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Aerial view of Terai plains near Biratnagar, Nepal
The Terai (: ???? : ????) is a lowland region in southern
and northwestern
that lies south of the outer foothills of the , the , and north of the . This lowland belt is characterised by tall , scrub ,
and clay rich . In northern India, the Terai spreads from the
eastward across , , ,
and . The Terai is part the
. The corresponding lowland region in , ,
basin is called ''. In Nepal, the Terai lies at an altitude of between 67 and 300 m (220 and 984 ft) and comprises more than 50 . North of the Terai rises the , a narrow but continuous belt of forest about 8–12 km (5.0–7.5 mi) wide.
the region is called ????, 'tarāī' meaning "foot-hill". In , the region is called ???? 'tarāi' meaning "the low-lying land, plain" and especially "the low-lying land at the foot of the Himālayas". The region's name in
is ????? 'tarā'ī' meaning "lands lying at the foot of a watershed" or "on
low ground flooded with water, valley, basin, marshy ground, marsh, meadow".
The Terai is crossed by the large perennial Himalayan rivers Yamuna, Ganges, , ,
that have each built
covering thousands of square kilometres below their exits from the hills. Medium rivers such as the
rise in the . The geological structure of the region consists of old and new , both of which constitute alluvial deposits of mainly sand, , , gravels and coarse fragments. The new alluvium is renewed every year by fresh deposits brought down by active streams, which engage themselves in . Old alluvium is found rather away from river courses, especially on uplands of the plain where
is a rare phenomenon.
A large number of small and usually seasonal rivers flow through the Terai, most of which originate in the Siwalik Hills. The soil in the Terai is alluvial and fine to medium textured. Forest cover in the Terai and hill areas has decreased at an annual rate of 1.3% between 1978 and 1979, and 2.3% between 1990 and 1991. With deforestation and cultivation increasing, a permeable mixture of gravel, boulders and sand evolves, which leads to a sinking . But where layers consist of clay and fine sediments, the groundwater rises to the surface and heavy sediment is washed out, thus enabling frequent and massive floods during , such as the .
The reduction in slope as rivers exit the hills and then transition from the sloping Bhabhar to the nearly level Terai causes current to slow and the heavy sediment load to fall out of suspension. This deposition process creates multiple channels with shallow beds, enabling massive floods as -swollen rivers overflow their low banks and shift channels. Many areas show erosion such as gullies.[]
There are several differences between the climate on the western edge of the Terai at
in India and at
in Nepal near the eastern edge.
Moving inland and away from monsoon sources in the , the climate becomes more
with a greater difference between summer and winter.
In the far western Terai, which is five degrees latitude further north, the coldest months' average is 3 °C (37 °F) cooler.
Total rainfall markedly diminishes from east to west. The
arrives later, is much less intense and ends sooner. However, winters are wetter in the west.
In India, the Terai extends over the states of Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. These are mostly the districts of these states that are on the Indo-Nepal border:
Uttarakhand: ,
Uttar Pradesh: , , , , , ,
Bihar: , , , , , ,
The light green and yellow areas indicate the Terai in Nepal
The Terai in Nepal is differentiated into "Inner" and "Outer" Terai and includes 20 districts.[]
refers to the river valleys in the lowlands of southern Nepal located between the
ranges. The Inner Terai comprises five elongated valleys extending from north-west to south-east parallel to the enclosing hilly ranges:
(: ???????) is in the ,
(: ???????) is located south of the Dang Valley in the D
, also called Udayapur Valley (: ??????) is in the
north of the Siraha and Saptari districts.
Most of these valleys are five to ten kilometers wide (north-south) and up to a hundred kilometers long (east-west).[]
The 2001 national census counted 2.3 million population (10% of the national total) in these seven Inner Terai districts (counting Banke district as Outer Terai). Adding 45% in the outer Terai gives 55% of Nepal's population living in its Terai districts.[]
The Outer Terai begins south of the Siwalik Hills and extends to the . In the
it comprises the Kanchanpur and Kailali districts, and in the
Bardiya and Banke districts. Farther east, the Outer Terai comprises the , , , Parsa, , , Sarlahi, Mahottari, Dhanusa, , , ,
districts.
East of Banke the Nepalese Outer Terai is interrupted where the international border swings north and follows the edge of the Siwaliks adjacent to . Here the Outer Terai is entirely in 's
and . East of Deukhuri the international border extends south again and Nepal has three more Outer Terai districts.[]
The 2001 national census counted 10.3 million population (45% of the national total) in the Outer Terai districts.[]
Jungle in Uttarakhand
References to primary historical sources makes it clear that much of the Terai was under the cultural orbit of India as opposed to Nepal with the existence of Indian kingdoms like
ruling parts of the Terai from India and the people speaking Indian languages. The
also had significant territory in the Terai which was taken by the British and gifted to the . Certain parts of the Terai now under Nepal have historically been a part of India with the people sharing cultural marriage ties with those across the border before their land was gifted by the British to Nepal.
of northern India during the 14th century caused Hindu and Buddhist people to seek refuge from religious persecution.
nobles and their entourage migrated to the Himalayan foothills and gained control over the region from
to the eastern Terai during the next three centuries. Until the mid 18th century, the Nepal Terai was divided into several smaller kingdoms, and the forests were little disturbed. The Tulsipur State in the Dang Valley of Nepal's western Terai was such an independent kingdom, until it was conquered in 1785 by
during the . The Shah rulers encouraged Indian people to settle in this area. The far-western and mid-western regions of the Nepal Terai called 'Naya Muluk' (new country) lay on the northern periphery of the
dynasty. After Nepal lost the
(), this region was annexed by the
in the , but returned in 1860 as reward for Nepal's military aid in the .
gangs retreated to the Terai jungles, and the area was considered lawless and primitive by the British, who sought control of the region's valuable timber reserves. The Indian Terai remained largely uninhabited until the end of the 19th century, as it was arduous and dangerous to penetrate the dense and
. The region was densely forested with stands of foremost .
Since the mid 19th century, Indian immigrants settled in the eastern Nepal Terai together with native Terai peoples. They were encouraged to convert forest to agriculture. Heavy logging began in the 1920s. Extracted timber was exported to India to collect revenues. Cleared areas were subsequently used for agriculture. But still, the Terai jungles were teaming with wildlife.
Inner Terai valleys historically were agriculturally productive but extremely malarial. Some parts were left forested by official decree during the
as a defensive perimeter called Char Kose Jhadi, meaning 'four kos forest'; one kos equals about 3 km (1.9 mi). A British observer noted, "Plainsmen and paharis generally die if they sleep in the Terai before November 1 or after June 1." British travelers to Kathmandu went as fast as possible from the border at
to reach the hills before nightfall.
Malaria was eradicated using
in the mid-1950s. Subsequently, people from the hills migrated to the Terai. About 16,000
refugees settled in the Nepal Terai in , followed by refugees of Nepali origin from
in 1964, from
in the late 1960s, and about 10,000
muslims from Bangladesh in the 1970s. Timber export continued until 1969. In 1970, the
granted land to loyal ex-army personnel in the districts of , ,
and , where seven colonies were developed for resettling about 7,000 people. They acquired property rights over uncultivated forest and 'waste' land, thus accelerating the deforestation process in the Terai. Since the 1990s, migration from the Terai to urban centres is increasing and causing sociocultural changes in the region.
Several protected areas were established in the Terai since the late 1950s:
Sonaripur Wildlife Sanctuary, now
Many Indian politicians doubt about whether much of the Terai was under Nepalese control prior to 1816. An Indian politician,
is of the opinion that some districts in the Nepal Terai should be returned to India.
After the , Indian politicians kept on trying to secure strategic interests in the Nepal Terai, such as over hydropower energy, development projects, business and trade. By supporting the , India tried to dominate Nepal's internal politics and foment the conflict in the Nepal Terai.
speaking people inhabit the eastern part of the Terai,
speakers reside in the central and eastern Terai, and
speakers live in the central and western Terai.
people reside foremost in two districts of eastern Terai, and several migrant
also live in the central and eastern Terai.
The eastern Terai in Nepal was part of the Mithila region and has always been home to , which is why some are proposing to rejoin Mithila in India.
are the traditional inhabitants of the Terai forests. They used to be semi-nomadic, practised
and collected wild fruits, vegetables and . Several Tharu subgroups are scattered over most of the Terai. They have been living in this region for many centuries and reputedly had an innate resistance to . Following the malaria eradication program using
in the 1960s, a large and heterogeneous non-Tharu population settled in the region.
from the mid-hills including ,
moved to the plains in search of arable land. In the rural parts of the Terai, distribution and value of land determine economic hierarchy to a large extent. High
migrants from the hills and traditional Tharu landlords who own agriculturally productive land constitute the upper level of the economic hierarchy. The poor are the landless or near landless Terai , including the ,
and . Other ethnic groups include Yadav, Teli, Thakur, Mahato, Muslim, Rajbansi.[]
is a separatist organisation founded in 2004 by Jay Krishna Goit with the aim of gaining independence for the Terai () region from Nepal. Organisation members have been responsible for various acts of terrorism including bombings and murders. Other armed outfits have appeared that also demand secession through violent means including the "Terai Army", "Madhesh Mukti Tigers" and the "Tharuwan National Liberation Front".[]
There is also a non-violent movement that is demanding the secession of the region led by
called the , a group of activists, parties and organisations demanding an end to Nepalese occupation of the Terai.
The Terai is the most productive region in Nepal with the majority of the country's industries. Agriculture is the basis of the economy. Major crops include , , , , , , and . In the eastern districts from Parsa to Jhapa they support agro-based industries: jute factories, sugar mills, rice mills and tobacco factories. The Terai is also known for
production, with about 120,000 colonies of .
Cities over 50,000 population in Nepal's Terai include:
Municipality
Census 2001
agro-industry, education, trade and transport hub
trade and transport hub, agro- and other industries
tourism hub and destination, education, financial services
agro-industry and food processing, tourism, health care, education
Kanchanpur
transport hub, education, health services
transport hub, retailing, agro-industry, health care, education
transport hub, cement factory, large and small-scale industries
transport hub, agro-industry, education, health care, pilgrimage site
transport hub, retailing, financial services, health services
trade and transport hub, retailing, tourist and pilgrim services
For a more comprehensive list, see .
crosses the Nepal Terai from
on the eastern border in ,
near the western border in , . It is the only motor road spanning the country from east to west.
Buddha statue at
Tourist attractions in the Terai include:
, birthplace of
(near Siddharthanagar)
(near Nepalganj)
(near Bharatpur)
, the birthplace of , wife of
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: Hidden categories:As Tension Sweeps the Terai Plains, Nepal Tilts Toward China
Landlocked Nepal in the heart of Asia has two powerful neighbors – India and China. The country is also divided in two by geography – the mountainous region (apart from Mt. Everest, Nepal houses eight of the world’s 10 highest peaks) in the north and the fertile and humid plains (the Terai) in the south. This makes for a volatile mix.
Ever since a new constitution was unveiled on September 20, the Terai has been in turmoil. The people of the region – the Madhesis – are up in arms against what they perceive as discrimination. They have imposed an economic blockade, which means they allow no traffic on the trade routes with India. Trucks have lined up on both sides of the border and shortages – particularly of food and fuel – are beginning to be felt in the hilly region.
The Madhesis have been hit hardest by the strife. But almost every family is interconnected with neighboring Bihar in India through centuries of intermarriage and migration. “The fact that they have been able to sustain the agitation … speaks volumes about their accumulated resentment,” says Rakesh Sood, former Indian ambassador to Nepal.
The Madhesis are part of the migration from I the other migrations were from Tibet, Northern Myanmar and China via Assam. Thus, they have informal trade channels with India.
The violence – with the Nepali police trying to break the blockade – has claimed more than 50 lives so far. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi has condemned the killing of an Indian in police firing. He has taken up the matter with his Nepali counterpart K.P. Oli.
India has also complained to the U.S.-based Human Rights Watch (HRW) about the violence. According to a HRW report titled “‘Like We Are Not Nepali’ — Protest and Police Crackdown in the Terai Region of Nepal,” the police action is directed against one community. The report quotes a witness as saying: “The police were shouting Tok Bihariharulai (shoot the Biharis).… These words clearly send a message of hate.” India has called upon its northern neighbor to take credible measures to prevent recurrence of incidents of violence, extra-judicial killings and ethnic discrimination in the country.
It was all so different a few months ago. After a
in April 2015, which killed more than 9,000 people and injured 23,000 others, Modi called up his Nepali counterpart and the chief ministers of adjacent Indian states Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. The Nepalese media and the world were appreciative of India’s efforts.
Today, things are different. The blockade has forced Nepal to turn to China for fuel supplies, breaking a monopoly of Indian Oil Corporation. The Chinese government has signed a deal with Nepal Oil Corporation for fuel. The first consignment of 9,000 liters was dispatched in early November. The South China Morning Post reports that Beijing has agreed to supply 1.3 million liters of fuel. It is not known whether this is a grant or the first step in a new trade arrangement.
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The land route from China to Nepal has to navigate Himalayan passes which makes the long-term arrangement logistically difficult. But China, it is clear, has thrown its hat into the ring to strengthen its relationship with Nepal.
Supplies from China
“As a result of the unofficial blockade, Nepal has had to seek Chinese assistance to get petroleum from the Nepal-Tibet border,” says Nishchal N. Pandey, director of the Center for South Asian Studies. “Despite its rugged terrain, China has managed to make some supplies. At the moment, two roads are viable for operation in the Nepal-Tibet border. Since Nepal Oil Corporation and Petro China have already signed a deal for supply for 35% of Nepal’s annual needs, it is possible that the relations between Nepal and China in the energy sector will go a long way.”
The violence – with the Nepali police trying to break the blockade – has claimed more than 50 lives so far.
Today, India is Nepal’s biggest trade partner. Bilateral trade was $4.21 billion during Nepalese fiscal year 2010-11 (July 16-July 15), the latest figures available. Nepal’s import from India amounted to $3.62 billion and exports to India aggregated $599.7 million. In the first six months of fiscal 2011-12, Nepal’s trade with India was about $1.93 Nepal’s exports to India were about $284.8 million and imports from India were $1.64 billion.
Still, the relationship between Nepal and India has also had its challenges. At present, the main point of contention is the new constitution which came into effect on 20 September. The country has had six constitutions so far – in , , 1990 and 2007. “When the constitution was finally passed, for some there was a sense of relief that the seven-year-long exercise was over,” says Sood. “But for the Madhesis, the Janajatis and the Tharus, who have traditionally been the disadvantaged groups, there was a sense of betrayal.”
Sood explains that the Indian policy of overtly backing the demands of the Madhesis led to an upsurge of Nepali nationalism. The 2015 Constitution is unique as it establishes Nepal as a “federal democratic republic” for the first time. He points out the lacunae the disadvantaged groups see in the new constitution.
The principal disagreement is over what the Madhesis see as gerrymandering. While they have accepted two Madhesi provinces, they object to certain Madhesi areas which they feel have been left out. The Madhesis believe the constitution also appears to discriminate against them in terms of proportional representation. “Terai constitutes 51% of the population of Nepal, but according to calculations, it would currently get only 62 out of a total of 165 seats,” notes Sood. The objective was to prevent marginalization of the sparsely-populated hilly regions. But it has had an unexpected fallout.
A Question of Citizenship
The other issue is citizenship. Madhesis often marry Indians from the northern districts of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh and spouses of Nepali citizens become “naturalized Nepali citizens.” However, there is a provision regarding the children of such marriages. Children of a Nepali male marrying a foreigner are “Nepalis by descent,” whereas if a Nepali woman marries a foreigner, their children are “naturalized Nepalis” which bars them from important and powerful constitutional positions. This may appear to be nitpicking especially at a time of flux. “But as often happens when internal politics in Nepal gets polarized, India becomes a scapegoat,” says Sood.
China, it is clear, has thrown its hat into the ring.
“While the focus has been on the Madhesi agitation, the Janajati demands are no different,” adds Sood. “Unlike the Madhesis who shun arms, the Janajatis are used to fighting. A Janajati agitation could throw Nepal into a convulsion as they are geographically widespread.”
“The Madhesi and Tharu people had a lot of expectation from the new constitution, but it dashed their hopes by giving continuity to the exclusionary policy of the Nepal government,” says Hari Bansh Jha, executive director of the Centre for Economic and Technical Studies in Kathmandu.
“The constitution also overlooked the problem of statelessness in Terai, where 40% of the people have been denied citizenship,” says Jha. “Only eight districts in the Terai region have been given the status of a province. The remaining 14 districts are to be joined with the hill districts, with the sole purpose of converting the local people into a minority.” The Madhesi parties were involved in the constitution drafting process in the beginning, but had to quit the alliance later on as its point of view was not entertained.
“India-Nepal relations are going through the lowest ebb after India merely noted our new constitution which was prepared by an elected constituent assembly,” says Pandey. “India has chosen to take the side of a few parties of the Terai and alienated the rest of the Nepali population. It is a fundamental right of a landlocked nation to get unrestricted access to the sea at all times. India tends to have certain preferences inside Nepal’s polity and has historically intervened when it sees that its interests are not met. This has translated into regime change, government overthrows and gross political instability inside Nepal.”
“Immediately after the promulgation of the constitution, the ruling political parties including the Nepali Congress and the Communist Party of Nepal Unified Marxist-Leninist (CPN-UML) celebrated Diwali, while the Madhesi political parties and Tharuhat Struggle Committee observed it as a black day,” says Jha.
According to S.D. Muni, professor emeritus, Jawaharlal Nehru University, and distinguished fellow, Institute for Defense Studies and Analysis, “India should have avoided the Bharatiya Janata Party’s Hindu agenda to get mixed up with the rights of the marginalized groups,” says Muni. (The faith of 81.3% of the people of Nepal is Hinduism.) “Kathmandu’s rulers should also have avoided instigating anti-Indian nationalism to serve their narrow political goals of diverting the Madhesi issue. All the parties have to apply course correction.” Adds Pandey: “Anti-Indian feeling is at an all-time high in Nepal.”
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