half +复数名词”做主语，谓语动词用单数。One and a half pears is left on the table .一只半梨剩在桌子上。One and a half days is all I can spare.一天半是我所能挤出的全部时间。注意：“one or two+复数名词”做主语，谓语动词用复数。One or two days are enough to see the city.参观该市一两天就足够了。There are one or two things I want to talk over with you .我有一两件事想跟你商量。（3）有生命的集体名词作主语有生命的集体名词 (如people，police，cattle，militia)作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。Cattle are also kept. 还养了一些牛。There are many people there. 那里有很多人。The police are looking for the thief. 公安人员在搜寻那个小偷。All the people of the world want peace.全世界人民都渴望和平。注意：family，team，class，government，audience，crew，committee等集体名词，如果作整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式；如果作个别成员看待，谓语动词用复数形式。people作“民族”解时，作单数用。Zhang’s family is rather big, with twelve people in all.张家很大，一共12口人。The family are sitting at the breakfast table. 这家人正坐在早餐桌旁。My family is a large one. 我家是个大家庭。The class are doing experiment in the lab. 全班同学正在实验室里做实验。The class has won the honour. 这个班获得了荣誉。The Chinese people is a great people.中华民族是一个伟大的民族。（4） 名词化的形容词作主语名词化的形容词作主语，按照意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单、复数形式。如果指一类人，谓语动词用复数形式，如果指一个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。这类形容词有：old, young, rich, poor, blind, deaf, dead, sick等。The rich are not always happy. 富人也有不开心的时候。The wounded is a policeman. 受伤者是一名警察。The beautiful is not always the same as the good. 漂亮的不一定就等于好。（5） 表示时间、距离、金钱、重量等的复数名词作主语表示时间、距离、金钱、重量、度量、容量、温度等的复数名词做主语，通常看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。Twenty years has passed since we left school. 我们离开学校已经20年了。Ten thousand dollars is a lot of money. 一万美元是一大笔钱。Two months is quite a long time. 两个月时间是很长的。Two hours is enough for us to do this experiment.我们做这个实验两个小时就够了。Thirty kilometres is a good distance.30公里是一个相当远的距离。注意：如果说话人侧重一个个的个体，谓语动词用复数形式。Twenty years have passed since we parted.自从我们分手以后20年己经过去了。（6）“a number of十复数可数名词”与“the number of十复数可数名词”作主语“a number of十复数可数名词”表示 “一些、许多”的意思，谓语动词用复数；“the number of十复数可数名词”表示 “……的数目、数量”，谓语动词用单数。The number of people invited was fifty, but a number of them were absent for different reasons.邀请来的人数是50，但很多人因不同的原因没来。A number of books are missing from the library. 图书馆丢了许多书。The number of workers in this factory is increasing. 这家工厂的工人数目正在增加。（7）none of和neither of后跟复数名词或复数代词作主语none of和neither of后跟复数名词或复数代词时，有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待，主要根据说话人的意思决定。None of them has arrived yet at the settlement. 他们没有一个到达新住宅区。None of them have arrived yet. 他们都还没到。（8）“分数/百分数+of短语”作主语“分数/百分数+of短语”作主语，这时要以of短语中的名词是否为复数而定。Two fifths of the land in that district is covered with trees and grass．该地区五分之二的土地为树木和草所覆盖。89% of smokers are male. 89%的吸烟者是男性。In the USA, 75% of the grain is used to feed animals. 在美国，75%的谷物用来喂养动物。Two-thirds of the earth's surface is sea. 地球表面的2/3是海洋。Two-thirds of the people were against the plan. 2/3的人都反对核计划。（9）表示部分概念或不定数量的名词或代词作主语表示部分概念或不定数量的名词或代词作主语，谓语动词用单数还是复数，应根据后接名词的单、复数形式而定。这些名间或代词有all，any，enough，half，more，most，the rest，part，some等。The rest of the buildings are easy to get to. 其余的建筑物并不难上。The rest of his life was happy. 他的晚年生活很幸福。Most of my time was spent in reading. 我大部分时间用来读书。Most of the people are aware of it. 大部分人都知道它。Some of the sugar was spilled on the floor. 一些糖散落在地上。Some of the apples were spilled on the floor. 一些苹果散落在地上。（10）两个主语，一个肯定，一个否定，谓语动词与肯定主语相一致。The parents, and not the son, were missing.失踪者不是儿子，而是他的双亲。3、邻近原则邻近原则是指谓语动词要与它最邻近的名词或代词保持人称与数的一致。Neither he nor I am a student. 他和我都不是学生。There is a pen , two chairs and a desk. 有一支钢笔，两把椅子和一张桌子。这主要有以下几种情况。（1）由or，either…or等连接的并列结构作主语由or、either…or、nor、neither…nor、not only…but also、not…but连接的并列主语，通常按照就近一致原则，谓语动词的单、复数形式依照靠近它的主语而定。Either you or the headmaster is to hand out the prizes to these gifted students at the meeting.要么你要么校长在会议上对这些天才的学生颁奖。Neither he nor I have finished the experiment. 他和我都没有做完试验。Either his friends or his brother is wrong. 不是他的朋友们错了，就是他哥哥错了。Not only I but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another.不仅我而且简和玛丽都讨厌一个接一个的考试。Not only the teacher but also his students have studied the question. 不仅老师而且他的学生们都研究了这个问题。（2）在主谓倒装句时在主谓倒装句中，主语并列，谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语相一致。由here或there引导的句子，若有并列主语，谓语也与最靠近的那个主语一致。There is a desk, a table and three chairs in the room. 房间里有一张书桌、一张饭桌和3把椅子。There are three chairs, a desk and a computer in the room. 房间里有3把椅子、一张书桌和一台电脑。Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?你不在时妻子和孩子呆在哪儿？"表里不一"现象：主谓一致中的"表里不一"现象和主语必须在人称和数上保持一致，最基本的原则是：单数主语用单数动词，复数主语用复数动词.但在实际使用当中情况比较复杂，现在学生常犯的主谓一致错误归纳整理如下1,"more than one +名词"作主语时，谓语动词常用单数.例如：More than one teacher gets the flowers. 不止一个教师得到了花.2,"many a +名词"作主语时，从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词常用单数.例如：Many a student has been sent to plant trees. 很多学生被派去植树.3,"half of,the rest of,most of,all of及百分数或分数+of 等后接名词"作主语时，谓语动词形式根据of后的名词而定.例如：Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water.地球表面四分之三为水所覆盖.4,all指人时，动词用复数；all指物时，动词用单数.例如："All are present and all is going well." 所有人全部到场了，一切进展顺利5,what引导的主语从句，谓语动词可视表语而定：表语是单数名词时，动词用单数，相反，则用复数.例如：What they want to get are a number of good books.他们想得到的是大量的好书.6,and连接的两个单数名词前若用each,every,no修饰，该名词短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式.例如：No book and no pen is found in the schoolbag.书包里没有书和钢笔.7,当主语后面有as well as,with,along with,together with,but,like,rather than,except，逗号加and连接几个名字等引导的短语时，谓语动词要与最前面的主语保持一致.例如：My father as well as his workmates has been to Beijing. 我父亲和他的同事曾去过北京.8,each作主语的同位语时，谓语动词由主语来决定，与each无关.例如：They each have a bike. 他们每人有一辆自行车.9,动词不定式，动词-ing形式短语作主语时，谓语动词常用单数.例如：Going out for a walk after supper is a good habit.晚饭后出去散步是一个好习惯.10,the following作主语时，谓语动词的数与后面名词的数保持一致.例如：The following are good examples下面是一些好例子.11,以-ics结尾的学科名词，如politics,physics,mathematics等作主语时，谓语动词用单数.以-s结尾的名词news,works,plastics等同属此类.例如：Politics is now taught in all schools. 现在各学校都开设政治课.当以-ics结尾的学科名词表示"学科"以外的意义时，用作复数，如：mathematics（运算能力）politics(政治观点）economics（经济意义）等12,有些用来表示由两个对应部分组成一体的名词复数（trousers,glasses,shoes.shorts.scissors.scales等）作主语时，前面若有"一条","一副","一把"之类的单位词，动词用单数；若没有单位词或单位词是复数，则谓语动词用复数.例如：The shoes are all right. 这些鞋子都很合适.还有一些以-s结尾的名词通常用复数：arms（武器）.clothes.contents.minites（记录）.remains（遗体）.thanks等13,"one and a half +名词"作主语时，谓语动词要用复数.例如：One and a half apples are left on the table. 桌子上有一个半苹果.14,"One or two more +复数名词"作主语时，谓语动词用复数.例如：One or two persons are sent there to help them do the work. 要派一两个人到那儿去给他们帮忙.15,"one of+复数名词+ 定语从句"结构中，定语从句的谓语动词要用复数；而在"the only one of +复数名词+定语从句"的结构中，"the one of + 复数名词+定语从句"定语从句的谓语动词要用单数.例如：He is one of the students who get there on time.他是准时到达那里的学生之一.16,表示时间，距离，金钱等的复数名词作主语表达一个整体概念时，谓语动词常用单数，但若强调数量，谓语动词可用复数.例如：One million dollars is a lot of money. 一百万美元是一大笔钱.以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致:英语可数名词的规则复数形式是在词尾加-s或-es，但是有一些以-s结尾的名词并不是可数名词。它们用法多样，造成了实际使用上的困难，以下详述了以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题。（一）以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题（二）以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题（三）以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题（四）以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题（五）其它以-s结尾的名词的主谓一致问题集合名词的主谓一致原则:集合名词作主语时，主谓一致关系是一个较为复杂的问题.对此类问题我们可以从"数"的角度分为四类.1)单数—复数型.凡是有复数词尾变化形式的集合名词都属于此类。如：a class— a family— a government— an army— a people— a group— a crowd— a crew—crews等。这类集合名词强调的是整体性，即当作一个整体或多个整体来看待。属于这类集合名词的单数作主语时，谓语动词用单数；复数形式作主语时，谓语动词用复数。【例如】A big crowd often gathers on the square every morning.每个上午 一大群人经常聚集在广场上The government has decided to pass the bill.政府已决定通过这一法案There are huge crowds in the streets on Sunday.星期天有大群大群的人在街上。There are many English-speaking peoples in the world.在世界上有许多讲英语的人但应注意，这类集合名词的单数形式有时表示复数概念，所以这些集合名词的单数形式也可归为"单复同形型"中.2)单数型.这类集合名词表示的是人或事物的整体，即把这类人或事物的全部包括在内，所以只有单数形式.如作主语，谓语动词常用单数。这类名词常见的有：humanity,mankind,proletariat等.【例如】The proletariat is the greatest class in the history of mankind. In the fields of production and scientific experiment,mankind makes constant progress.3)复数型.这类集合名词在形式和内容上是相互矛盾的，就是说它们只有单数形式，但表达的都是复数概念。它强调的是集体中的个体性.这类名词有：police,cattle,faculty,flock,machinery,vermin,personnel等.它们作主语时，谓语动词要用复数.【例如】The police have caught the murder.Our personnel are very highly trained.The vermin are very dangerous.4)单复同形型.这类集合名词的单数形式既可表示单数也可表示复数.作主语时，用单数动词或复数动词均可，有时意义区别不大.【例如】The school teaching staff are (is) excellent.The public is (are) requested not to litter in the park.The teaching profession claim(s) to be badly paid.这类集合名词常见的有：class,family,team,crew,board,herd,committee,party,jury,enemy,audience等.根据说话人的心理意向若把这个集合名词所代表的人或事物看作一个整体，就认为是单数，用单数动词；若把它所代表的人或事物看作若干个个体的话，就认为其为复数，用复数动词。试比较：The football team is playing well.那个足球队打得非常漂亮.The football team are shavings bath and are then coming back here for tea. 足球队员们正在洗澡，然后来这里吃茶点。The family is a very happy one.那个家庭是一个非常幸福的家庭。That family are very pleased about the news of William's success. 全家人对威廉的成功都感到很高兴。巧记主谓一致原则: 单单复复最常见，集体名词谓用单，如若强调其成员，复数谓语记心间。有些名词谓常复，people,police即这般。主语单数后接介，谓语单数介无关，many a作主语也如此，谓语动词应用单。or、nor、but also、there be，近主原则挂嘴边。关系代词定主语，谓语根据先行词判。不定式短语、动名词，主语从句谓全单。时间、货币与距离，谓语多单复少见，rest，means，fol1owing等，意义决定其复、单。none，all，half of等，of之宾语定答案。还有分数、百分数，仍据of之宾定复、单。代词all指人谓复数,all指事情谓用单。量词用法请注意，谓语要随量词变。and连接两名词，身兼两职一定冠，no，each，every后单名，两件(种)事(物)系一概念，以上情况请记清，谓语动词全用单。形容词带the一类人，姓氏复数加定冠，-s结尾的海峡、山脉与群岛，谓语用复勿用单。neither，either，each，用作主语谓全单。
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主谓一致的概念：
谓语的数必须和主语的人称和数保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。
主谓一致的基本原则：
1)语法一致原则，即在语法形式上取得一致。例如，主语是单数形式，谓语动词也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。例如：The students are very young.&&&&&&&&&&&&This picture looks beautiful. 2)意义一致原则，即从意义着眼处理一致关系。例如，主语形式虽是单数但意义是复数，谓语动词也采取复数形式；而有些主语形式虽是复数但意义上看作单数，谓语动词也采取单数形式。 例如：The people in that country are fighting for independence. &&&&&&&&&&& The crowd deeply respect their leader.&&&&&&&&&&&& Three years in a strange land seems a long time.3)就近原则，即谓语动词的单数或复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。例如：Neither hen or I am going to see the film tonight because we are busy.
几对容易混淆词组的一致用法：
1、由“this／thatkind／typeof+名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数形式；而由"these／thosekind／typeof+复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：This kind of apples is highly priced. &&&&&&&&&&& Those kind(s) of tests are good. 2、由“a number of，a totalo f，an average of+复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数形式；由“the number of，the total of，the average of+复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：A number of students are waiting for the bus. &&&&&&&&&&& The number of the students in this university is increasing yearly. 3、one of，the(only) one of的一致用法 例如：This is one of the books that have been recommended.&&&&&&&&&&& This is the(only) one of the books that has been recommended.
&主谓一致用法点拨：
1、并列结构作主语谓语用复数： 如：Reading and writing are very important. 注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。 如：The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 典型例题：The League secretary and monitor___asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. isB. wasC. areD. were 答案：B. 注：先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A、C本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别，monitor前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。 2、主谓一致中的靠近原则： 1）当there be句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。 例如：There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.&&&&&&&&&&& There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class. 2）当either…or…与neither…nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。 例如：Either you or she is to go.&&&&&&&&&&&& Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 3、谓语动词与前面的主语一致：当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。 例如：The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.&&&&&&&&&&&&&He as well as I wants to go boating. 4、谓语需用单数： 1）代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each,every,谓语需用单数。 例如：Each of us has a tape-recorder.&2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。 例如：The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.& 3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。) 例如：Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. &&&&&&&&&&& Ten yuan is enough. 5、指代意义决定谓语的单复数： 1）在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。 例如：All is right. (一切顺利。) &&&&&&&&&&& All are present. (所有人都到齐了。) 2）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。例如：family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。 例如：His family isn't very large. 他家不是一个大家庭。 &&&&&&&&&&& His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。 例如：Are there any police around? 3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。 A number of+名词复数+复数动词。 The number of+名词复数+单数动词。 例如：A number of books have lent out. &&&&&&&&&&& The majority of the students like English. 6、与后接名词或代词保持一致： 1）用half of, part of, most of, a portion of等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。 例如：Most of his money is spent on books. &&&&&&&&&&& Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 2）在一些短语，如many a或more than one所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than…of作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。 例如：Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。 &&&&&&&&&&& More than 60percent of the students are from the city. 百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市
主谓一致知识体系：
主谓一致用法拓展：
1）当everyone，everybody，noone，nobody，anyone，anybody，someone，somebody，everything，anything，something，nothing等用作主语时，其相应的代词一般用单数形式。例如：If anybody calls, tell him that I'm out.&&&&&&&&&&& Something strange happened, didn't it?&2）人称代词与名词的呼应：人称代词I(me)，he(him)，she(her)，it(it) 都是代替前面的单数名词，而they(them)，we(us)则是代替复数名词的，you既可以代表单数，也可以代表复数。但表示泛指的时候，用he或one来表示。例如：If a young person enters a classical music field only for money, he is in the wrong profession.& 3）物主代词与名词的呼应：my，our，his，her，its，their要与代替的名词在数上一致。例如：The welfare department，as well as the other social services，will have its budget cut. 4）反身代词与其所代成分间的呼应。 例如：Many primitive people believed that by eating ananimal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves. 5）指示代词与所代名词间的呼应：this和that指代单数名词或不可数名词，these和those指代复数名词(those还可以用作先行词，引导定语从句，表示“那些人”)。例如：She invited all those who had been her former colleagues. 6）much和muchof后接不可数名词，而many和manyof后接可数名词的复数。例如：There is not much coal left. &&&&&&&&&&& A great many of the houses were knocked down by the earthquake.7）表示量的词后面有的接可数名词，有的接不可数名词。接可数名词的有：a number of，a rangeof，a series of十复数名词；接不可数名词的有：a great deal of，an amount of十不可数名词；既可接可数又可接不可数名词的有：a lot of，a variety of。例如：1.The government attached a great deal of importance to education. &&&&&&&&&&& 2.Quiteanumberofwomenappliedforthisjob.&&&&&&&&&&& 3.The college library has avariety of books.&&&&&&&&&&& 4.An apple is avariety off ruit.&&&&&
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4、 — you like the car so much，why not drive it back?? —Well，I can’t afford ________ car.?A．Sso big a ?B．If;such big a?C．Wso a big?D．Sthat a big?
5、 At the street corner, anyone who is seen carrying a bag, a box, or &___________, is stopped by the police.A．what it is B．whatever it isC．what there isD．whatever there is
6、 －What field will you son go into after graduation from the university?－I’m not quite certain, but he __________- a good software programmer.A．promisesB．becomesC．makesD．proves
7、 – Did you visit the temple?-- No. We ______ it, but we spent too much time shopping.A．could have visitedB．can’t have visited C．needn’t have visitedD．should visit
8、 There is an old saying in English： "Laughter is the best medicine". Until recently, few people took the saying very seriously. Now, however, doctors have begun to investigate laughter and the effects it has on the human body. They have found evidence that laughter really can improve people's health.Tests were carried out to study the effects of laughter on the body. People watched funny films, while doctors checked their heart rate, blood pressure, breathing and muscles. It was found that laughter has similar effects to physical exercise. It increases blood pressure, the heart rate and the rate of breathing； it also works several groups of muscles in the face, the stomach, and even the feet. If laughter exercises the body, it must be beneficial.Other tests have shown that laughter appears to be capable of reducing the effect of pain on the body. In one experiment doctors produced pain in groups of students who listened to different radio programs. The group which tolerated the pain for the longest time was 'the group which listened to a funny program. The reason why laughter can reduce pain seems to be that it helps to produce endorphins （内啡肽） in the brain. These are natural chemicals which diminish both stress and pain.There is also some evidence to suggest that laughter helps the body's immune(免疫的)system, that is, the system which fights infection. In an experiment, one group of students watched a funny video while another group served as the control group - in other words, a group with which to compare the first group. Doctors checked the blood of the students in both groups and found that the people in the group that watched the video had an increase in the activity of their white blood cells, that is, the cells which fight infection.As a result of these discoveries, some doctors and psychiatrists （精神病学家） in the United States now hold laughter clinics, in which they try to improve their patients' condition by encouraging them to laugh. They have found that even if their patients do not really feel like laughing, making them smile is enough to produce beneficial effects similar to those caused by laughter.1、 We learn from the first paragraph that laughter____________________. A．is good for one's healthB．is related to some illnessC．has been investigated long sinceD．has no effect on the body2、Doctors have found that laughter_______________________. A．keeps down blood pressure.B．has similar effects to physical exerciseC．decreases the heart rateD．increases stress3、Which of the following statements is NOT true of laughter, according to the passage?A．It reduces pain. B．It exercises the body. C．It improves the body's immune system. D．It can cure cancer.4、The writer's attitude towards laughter is__________. A．criticalB．doubtfulC．positiveD．negative
9、 Reduce, reuse, and recycle. This familiar environmentalist slogan tells us how to reduce the amount of rubbish that ends up in landfills and waterways. The concept is being used to deal with one possibly dangerous form of waste — electronic junk (电子垃圾), such as old computers, cell phones, and televisions. But this process for managing e-waste may be used in an unscrupulous way more often than not used, a recent report suggests.“A lot of these materials are being sent to developing nations under the excuse of reuse — to bridge the digital divide,” said Richard Gutierrez, a policy researcher.One of the problems is that no one proves whether these old machines work before they hit the seaways. Because of this, the report says, e-waste is a growing problem in Lagos, Nigeria, and elsewhere in the developing world. Much of the waste ends up being thrown away along rivers and roads. Often it’s picked apart by poor people, who may face dangerous exposure to poisonous chemicals in the equipment.Businessmen also pay workers a little money to get back materials such as gold and copper. This low-tech recovery process could expose workers and the local environment to many dangerous materials used to build electronics. According to Gutierrez, this shadow economy exists because the excuse of recycling and reusing electronics gives businessmen “a green passport” to ship waste around the globe. “Developing nations must take upon some of the responsibility themselves,” Gutierrez said. But, he added, “A greater portion of this responsibility should fall on the exporting state.”China, for example, has become a dumping place for large amounts of e-waste. The nation is beginning to take action to stop the flow of dangerous materials across its borders. The Chinese government, after many years of denial is finally beginning to take the lead.1、 The passage mainly tells us that _______.A．developing countries are facing serious environmental problemsB．e-waste is sent to developing countries under the excuse of reuseC．developing countries are making full use of e-wasteD．e-waste is a growing problem in developed countries2、What does the third paragraph mainly discuss?A．A lot of e-waste is dumped in developing countries.B．Poor people break up e-waste to collect some valuable materials. C．The problem of e-waste is growing in developing countries.D．Old computers and TVs still work before they are sent abroad.3、The underlined word “unscrupulous” in Paragraph 1 probably means “________”.A．immoralB．wrongC．proudD．unsafe4、From what Gutierrez said we can learn that ________.A．developing countries should be responsible for this problemB．exporting countries should be mainly responsible for this problemC．neither rich nor poor countries should be blamed for this problemD．poor countries should be blamed for this problem
10、 Preparing for the Next Job MarketThe latest spike in the unemployment rate is being felt across the board ?in 98 percent of metropolitan areas, in high-wage and low-wage jobs, among young and old, women and men, but especially men．This landscape means that young Americans who are trying to plan their futures right now have some hard choices．Do they go to college and take on debt without hope of getting a job? And what about high school students? Do they have any chance of securing a job without a college degree? Perhaps the education system needs to react to this rapidly moving economic crisis．In our current economic collapse, the connection between education and employment could not be more different than it was during the Depression．Education must now hold center stage, not because of an enemy abroad but because of the global economy．The jobs of the future will demand levels of education, particularly skills in mathematics, technology and science, which exceed those now taught in high school．A healthy society should strive for full employment．In our times, that goal cannot be realized, or even approximated by creating jobs for the unskilled．The long-term prospect for economic recovery depends on the extent to which we improve our educational system．And this is where America is now at its weakest．##Our high schools produce graduates who do not write well enough, have limited reasoning skills and are unable to use the tools of mathematics．Their command of science is far inferior to that of their counterparts in other nations．And all too many young people drop out．We may still have the best university system, but it benefits only a minority．We will need more engineers, scientists and service providers, particularly in the health professions, with a quality of education that cannot be obtained in the current system．Radical change, not reform, is called for．What should be done? First, high school should be cut short and end when students are 16．Second, a new generation of two-year college programs tied to a wide range of specific skills that the economy needs should be created．Third, access to four-year colleges should be expanded, giving more Americans the chance to acquire the deep learning that makes breakthroughs in technology possible．Fourth, we need to recruit more public school teachers and train them better, particularly in physics, chemistry, biology and mathematics, so that our children can be prepared to compete．1、Nowadays, students graduating from high school____．A．write well enoughB．have limitless reasoning skillsC．can't use the tools of mathematicsD．command science as much as their counterparts in other nations2、What should we do to improve the quality of education?A．Students shouldn't study in high school until 16．B．We should create a new generation of two-year college programs tied to a wide range of specific skills the economy needs．C．We should limit access to four-year colleges．D．We ought to recruit more private school teachers and train them better．3、What does the word "collapse" in the third paragraph mean?A．successB．failureC．developmentD．booming4、Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A．Young Americans planning their futures have difficult choices．B．Education must hold center stage due to the global economy．C．The best university system benefits a majority．D．A health society should struggle for full employment．
11、 The food we eat seems to have great effects on our health. Although science has made great steps in making food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to diet as well. Different cultures are subject to certain illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures. That food is related to illness is not a new discovery. In 1945, government researchers realized that nitrates(硝酸盐) and nitrites(亚硝酸盐), commonly used to keep color in meats, and other food additives, caused cancer. Yet, these additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels(标签) of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to cows and chick and because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cows. Sometimes similar drugs are given to animals not for medicinal purposes, but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to get a higher price on the market. Although the FDA has tried repeatedly to control these, the practices continue.1、How has science done a bad service to mankind?A．Diseases caused by food have been done away with.B．It has caused a lack of information about the value of food.C．Some harmful materials have been added to our food.D．Scientists have made food more expensive to eat.2、What are nitrates used for?A．They help process packaged food.B．They keep the color in meats.C．They cure diseases of cows and chickens. D．They cause the animals to become fatter.3、Which of the following statements is NOT true?A．You can find out harmful additives on the packaging labels of food.B．Drugs given to animals are not all for medical reasons.C．Researchers knew about the harm of food additives about 60 years ago.D．Food may cause forty percent of cancer in the world.4、According to the passage, the FDA might be _________.A．an organization which controls the safety of food B．a producer which makes additivesC．a factory which processes foodD．a hospital which cures cancer
12、 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。During the first half of the nineteenth century in the United States, Christmas was a very different kind of holiday than it is today. There was no set of way of celebrating the day,which was not yet an official holiday.
71 Some observed Christmas as an important Christian religious day honoring the birth of Jesus.Others celebrated the day with parties,music,drinking and eating.
.Calvinist Christians banned the celebration of Christmas.But groups such as Episcopaliansand Moravians honored the day with religious services and seasonal decorations.By mid-century,Christian groups began to ignore their religious diffrences over the meaning of Christmas and honored the day in special ways.Christmas became an important time for families to celebrate at home. More and more Christians Americans also began to follow the European traditions of Christmas trees and giving gifts.Christians believed that the tree represented Jesus and was also a sign of new beginnings. German immigrants brought their tradion of putting lights,sweets and toys on the branches of evergreen trees placed in their homes.This tradition of setting up a Christmas tree soon spread to many American homes.
74 As these traditions increased in popularity,the modern trade and business linked to Christmas also grew.As Christmas became more popular,some states declared the day a state holiday.Louisiana was the first state to make the move in eighteen thirty-seven.
.It was not until eighteen seventy that President Ulysses Grant made Christmas a federal holiday.A．So did the practice of giving people presents.B．By eighteen sixty,fourteen other states had followed.C．And,some communities did not celebrate the day at all.D．Americans seldom gave each other presents on Christmas Day.E. But many new American Christmas songs started to become popular.F. Religion played a big role in how an American might celebrate the holiday.G. Communities around the country honored the day in different ways.
13、 _________, I guess, and you can make it.A．If you make more effortsB．Making more effortsC．A bit more effortsD．To have made more efforts
14、 There was such a long queue for fried chicken at KFC that we_____ gave up. A．eventuallyB．unfortunatelyC．generouslyD．purposely
15、 In Europe people hold the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right throughout the meal, a system that is generally agreed to be more efficient than the American zigzag（曲折的）method. Americans hold both the fork and the knife in their right hands throughout the meal, so they continually change their forks to the left hand when they have to cut their meat. It seems to be funny for the Europeans to see Americans busy changing their dinner sets, making a lot of noises. A few explanations for this American style are as follows:(1)Americans are practical and efficient. Since most of us are right-handed, it is reasonable to keep our working tools at all times in the right hand that can use them most efficiently.?(2)Americans, the master of the New World are rebels（叛逆者）.They use the zigzag method to break the rules in the Old World and in this way they are thumbing their nose at Mother England. Americans are a restless kind. They do not like to sit in one spot for very long when dining.(3)Forced to do so, they respond by “playing” with the silver.?Whatever the reason for the practice, it is now certainly as American as apple pie. Europeans recognize this and are quick to attack it as evidence of American innocence（无知）of form. Arguments against the zigzag method rest not only on grounds of efficiency but also on those of tradition. In Old World dining, the knife is held in the right hand continually because it can serve as an instant defense against the uninvited intruders（入侵者）.However, such alertness（警觉） is out of place in the New World, as every American believes that this is the home of the brave. Americans juggle their silverware, perhaps, to show that they are not afraid and that one of them holding a fork is worth any number of them holding blades（刀）.?1、Americans use _______ to hold their fork to pick up the salad.?A．the right handB．the left hand?C．both handsD．either of the two hands?2、As the masters of the New World, Americans use a different cutting method from that in the Old World to _______.?A．show their independence of Mother England?B．show their disrespect to Mother England?C．add a new tradition to those in Mother England?D．show off their creativeness to Mother England?3、In the sentence, the word “juggle” probably means _______.?A．holdB．play withC．pick upD．lay down??4、Which of the following statements is NOT true? ?A．European people hold the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right hand.B．The zigzag eating method is related to American characteristics.?C．The zigzag eating method has become an American feature.?D．European people will use the American method because of its efficiency.
16、 In the 1960s, medical researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed a checklist of stressful events. They found out that any major change can be stressful. Negative events like “serious illness of a family member” were high on the list, but so were some positive life-changing events, like marriage. When you take the Holmes-Rahe test you must remember that the score does not show how you deal with stress—it only shows how much you have to deal with. And we now know that the way you deal with these events has a great effect on your chances of staying healthy.By the early 1970s, hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe. And millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports. Somehow, the research got boiled down to a memorable message. Women's magazines ran headlines like “Stress causes illnesses”.If you want to stay physically and mentally healthy, the articles said, avoid stressful events. But such simplistic advice is impossible to follow. even if stressful events are dangerous, many—like the death of a loved one—are impossible to avoid. Moreover, any warning to avoid all stressful events is a prescription(处方) for staying away from opportunities as well as trouble. Since any change can be stressful, a person who wanted to be completely free of stress would never marry, have a child, take a new job or move.?The idea that all stress makes you sick also takes no notice of what we know about people. It is supposed that we're all weak and passive in the face of difficulty. But many come through periods of stress with more physical and mental strength than they had before. We also know that a long time without change or challenge can lead to boredom, and physical and mental damage.1、The result of Holmes-Rahe’s medical research tells us _______.?A．what should be done to avoid stress?B．the way of dealing with major events may cause stress?C．what kind of event would cause stress?D．how to deal with sudden changes in life?2、The studies on stress in the early 1970's led to_______.?A．great fear about the mental problems it could cause?B．widespread worry over its harmful effects?C．a deep research into illnesses connected with stress?D．popular avoidance of stressful jobs?3、According to the passage people who have experienced ups and downs may become___.A．discouraged when faced with difficultyB．physically and mentally weak?C．more experienced in the face of difficultyD．uninterested in what happens to them4、What’s the purpose of writing the text? ?A．To tell people the discoveries about stress.?B．To tell people how to keep healthy.?C．To help people avoid stressful events.?D．To help people view stress properly.
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