2016考研英语语法：定语从句详解_新浪教育_新浪网
2016考研英语语法：定语从句详解
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　　考研英语语法体系中包含了三大从句，其中定语从句是考频最高的一种，且也是最重要的一种，在各个题型中都有所体现。因此在基础阶段各位考生一定要学会在长难句中如何快速的识别定语从句。
　　一、定语从句的构成：先行词(所修饰的名词)+关系代词/关系副词(从属连词)+从句
　　二、定语从句的类型：根据从属连词的不同可以将定语从句分为三种类型：关系代词引导的定语从句，关系副词引导的定语从句，和as/which引导的非限制性定语从句。
　　1.&关系代词引导的定语从句
that，whose
修饰人或物
　　在这一类从句中需要注意的是关系代词在句子中所起的作用。首先，关系代词连接主句和从句；其次关系代词指代所修饰的先行词；最后关系代词往往在从句中做主语或者宾语，且做主语时关系代词不能省略，做宾语时可以省略。
　　例1：He who laughs last laughs best. (笑到最后的人笑得最美。)
　　分析：who引导定语从句修饰主句的主语he，且在从句中做主语，不能省略。
　　例2：He is collecting authentic material which can prove his argument. (他正在收集确凿的证据以证明他的观点。)
　　分析：that引导定语从句修饰名词material，且在从句中做主语，不能省略。
　　例3：The house (which) we bought last month is very beautiful. (我们上周买的这套房子很漂亮。)
　　分析：which引导定语从句修饰名词house，且在从句中做宾语，可以省略。
　　例4：The girl whose mother is a doctor is waiting for you outside. (妈妈是个医生的那个女孩在外面等你。)
　　分析：whose引导定语从句修饰表示人的名词the girl，且在从句中做主语，不可以省略。
　　2.&关系副词引导的定语从句
修饰表示时间的名词，在从句中做时间状语。
修饰表示地点场合的名词，在从句中做地点状语
修饰表示原因的名词，在从句中做原因状语
修饰表示方式或方法的名词，在从句中做方式状语
　　前三种关系副词在考研英语中出镜率比较高，最后一种不太常见，容易被考生忽略。关系副词在意义上常常相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。
　　例1：The commentator must know the
value of silence and how to use it at those moments when the pictures
speak for themselves. (播音员必须懂得沉默的价值，懂得在画面不需要解释说明的时刻如何利用沉默。)
　　分析：when引导定语从句修饰表示时间的名词moments，在从句中做时间状语。
　　例2：When the work is well done, a
climate of accident-free operation is established where time lose due to
injuries is kept at a minimum.
(工作完成后，一种无事故操作的环境被建立起来，在这种环境中，由于伤害造成的时间损失被保持在最低水平。)
　　分析：where引导定语从句修饰表示场合的名词climate，在从句中做地点状语。
　　例3：Do you know the reason why there are heat losses in a steam engine? (你知道蒸汽机中存在热损耗的原因吗？)
　　分析：why引导定语从句修饰名词reason，在从句中做原因状语。
　　例4：Teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. (按照传统，教书是许多知识分子借以谋生的手段。)
　　3.&as/which引导的非限制性定语从句
　　As/which引导的非限制性定语从句不仅可以修饰某个词语，而且可以修饰整个主句。而as 引导的从句位置灵活，既可以位于句首，也可以位于句尾或者句中。且有些表达已经固定下来，如as is known to all 众所周知；as is
often the case 情况往往如此。相比而言，which的位置就比较受限制，通常位于句末。
　　例1：Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry----William Shakespeare. (众所周知，艾文河畔的斯特拉特福镇，只有一种产业――威廉。莎士比亚。)
　　分析：as引导定语从句，使用了其固定表达。
　　例2：She is quite considerate and kind, which her younger sister never is. (她非常善良、体贴，而她妹妹却从不这样。)
　　分析：which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个句子。
　　来源：海文考研&& 柴小莉
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关于逗号后用V-ing还是定语从句，NN总结说1.分词和定语从句的区别：关键是看两句话之间的逻辑关系。（1）当两者都作定语修饰紧邻名词时，定语从句优于分词，因为分词还可以作状语，相比起来，定语从句更没有歧义。（2）当作状语表伴随结果(即对前一句话的总结）或者对前句进行补充（必须具有同时发生的含义）时，则只能用分词，不能用定语从句。那么下面的题怎么解释呢？？ 望好心人给个答案！！！OG26Emily Dickinson’s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumberingher letters to anyone else.既然V-ing可以作伴随状语修饰主语，为什么这里这个A选项的 ‘outnumbering’是错误的呢, 我觉得可以是修饰前句的主语‘Emily Dickinson’s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson’ OG 113. Because there are provisions of the new maritime code that provide that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fi sheries and oil fi elds of large sea areas, they have already stimulated international disputes over uninhabited islands. (C) Even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fi elds of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, already stimulating排出C中的其他错误不说，OG答案说这个C选项中的 stimulating没有说明是什么发出这个动作的，但是我觉得不是可以作结果状语呢？表示前面整个句子产生的的影响。还有prep语法笔记的一道题Unlike crested wheatgrass, an alien species from Siberia that forms only shallow roots andproduces tall above-ground shoots, native North American grasses develop an extensive root system, allowing for greater enrichment of the soil, but do not grow to bevery tall.(A) native North American grasses develop an extensive root system, allowing for greaterenrichment of the soil, but do not grow to be very(B) native North American grasses develop an extensive root system, which allows for their greaterenrichment of the soil, but without growing to be that(C) the root system of native North American grasses is extensive, allowing for greater enrichment of the soil, but they do not grow to be very (D) the root system of native North American grasses is more extensive, allowing for the greaterenrichment of the soil, but these grasses do not grow to be very(E) the extensiveness of the root system of native North American grasses allows for their greaterenrichment of the soil, but they do not grow to be that答案选A，给的其中一个解释是allowing for 非限定性修饰先行词root system； 可是这里明明应该用which的啊，用状语的话是很有歧义的吧？既可以作为伴随状语指代主语，又可以指代root system，还可以理解为结果状语，所以这里是怎么一回事呢？？真的很纠结这三道题阿！！！请牛牛们解答一下吧！！谢谢谢谢！！
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一般规律名ving(or ved) & & & & & & &这里ving作定语修饰这个名词主语 谓语 宾语, ving & & 这里ving作状语修饰整个句子或者前面的谓语动词名词that & & & & & & & & & & & that引出定语从句修饰名词 第一题，outnumbering作状语修饰整个句子，而非做定语修饰主语letters第二题，stimulating作状语修饰整个句子，但是stimulating分词缺少逻辑主语第三题，allowing作状语修饰整个句子，而非做定语修饰root system -- by 会员 gmat928 ( 18:14:16)
很精彩！多问一句 主语 谓语 宾语, ving 中， 是否有可能 这里ving作定语修饰宾语呢？ 多谢了！看了兄弟几个大作，深有感触，感激之至~-- by 会员 jbc88 ( 21:46:46)
这个我没有见到过，应该是没有吧但要注意主语 谓语 宾语, 插入语，ving这里的ving是修饰宾语的
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定上去 ，请nn解答～～
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求解答~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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第一个 v-ing 不管是做结果状语还是伴随状语 逻辑上都不好说不太通，可以试着翻译一下第二个 v-ing前面是主系表结构，所以是不可以做伴随状语的，只能修饰主语（或宾语都一样）逻辑上不通第三个 &俺觉得做结果状语较好
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谢谢楼上！！！我又看了看第一个outnumber和written不是同时发生的，确实做伴随状语不行，结果状语也不对第二个前面是主系表结构，后面就不能用伴随状语，那这道题我觉得是作为结果状语阿第三个还是觉得歧义很大求高人解答！！！！
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自己顶一下，好心的NN给个解答吧！！谢了！！
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一般规律名ving(or ved) & & & & & & &这里ving作定语修饰这个名词主语 谓语 宾语, ving & & 这里ving作状语修饰整个句子或者前面的谓语动词名词that & & & & & & & & & & & that引出定语从句修饰名词 第一题，outnumbering作状语修饰整个句子，而非做定语修饰主语letters第二题，stimulating作状语修饰整个句子，但是stimulating分词缺少逻辑主语第三题，allowing作状语修饰整个句子，而非做定语修饰root system
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我觉得是可以做结果状语的，很多题目中都有：主系表，v-ing(结果状语)。但是应该用having already stimulated会比较好一点。虽然already不一定要用完成时，但是那是表示：强调目前情况，并且情况将来会变。如1.& &&According to the National Pasta Association, per-capita consumption of pasta in the United States, which has already been approaching 19 pounds a year, will achieve 30 pounds a year by the twenty-first century.(A) According to the National Pasta Association, per-capita consumption of pasta in the United States, which has already been approaching 19 pounds a year, will achieve 30 pounds a year by the twenty-first century.(B) Already approaching 19 pounds a year in the United States, the National Pasta Association predicts that per-capita consumption of pasta will reach 30 pounds a year by the twenty-first century.(C) The National Pasta association predicts by the twenty-first century that per-capita consumption of pasta in the United States, which is already approaching 19 pounds a year, will reach 30 pounds a year.(D) By the twenty-first century, the National Pasta Association predicts that per-capita consumption of pasta in the United States, having already approached 19 pounds a year, will reach 30 pounds a year.(E) According to the National Pasta Association, per-capita consumption of pasta in the United States is already approaching 19 pounds a year and will reach 30 pounds a year by the twenty-first century.53, sec16-20A) already如果用于现在完成进行时have/has been doing，其表达的含义跟is already doing 中的already表达的是有所不同的：has already been approaching一般表示达到一年19磅这种状态过去已经存在直到现在但可能还会继续，is already doing 表示现在存在的状态但这种状态可能会变(此时already用于一般时或一般进行时, 意思应该是:used to say that a situation exists and it might get worse, greater, etc)，is already doing 后用and 并列引出will do正好表明这种变化的趋势。所以is already doing and will do可能比has already been approaching和will do的搭配要好些，也许更符合意思的表达。另外，which指代有问题，应该是指per-capita consumption，但其与which太远指代关系比较弱, 且根据意思本应并列的成分，一部分变成了which引导的非限制性定语从句，有把主要信息变为次要信息之嫌。B) the National Pasta Association approaching错。C) by the twenty-first century位置错。D) 同上。E) best.
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关于第三题 allow for的意思是 “考虑到。。。”一般都直接用allowing for和given that, considering一样的
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The Attributive ClauseWhich one is Harry Porter ?The boy is Harry PorterWhich one is Harry Porter ?定语从句The boy _______________________ is who is wearing glasses Harry Porter .(Attributive clause)一、概念: 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子. ? (在句子中作定语)Harry Porter is a smart boy.形容词作定语Harry Porter is a boy who has magic power.句子作定语,修饰boy, 叫做定语从句Harry Porter is a boy who has magic power.先行词 关系词关系代词定语从句 关系副词 where, when， whywhich, who, whom, whose, that二、用法:关系代词:引导定语从句的关系代词who whomwhose先 行 词 是 人These are the students who / that won the first place last year.thatwhich先行词是物These are the trees which / that were planted last year.Have a try指出关系代词（副词）在定语从句中的成份：1.The man who came to our school is Mr. Wang. ( 主语 ) 2.The girl (whom) I met is Lucy. ( 宾语 ) 3.A child whose parents are dead is called Tom. ( 定语 ) 4.I like the book (which) you bought yesterday. ( 宾语 )1. who, whom, whose, that 用法区别.① who 作定语从句的主语或宾语. The man who is speaking at the meeting is a worker.The man is a worker. 分解 The man is speaking at the meeting. 作主语② whom 作定语从句的宾语 The woman whom they wanted to visit is a teacher.分解 The woman is a teacher. They wanted to visit the woman.作宾语③ that 可以作定语从句的主语和宾语.可省略The man who / that is speaking at the meeting is a worker.The woman (whom / that) they wanted to visit is a teacher.④ whose 作定语从句的定语(whose既可以指人，也可以指物).I know the girl whose mother is a teacher.作定语分解 I know the girl. The girl’s mother is a teacher.I have a book whose cover is yellow.2. which, that 的用法which 作定语从句的主语或宾语.可省略This is a truck which / that is made in China. 作主语 I like the book (which / that) you bought yesterday. 作宾语3. 只能用that的情况Tom is the cleverest boy that I have ever known. This is the first play that I have seen since I came here.① 序数词或形容词最高级修饰先行词时I’ve read all the books that you lend me. ②先行词被every, some, no, all, any, little, much等修饰时。Everything that we saw in this film was true.③everything, something, nothing, all, anything, little, much等不定代词作先行 词时This is the very book that belongs to him.④ 先行词被the only, the very, the same,the last修饰时。 Who is the girl that is standing under the tree? Which is the machine that we used last Sunday.⑤ 主句已有who或which时I’ve never heard of the people and things that you talked about just now.⑥ 当先行词同时指人和物时4.关系代词前有介词时 (介词提前) .指 人只用whom, 指物只用which This is the boy with whom he talked. This is the ring on which she spent 1000 dollars.（一）引导定语从句的关系代词主语宾语定语指人who that Which that指物whom（优先） whose （of whom） who that Which Whose that (of which)指人和物thatthatwhose（二）引导定语从句的关系副词when, where, why关系副词 when where why 先行词 时间 地点 reason 在从句中的成分 时间状语 地点状语 原因状语19? 1. This is the place where I was born. ? 2. I remember the day when I first met him. ? 3. Can you tell me the reason why you lied to me?（三）关系副词与介词+关系代词的替代When=on(in,during…)which 关系副词 where=on(in,in front of…)whichWhy=for whichwhen? when可用in/on/at/during +which 代替1.I still remember the day. 2.I first met him on which the day.I still remember the day on which when I first met him.22where? where可用in/on/at/to + which代替 1.The dictionary is the only place. 2. Success comes before work which. in the dictionary. where The dictionary is the only place in which success comes before work.23ABC =American born Chinese 1.America is the country. 2.I was born in which. the country. BBC=Beijing born ChineseAmerica is the country in which I was born wherewhere Beijing is the city in which I was born.24why? why可用for +which 代替1.This is the reason. 2.I was late for school for this reason which. This is the reason for which I was why late for school.25关系代词和关系副词的区别关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语关系副词在定语从句中作状语26如何选用定语从句的关系词? 1.首先分清主句和定语从句 ? 2.确定定语从句的先行词 ? 3.把先行词带回到定语从句中去，看其 在定语从句中做什么语法成分（主语， 宾语，定语或状语） ? 4.若先行词在从句中做主语、宾语或定 语则选择关系代词，若在从句中做状语， 则选择关系副词。1、Do you know the man ___ is talking with your father? A. whose B. who C. which2、The boys ___ the teacher talked to are from Class One. A. when B. which C. who 3、Those ___ want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. A. who B. which C. whom 由Who 引导的定语从句，在句中做主语\ 宾语4. The gentleman ___ you told me yesterday proved to be a thief. A. who B. about whom C. whom 5. The doctor ___ you are looking for is in the room. A. whom B. what C. which6. The teacher for ____ you are waiting has come. A. who B. whom C. that介词提前时只能用 whom由Whom 引导的定语从句，在句中做宾语7. A child ___ parents are dead is called an orphan. A. which B. his C. whose 8. This book is for the students ___ native(本国的) language is not English. A. that B. of whom C. whose9. The boy ___ composition won the first prize is the youngest in the group. A. who B. whose C. that由Whose 引导的定语从句, 在句中做定语10、He prefers to eat the rice ___ in the south. A. who is grown B. which is grown C. when is grown 11、 The knife ___ I cut the apple with can’t be found. A. which B. who C. whatthat12、The room in ___ there are many books is mine. 介词提前时只能用 which A. that B. who C. which 13、This is the pen ____ he bought yesterday. A. which B. who C. when 由Which 引导的定语从句，在句中做主语\ 宾语14. All _____ is needed is a supply of oil. A. which B. that C. what 15. Finally, the thief handed everything ____ he had stolen to the police. A. which B. what C. that先行词是不定代词 all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything只能用that引导16. It’s the most boring film ___ I have ever seen. A. which B. that C. whose 17. This is the first car ___ arrived this morning. A. which B. who C. that先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修 饰时只能用that引导18. I know all people ___ are from that village. A. who B. that C. whose 19. There is no water ___ is needed badly. A. which B. who C. that 20. Please take any seat ___ is free. A. which B. that C. in which先行词被all, any, every, few, little, no, some 等修饰时只能用that引导21. That is the very book ___ I was looking for. A. who B. that C. which22. After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing ___ he owns. A. who B. that C. which先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last 等修饰时只能用that 引导23. The speaker spoke of some writers and some books ___ were popular then. A. who B. that C. which先行词被既有人又有物时只能用that 引导24. Who is the worker ___ took some pictures of the factory. A. who B. that C. which主句已有who或which时,只能用 that 引导1. I have a friendwho/that likes ________ listening to classical music. 2. Yesterday Emily was wearing the which/that new dress __________ I gave her. 3. The man whose leg broke in a ______ match used to be a football player.which/that 4. My parents live in a house__________ is more than 100 years old.whom 5. The boy with _______ John spoke is my brother.which/that 6. Kevin is reading a book __________is too difficult for him.that 7. Is there anything ________ you wantto buy in the town.that 8.All ______ we can do is to study hard. that 9. The first one _____ stands up is alittle boy.1.这就是救了那个孩子命的医生. This is the doctor who saved the boy’s life. 2.正在跑步的那个人是我的叔叔. The man who is running is my uncle.3. 我喜欢可以随之而唱的音乐.I like the music that I can sing along with. 4. 住在隔壁的那个女的是一名教师.The woman who lives next door is a teacher.欢迎您转载分享：
更多精彩：求句子结构解释!这个定语从句有些不理解Long descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture."that assist in classifying pots"这一部分不明白谢谢好心人!请问这个that有起强调作用吗？
"that assist in classifying pots"这一部分是定语从句部分,用来修饰Long descriptions .that assist in classifying pots的中文解释是：有助於分别 / 区别不同的瓷器类型.这个从句部分放在exist的後面是为了避免这个整句的头重脚轻：Long descriptions of the different types of ware that assist in classifying pots exist,although- - --.(exist在後面,句子显得不平衡,头重脚轻.) 你的句子也可以,并且最好这样rewrie :There exist long descriptions of the different types of ware that assist in classifying pots,although -- - -.
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"that assist in classifying pots" 是修饰最前面"Long description"， 也就是说 Long description “帮助对pots的分类“。
这里"pots" 没有太多的上下文， 可能指锅碗瓢盆一类的pots， 也可能指陶瓷类的pots。这句话其实是因为主语太长， 所以把动词"exist"嵌在中间，另一个原因是如果把 "that ass...
1. that assist in classifying pots 是一个定语从句，修饰先行词long descriptions.2. 翻译：对于不同类型器皿大段大段的描述有助于人们对锅碗瓢盆的分类。 补充回答：that 在这里是一个关系代词，连接一个定语从句，不起强调作用。
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