关于初中英语句子成分分的问题(很基础的)

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16-12-31 09:54提问
英语老师Joanna tong的解答
难&&易&&度:中等
后面一句是要求对方帮忙的具体内容,所以要与前一句保持一致,也有祈使句,祈使句都是以动词原形开头的,所以选invite。如果用 inviting my friend Mr.Smith to Youth Theater at 7:30 tonight,它只是一个短语,而不是完整的句子,不能与前面的do me a favor保持照应
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句子成分英语的基础成分有六种,英语句子成分,英语句子成分分析,英语句子成分讲解,英语句子的成分,初中英语句子成分,英语句子成分练习,英语中的句子成分,英语句子成分ppt,英语中句子成分,英语句子成分划分
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3秒自动关闭窗口英语的基础知识. 就是句子成分 句型 句子种类 什么的 详细点 多点
英语的基础知识. 就是句子成分 句型 句子种类 什么的 详细点 多点
英语句子成分简介
英语句子由主语、谓语动词、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语等成分构成。
主语:主语(S=subject)表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”。
谓语:谓语( Predicate)说明主语“做什么”,“是什么”或者“怎么样”。谓语主要由动词(V =verb)来承担,分为及物动词(Vt=transitive verb)和不及物动词(Vi=intransitive verb)。谓语和主语在人称和数方面必须保持一致。
宾语:宾语(O=Object)表示动作、行为的对象。和及物动词一起说明主语做什么,分为间接宾语(Oi=indirect object)和直接宾语(Od=direct object)。
表语:表语(P= Predicative)说明主语是什么或者怎么样,由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当,和连系动词一起构成谓语。
补语:补语(Oc=Object Complement ),放在某些及物动词的宾语的后面,来补充说明宾语的特征。宾语和补语一起构成复合宾语。
句子成分简介
  句子的组成部分,包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、同位语七种
  主语是句子叙述的主体,可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。
  谓语说明主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语由动词来承担。
  宾语是动作的对象或承受者,常位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。
  主语和谓语是英语句子的两大成分,除少数句子(如祈使句和感叹句等)外,一句话必须同时具有主语和谓语所表达的意思才能完整。主语是针对谓语而言的,是一句话的主题,谓语用来说明主语的情况,为主语提供信息。例如:They are working.主语是they(他们),那么他们在做什么呢?看来没有谓语are working 是不行的。在正常情况下,英语的主语和谓语的位置与汉语一致,也就是说主语在前,谓语紧跟其后。那么,哪些词语可以做主语,谓语,何时主谓倒置,主语与谓语的一致情况如何,我将一一讲述。 主语
  定义:主语是句子陈述的对象,说明是谁或什么。表示句子说的是"什么人"或“什么事”。主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主体。
  哪些词可以充当主语
  1,名词
  例如: A mooncake is a delicious, round cake.
  The first truck is carrying a few baskets.
  The temperature will stay above zero.
  The doctor looked over Mrs. Brown very carefully.
  China does not want to copy the USA’s example.
  2,代词
  例如: It’s a young forest.
  I don’t know if it will grow.
  That’s a bit expensive.
  You’d better buy a new pair.
  I’m afraid we haven’t got any black shoes.
  3,数词
  例如:One and two is three.
  One is not enough for me. I want one more.
  One of them is English.
  Suddenly one of the bags fell off the truck.
  Two will be enough.
  4,不定式 (常以 It’s adj. to do sth. 形式出现)
  例如: To give is better than to receive =Its better to give.
  I found it difficult to get to sleep.
  It’s glad to see you again.
  It was difficult to say.
  But it’s good to swim in summer.
  5,IT 作主语,有如下情况:
  1)指代刚刚提到的事物:What’s this ? It’s a bus. (指代what)
  2)指代一个你不知道或判断不清性别的人:Who’s knocking the door? It’s me. (指代 who)
  Who’s the baby in the picture? It’s my sister. (指代 who)
  3) 表示时间,天气,距离:
  What’s the time? It’s eight o’clock. (时间)
  What’s it going to be tomorrow? It’s going to be rainy.(天气)
  How far is it? It’s about one kilometre away. (距离)
  6. THERE 引起的There be 句型中,be 作谓语,主语位居其后。如:
  There are many different kinds of mooncakes.
  There will be a strong wind.谓语
  谓语由动词构成,依据其在句中繁简程度可把谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。不论何种时态,语态,语气,凡由一个动词(或动词词组)构成的谓语都是简单谓语。例如:
  I like walking.(一般现在时主动语态)
  I made your birthday cake last night. (一般过去时主动语态)
  It is used by travellers and business people all over the world. (一般现在时被动语态)
  复合谓语也可分为两种情况:
  第一种是由情态动词,助动词+不带to的动词不定式构成的复合谓语:
  What does this word mean?
  I won’t do it again.
  I’ll go and move away the bag of rice with Lin Tao.
  You’d better catch a bus.
  第二种是由连系动词+表语构成的复合谓语。例如:
  You look the same.
  We are all here.
  The weather gets wamer, and the days get longer.
  Keep quite and listen to me.
  He looked worried.
  We have to be up early in the moming.
  Is Bill in?
  School Is over. Let’s go home.
  My pen is in my bag.
  I feel terrible.
  I* fell tried all the time.
  He seemed rather tired last night.
  连系动词和表语在意思上紧密联系,不宜分割;有关动词的种类这方面知识在课本中已有介绍,此处不多说了。 宾语
  宾语是谓语动作所涉及的对象,它是动作的承受者,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的成分担任,宾语一般放在谓语动词后面。
  I saw a cat in the tree.
  我看见树上有一只猫。
  I want to go shopping.
  我想去买东西。
  He said he could be here.
  他说他会来的。
  We think you are right.
  我们认为你是对的。
  有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,其中一个宾语多指人,另一个宾语指物,指人的宾语叫做间接宾语,指物的宾语叫做直接宾语,可以带两个宾语的动词有 bring,give,show,send,pass,tell等。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面,如果强调直接宾语可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面, 但间接宾语前须加"to"。
  My father bought me a book.
  我父亲给我买了一本书。
  Give the rubber to me.
  把橡皮给我。
  Please give the letter to XiaoLi.
  请把这封信给小李。
  有些及物动词除跟一个宾语外,还需要加上宾语补足语,否则意思不完整,它们一起构成复合宾语,复合宾语中宾语和后面的宾语补足语有一种逻辑上的主谓关系,这也是判断是两个宾语还是复合宾语的依据,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的词担任。
  We all call him LaoWang.
  我们都叫他老王。
  Please color it red.
  请给它涂上红颜色。
  We found the little girl in the hill.
  我们在山上找到了小女孩。 定语
  用于描述名词,代词,短语或从句的性质,特征范围等情况的词叫做定语,定语可以由名词,形容词和起名词和形容词作用的词,短语担任。如果定语是单个词,定语放在被修饰词的前面,如果是词组,定语放在被修饰词的后面。
  That is a beautiful flower.
  那是一朵漂亮的花。
  The TV set made in that factory is very good.
  那个工厂生产的电视机很好。
  This is my book,not your book.
  这是我的书,不是你的书。
  There are more than twenty trees in our
  school.
  我们学校里有二十多棵树。
  I have a lot of things to do.
  我有好多要做的事情。
  Our country is a developing country.
  我们的国家是一个发展中的国家。 状语
  1、说明事物发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,结果方式,条件或伴随情况,程度等情况的词叫状语。
  2、状语的功用:状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。
  3、状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等
  A、副词一般在句子中做状语.
  He speaks English very well. 他英语说得非常好.
  He is playing under the tree.中的under the tree是地点状语.
  B、不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。
  I come specially to see you.我专门来看你.
  C、介词短语
  Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.
  The boy was praised for his bravery.
  D、从句作状语
  When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.
  If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.
  E、分词作状语
  Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。
  Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another. 补语
  英语中补语的作用对象是主语和宾语,具有鲜明的定语性描写或限制性功能,在句法上是不可或缺的。补语是起补充说明作用的成份。最常见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。
  1、主语的补语
  它用在系动词后,是句子的一个基本成分。常用主-系-表结构。
  1.I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.
  我看到她和他们在一起,至少,至少我认为是她。(her做宾 语,them做介词宾语,her做主语补语)
  2.. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶?
  -- Me. --我。 (me做主语补语= It's me.)
  3.John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. (she做主语补语)
  约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。
  2、宾语的补语
  1.不定式(to do)
  Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
  We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。
  We made him copy the sentence.
  He is made to copy the sentence.
  I felt my hands tremble.
  2.名词
  At the meeting we elected him monitor.
  I think your brother a clever boy.
  3.形容词
  What you said made Xiao Wang angry.
  I found the classroom empty
  4.副词
  Please call the students back at once.
  He was seen to take his cap off.
  5.现在分词
  We hear him singing in the hall.
  I found him lying in bed, sleeping.
  6.过去分词
  He saw his face reflected in the water.
  I heard it spoken of in the next room. 表语
  表语是用来说明主语的性质,身份,特征和状态。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语一般放在系动词之后。表语可以由名词,形容词或起名词和形容词作用的词和短语担任。
  These desks are yellow.
  这些桌子是黄色的。
  I am all right.
  我没事。
  We are happy now.
  我们现在很幸福。
  It's over.
  时间到了。
  She is ten.
  她十岁了。
  My work is teaching English,
  我的工作是教英语。
  The dictionary is in the bag.
  词典在书包里边。
  My question is how you knew him.
  我的问题是你如何认识他的。 同位语
  当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分,前者就叫做后者的同位语(appositive).这两个句子成分多由名词(代词)担任,同位语通常皆放在其说明的名词(代词)之后。
  This is Miss Chen, our English teacher.
  这是陈小姐,我们的英语老师。
  My parents both are teacher.
  我父母俩都是老师。
  We all like sports.
  我们都喜欢运动。
英语句子种类
一、基本句型(Basic Sentence Patterns):英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的:
I 句子成分
句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中,词与词之间有一定的组合关系,按照不同的关系,可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。英语的基本成分有六种:主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)和状语(adverbial)。
II 基本句型
基本句型一: S V (主+谓)
基本句型二: S V P (主+谓+表)
基本句型三: S V O (主+谓+宾)
基本句型四: S V o O (主+谓+间宾+直宾)
基本句型五: S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补)
1 基本句型 一S V (主+谓)
此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等
2 基本句型 二& S V P (主+谓+表)
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。be, look, keep, seem, get, grow, become, turn等
This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。
The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。
&Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了。
&He is growing tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮。
& Our well has gone dry. 我们的井干枯了。
& His face turned red. 他的脸红了。
3 基本句型 三S V O (主+谓+宾)
此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。
&S V(及物动词) O
1. Who │knows │the answer?& 谁知道答案?
2. He │has refused │to help them. 他拒绝帮他们的忙。
3. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜欢看书。
4. They │ate │what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。
5. He │said │"Good morning." 他说:"早上好!
4 基本句型 四 S V o O (主+谓+间宾+直宾)
此句型的句子有一个共同特点:谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者,另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接,当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时,这一介词往往被省略。
S │V(及物)│o(多指人)│ O(多指物)
1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳
2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一餐美馔。
3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。
4. I │showed │him │my pictures. 我给他看我的照片。
5. I │gave │my car │a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。
5 基本句型 五S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补)
此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。
S │V(及物)│ O(宾语) │ C(宾补)
1. They │appointed │him │manager. 他们任命他当经理。
2. They │painted │the door │green. 他们把门漆成绿色。
3.. This │set │them │thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。
4. What │makes │him │think so? 他怎么会这样想?
5. He │asked │me │to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。
6. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。
注意:以上只是五个基本句型,但是我们在阅读中碰到的是血肉更丰满的句子。 下面以基本句型五为例一个句子来扩充一个句子,我们可以加上适当的定语,状语等,使之更血肉丰满:
We found the hall full. 我们发现礼堂坐满了。
We found the great hall full of students and teachers.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师。
We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.
我们发现大礼堂坐满了在听一个重要报告的学生和教师。
We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the People's Daily on current affairs in East Europe.
我们发现大礼堂坐满了在听人民日报的一位同志作有关东欧局势的重要报告的学生和教师。
二、按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1) 陈述句(Declarative Sentences):说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。
Light travels faster than sound.光比声速度快。(说明事实)
The film is rather boring.这部电影很乏味。(说明看法)
2) 疑问句(Interrogative Sentences):提出问题。有以下四种:
a.一般疑问句(General Questions):
Can you finish the work in time? 你能按时完成工作吗?
b. 特殊疑问句(W Q H Questions):
Where do you live?你住那儿?
How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事?
c.选择疑问句(Alternative Questions):
Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶还是要咖啡?
d.反意疑问句(Tag-Questions):
He doesn't know her, does he? 他不认识她,对不对?
3) 祈使句(Imperative Sentences):提出请求,建议或发出命令
Sit down, please.请坐。
Don't be nervous!别紧张!
4) 感叹句(Exclamatory Sentences):表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪
What good news it is!多好的消息啊!
三、句子按其结构可以分为以下三类:简单句, 并列句, 主从复合句
1、 简单句(Simple Sentences):只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句
不管是我们阅读还是写作,构造和理解简单句都是最基本的技能。在这个技能中,记住一点是十分重要的。也就是说:在英语简单句中,只能有而且(一般情况下)必须有一个谓语部分。英语的简单句只有五种基本句型,也就是我们上面提到的五中基本句型,所有的英语句子都不能离开这五种基本句型,所以我们把它们谙熟于心是非常重要而且大有裨益的。再重复一下,这五种句型是:SV , SVC , SVO , SVOC , SVOiOd。其中S = Subject,也就是主语;V = Verbal phrase,也就是谓语部分;C = Complement ,表示跟在系动词之后的补语;O = Object,也就是句子的宾语,在最后一种句型中包括间接宾语和直接宾语。
She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜欢集邮。
2、 并列句(Compound Sentences):包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句,句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接,例如:The food was good, but he had little appetite.
英语的并列句一般情况下引不起巨大的阅读障碍,因为在分句之间往往有固定的连接词说明前后分句的关系。这样的连接词有以and为代表的表示意义延伸的并列连词、以or为代表的表示选择概念的并列连词、以but为代表的表示转折的并列连词和表示原因的for四个类型。对此我们分别举例句来说明问题:
第一种 and型, ( and, both A and B, not only A but also B, neither A nor B )
1.The camera takes good pictures, and the price is reasonable.
2.He doesn’t care for money, nor does he care for fame.
第二种 or型 ( or, either ... or )
1.The children can go with us , or they can stay at home.
2.Take a map with you, or you will be lost.
第三种 but型 ( but, while… )
He doesn’t earn much, but he spends money freely.
Some people waste food, while others have none.
第四种 for型
1. He must have done something wrong, for the teacher called him to the office.
2. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.
3、复合句(Complex Sentences):包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句,从句由从属连词引导,The film had begun when we got to the cinema.
如果一个句子充当另一个句子的组成部分, 如主语、 宾语、 表语、同位语、定语、状语等,具有这样结构的句子称为主从复合句。充当某一成分的句子称为从句,带着从句的句子称为主句。从句对主句的关系是从属关系。住句和从句之间有一定的连接词加以连接。从属关系的复合句包括名词性从句(Nominal Clauses)(包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)、定语从句(Relative Clauses)、状语从句(Adverbial Clauses)。
下面我们分别来探究一下什么是名词性从句, 定语从句, 状语从句。
(一)名词性从句:在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语与同位语的句子分别叫做主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,这些从句统称为名词性从句。
(1)主语从句 在复合句中用作主语的从句叫主语从句。
That you are leaving is a pity. 你要走,真遗憾。
What matters is how you live. 重要的是你如何生活。
Where he lives is not clear.& 他住哪儿不清楚。
Who will stay makes no difference. 谁留下来都一样。
Whether the football game will be played depends on the weather.
足球比赛是否举行将视天气而定。
注意:主语从句中的连接词(引导词)为:
从属连词 that ,if ,whether
连接代词 who, whom, whose, which, what&&&&
连接副词 when ,where ,how ,why
a. 所有wh-疑问词引导的主语从句不仅起连接主句与从句的作用,而且还在从句中担任各类成分及具有词汇意义,而that在从句中仅起连接作用, 没有词汇意义,但 that引导的主语从句时,that不可以省.
b. 主语从句表示是否只能用whether引导。
c.主语从句的语序是陈述句的语序
&但是大部分主语从句都可以用it作形式主语,这主要是为了保持句子平衡,主语从句常用it作形式主语,将主语从句后置。用it作形式主语的主语从句结构有如下几种:
&a. It is + 名词 + that从句
It's a pity that we can't go. 很遗憾我们不能去。
It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. 英语正在被人们接受为一种国际语言,这是一个事实。
b.It is + 形容词 + that从句
It is certain that she will do well in her exam.毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。
It is probable that he told her everything.很可能他把一切都告诉她了。
c.It + 动词 + that从句
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.艾丽丝似乎不来参加晚会。
It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。 (= I happened to be out that day.)
d.It is + 过去分词 + that从句
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit. 据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。
注意: 用形式主语it引导的主语从句相当多,有些已形成固定的语法和译法。常见的有:
&It is said that... 据说……
It is reported that... 据报导……
It is well known that... 众所周知……
It is announced that... 据宣布……
It is believed that... 人们相信……
It is thought that... 人们认为……
It is understood that... 自不待言……
It must be pointed out that... 必须指出……
It must be admitted that... 必须承认…… 其他情况
It doesn't matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。
It suddenly occurred to her that she had forgotten to lock the door.她突然想到她忘记锁门了。
并且当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时,宜用it作形式主语,而把主语从句后置。
Is it possible that they may complete the task ahead of time? 他们有可能提前完成任务吗?
Does it matter much that he won't be able to come tomorrow? 他明天来不了很要紧吗?
此外连接代词what, whoever, whatever, whichever等引导的主语从句不宜用it作形式主语。
Is what he told us really true? 他所告诉我们的的确是真的吗?
Whichever of you want to come to our party will be welcome. 你们中任何想来参加我们晚会的人都欢迎。
&使用虚拟语气的主语从句 在It is suggested, ordered, requested, insisted, etc. + that从句中,谓语部分用should + 动词原形,should常被省略。
&It is suggested that we (should) do the experiment a second time.有人建议我们再做一次实验。
在It is important, natural, necessary, funny, strange, surprising, a pity, a shame, no wonder etc. + that从句中,谓语部分常用should + 动词原形,should常被省略。
It is important and necessary that we (should) keep the balance of nature. 我们要维持生态平衡,这是重要而且必不可少的。
It is a pity that you (should) miss such a good chance.真遗憾你竟然失去这么好的机会。
(2)宾语从句 宾语从句 The Object Clause,在复合句中作主句的宾语,它属于名词性从句。它可以作主句谓语动词的宾语,也可以作介词的宾语。宾语从句以从句的句式来决定连接词。宾语从句有四步曲
1.连接词(引导词)相同于主语从句
从属连词 that ,if ,whether
连接代词 who, whom, whose, which, what
连接副词 when ,where ,how ,why
2.语序: 从句的词序用陈述语序(主+ 谓)
3.时态:如主句的时态如果是过去时,从句的时态应以过去时为基础作相应的变化。一般来说宾语从句的时态作以下相应的变化
a. 从现在时间推移到过去时间:  一般现在时 —— 一般过去时  现在进行时 —— 过去进行时  现在完成时 —— 过去完成时  现在完成进行时 —— 过去完成进行时
b. 从过去时间推移到过去的过去时间  一般过去时 —— 过去完成时  过去完成时 —— 过去完成时
c. 从将来时间推移到过去将来时间  一般将来时 —— 一般过去将来时
4.人称: 要根据句中的意义作相应的变化
1.使用宾语从句还有一个要注意的问题是在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词所跟的宾语中,如果从句谓语是否定的,一般要将否定词移到主句谓语上,而将从句的谓语变为肯定形式。
I don't think he has time to play football with you.我想他没有时间和你踢足球。
I don't suppose it is the rush hour yet.我估计现在未到(交通)高峰时间。
(3)表语从句 表语从句放在连系动词之后,充当复合句中的表语。
1.可接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, seem,ound, appear等。
China is no longer what she used to be.今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。
The question remains whether they will be able to help us.问题还是他们能否帮我们。
At that time, it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word anyhow.
当时,我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。
注意:表语从句中的连接词如主语从句,宾语从句,但是同主语从句一样连词that引导的表语从句中that不可以省,表语语从句表示是否只能用whether
2.使用虚拟语气的表语从句在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句,谓语动词需用"should+动词原形"表示,should可省略。常见的词有:advice, suggestion, order, proposal, plan, idea等。
My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow.我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。
His proposal was that they (should) challenge the other classes to a friendly competition.
他的提议是挑战别的班级进行一场友谊竞赛。
(4)同位语从句同位语从句用于对前面的名词作进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容。同位语从句一般由that引导,但也可以由whether以及连接代词和连接副词引导。
1. 同位语从句一般跟在名词的后面 同位语从句一般跟在名词fact, hope, idea, news, doubt, suggestion, information, opinion, decision, discovery, truth, promise, statement, problem, rule等后面。
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
对你生病这件事,他们都很焦虑。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come? 你在哪儿听说我不能来?
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
到哪儿去度暑假,这个问题我们还没有决定。
There is no doubt that we will win. 毫无疑问我们会赢的。
注意:当含有同位语从句的主句谓语部分过短时,可以把谓语动词提前,使同位语从句与名词隔开,以避免头重脚轻的现象。
Word came that Mr President would come and inspect our school himself. 有消息说总统先生将亲自来视察我们学校。
2. 使用虚拟语气的同位语从句在一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后的同位语从句中,谓语动词用"should + 动词原形",should可省略。
This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.
尽快解决这个问题,这是我们惟一的请求。
He made the suggestion that we (should) go by train. 他建议我们坐火车去。
(二)状语从句: 状语从句 Adverbial Clause,从句用作状语称为状语从句。根据用途,状语从句可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、方式、让步、结果、目的、比较等状语从句。
1、 时间状语从句 时间状语从句表示时间,常用的关联词有when, until, as, after, before, once, since, as soon as, whenever,no sooner…than, hardly/scarcely/barely…when, the moment, every time等等。
1) When you cross a main road, you must be careful.
2) He went out to play football after he had finished his homework.
3) Wait until you are called.
4) I can't recognize you. You are so changed since last we met.
5) He is so terrible once he is drunk.
(2) 地点状语从句  地点状语从句表示地点,常用的关联词有where, wherever等。
1) Put it where you found it.
2) Sit down wherever you like.
(3). 原因状语从句  原因状语从句表示原因或理由,常用的关联词有because, as, since,for,, now that, considering that(由于考虑到)等。
1) I eat ice-cream so much because I like sweet food.
2) As I didn't know the way, I asked a policeman.
3) Since you won't help me, I'll ask someone else.
(4) 条件状语从句条件状语从句表示真实的或现实的条件,引导从句所用的关联词有if, unless, suppose, in case(that), in the event (that), as (so) long as,provided/providing that, on condition that等等。
1.If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.
2.You'll be late, unless you hurry.
3.Suppose we are late, what will he say? (suppose从句必须放在主句之前) 我们如果迟到了,他会说什么?
4.In the event that our team wins, there will be a party.
5.In case it rains, do not expect me. 如果下雨,就不要等我了。
6.He will do anything as(so) long as it is interesting. 只要好玩,他什么都愿意做。
(5). 方式状语从句方式状语从句表示动作的方式,回答How的问题,常用关联词as, as if, as though, the way(that), in the way(that)等引导,一般置于主语之后。
Do as I say. I did just as you told me.照我说的去做。我就是照你说的去做的。
He acts as if/as though he were the owner.他行为举止好象是这儿的主人似的。
They did it in a way that I had never seen before.他们以我从没见过的方式行事。
I was never allowed to sing the way I wanted to.我从未被允许用自己想用的方式唱歌。
(6) 让步状语从句让步状语从句表示“虽然、尽管、即使”等概念,使句子具有对比的因素。常用的关联词有although, though, even if, even though,whether, as, however, while, no matter+特殊疑问词,特殊疑问词+ever
1) Although you feel very ill right now, this is still a common disease.
2) We intend to go U.S., even if air fares are expensive.
3) I wouldn’t go to see the new movie no matter who recommends it.
(7) 结果状语从句 结果状语从句表示结果, 常由连词so…that, such(a/an)…that, so that, such that等引导,置于主语之后。
1)She was so frightened about the dog that she cried.
2)The news worried him so much that he didn't sleep at all for the whole night.
3)They are such wonderful players that no one can beat them.
4)We arrived early, so that we got good seats.
(8)目的状语从句 目的状语从句表示目的,回答what for或 for what purpose的问题,常用关联词so that, in order that,lest等引导,一般置于主语之后。目的状语从句中的谓语动词常由“情态动词+动词原形”构成
1) We arrived early so that we could get good seats.
2) Ships carry lifeboats so that people can escape if the ship sinks.
3)They wrote the notice in several languages so that foreigners could understand it.
(9)比较状语从句 常用的关联词有as, than, as…as, not so…as, the more…the more
1)Air is to men as water is to fish.
2) The more civilized a man becomes, the less he is limited by the disadvantage of his environment.
(三)定语从句 定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。 关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。关系副词有:when, where, why等
(1)关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。
1)先行词指人,关系代词用who, whom, that,这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2)先行词指物, 关系代词用which, that,它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)
3) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换),
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose cover is green.
=Please pass me the bok the cover of which is green.
=Please pass me the book of which the cover is green.
请递给我那本绿皮的书。
4) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a)在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。
b)在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用 which。
c)先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。
d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。
e)先行词既有人,又有物时,只用that。
(2)关系副词引导的定语从句先行词是指时间、地点或理由的名词,引导词可用关系副词并在从句中作状语。
1)when, where, why 是关系副词,它们的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用.
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2)怎样判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一:用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面跟宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词后不跟宾语,则要求用关系副词。
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。
方法二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held?
A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one
答案:例1 D,例2 A
例1变为肯定句: This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句: This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中,所缺部分为表语(也是先行词),而where, that, on which都不能起到先行词的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,而关系代词在宾语从句中作宾语,我们就可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on 用的不对,所以选A。
所以关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语) 。
(3). 限制性和非限制性定语从句
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,
This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。
(非限制性)
2) 非限制性定语从句出了能修饰一个先行词外,还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,关系代词多用which或 as.
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。
注意:as, which 引导非限定性定语从句,相当于and this或and that,As一般放在句首,which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to u
&as可引导非限制性从句,常含有'正如'的意思。
&As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.
(4). 先行词和关系词二合一
我们还会碰到一些先行词和关系词合二为一的情况, 如:
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. ( 划线部分为主语从句但Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替,因此Anyone who spits in public will be punished here.中, 划线部分又成了定语从句)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替)
还有如 what = the thing that;whatever = anything that
&who= the person that whoever= anyone who
&(错)Who breaks the law will be punished.
(错)Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
(对)Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
(对)Who robbed the bank is not clear.
注意:that 和 what的用法
1)当that引导定语从句时,通常用作关系代词并在从句中充当成分,而在引导名词性从句时,that是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句中可省,而在表语从句,主语从句和同位语中的that不可省略。What只能引导名词性从句, 用作连接代词,作从句的具体成分,且不能省略。
That the world’s first compass was invented by the Chinese people is a well-known historical fact.
I think (that) you will like the stamps.
What we need is more practice.
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