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>>>I prefer watching TV to ______ music every day.A.listen toB..
I prefer watching TV to ______ music every day.A.listen toB.listenC.listening toD.listening
题型:单选题难度:中档来源:不详
C试题分析: prefer A to B表示与B相比更喜欢A,主语A和B结构一定要相同,动名词表示抽象动作,listen后接听的对象时,要加介词to。选C。点评:prefer的用法比较复杂,需要注意的是prefer A to B 与prefer to的区别。非谓语动词的用法比较复杂,但都有比较固定的应用规则,平时应熟记这些规则,答题时结合具体语境分析。
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据魔方格专家权威分析,试题“I prefer watching TV to ______ music every day.A.listen toB..”主要考查你对&&分词,不定式,动名词&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下:
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分词不定式动名词
分词:就是具有动词及形容词二者特征的词;尤指以-ing或-ed,-d,-t,-en或-n结尾的英语动词性形容词,具有形容词功能,同时又表现各种动词性特点,如时态,语态、带状语性修饰语的性能及带宾语的性能。分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种,是一种非谓语动词形式。现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于:现在分词表示"主动和进行",过去分词表示"被动和完成"(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。 现在分词构成形式:①一般在动词原形末尾加ing,如do→doing、sing→singing、comfort→comforting②以不发音的e、ue结尾的动词,先去e,再加ing,如dance→dancing、hike→hiking、write→writing、make→ making,take→taking③以ee、oe、ye结尾的动词加ing,如see→seeing、toe→toeing、dye→dyeing④以重读闭音节结尾的动词,并且末尾只有一个辅音字母,应双写这一字母,再加ing,如cut→cutting、swim→swimming注:结尾是x则不必双写,如relax→relaxing⑤以ie结尾的动词,要把ie变成y再加ing,如die→dying,lie→lying.⑥以ic结尾的动词,要把ic变成ick再加ing,如picnic→picnicking,traffic→trafficking
过去分词构成形式:1.规则动词:规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则:(1)、一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ”。(然而要注意的是,过去分词并不是过去式)work---worked---worked ,& visit---visited---visited(2)、以不发音的“ e ” 结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”。live---lived---lived(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“ ed ”。study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried,try---tried---tried,fry---fried---fried.[1](4)、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。stop---stopped---stopped& ,& drop---dropped--dropped(5)、以ic结尾的动词,要把ic变成ick再加ed,picnic→picnicked& ,traffic→trafficked2 、不规则动词:见不规则动词表分词用法: 1、分词作状语    分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。    分词(短语)作状语时,其逻辑主语应与句中主语相一致。当现在分词表示的动作发&生在谓语动词之前时, 则用现在分词的完成式,且所表示动作与谓语动作同时发生, 则用现在分词的一般式。完成或被动关系用过去分词。    ①现在分词:The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.    ②过去分词:Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.&Given&& better attention, the plants could grow better.    2、“while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)+分词”结构    现在分词或过去分词作状语时,有时可以在分词前加while,when, once, although,&until, if等连词。    ①现在分词:When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for& the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work……    ②过去分词:Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it& well.    Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.    3、分词作定语    分词作定语时,单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前,分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。   &We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.   &This is really an exhausting day to all of us!    We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.    After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.    More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with& developed countries    4、分词作宾语补足语    现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分。 例:I see him passing my house every day.I caught him stealing things in that shop.I smelt something burning.5、分词作表语分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。过去分词表示主语的感受或状态,主语多为人。现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为物; ①过去分词:We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning.She felt confused, and even frightened.②现在分词:He was very amusing.That book was rather boring.很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语:exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.动词不定式:指由to加上动词原形(而且只能是动词原形)所构成的一种非限定性动词,但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。动词不定式可以作以上各种成分,但它毕竟是动词,所以有动词的属性。动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语,虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由使动者发出。这一使动者我们称之为逻辑主语,其形式如下:
(not) to do
(not)&to be done
(not) to have done
(not) to have been done
(not) to be doing
完成进行式
(not) to have been doing
&不定式的用法:1、不定式作主语 例如:To remember this is very important. 注意:为了避免头重脚轻,在许多情况下,通常都将作主语的不定式置于句子后部,而在句首主语位置使用形式主语it。 例如:It is very important to remember this. 2、不定式作表语例如:He seems to be ill. 注意:不定式作表语主要有三种情况,一是用于seem, appear, prove等系动词之后的不 定式(尤其是to be),二是像My job is to sweep the floor. 这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形,三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等,如:&You are to come when I call. 3、不定式作宾语 例如:I can not afford to buy a car. 注意:①不定式不仅用作动词的宾语,还可用作个别介词(but, except)的宾语。 例如:I had no choice but to wait. ②当作宾语的不定式后跟有宾语补足语时,通常要用形式宾语it代替不定式,并将真正的宾语不定式置于宾语补足语之后 例如:I find it difficult to learn Japanese well. 4、不定式作宾语补足语 例如:Who taught you to drive? 5、不定式作定语 例如:I have a question to ask you. 注意:有的名词(如way, chance, right等)后用作不定式可换成of doing sth. 如:It is the best way to do (of doing) it. 但是以下名词后接不定式作定语时通常不能换成of doing sth. attempt& courage& decision& effort& fortune& failure& invitation& wish 6、不定式作状语 例如:I went to France to learn French. 动名词:如果一个动词加上了ing变成了名词,那么这个词称动名词。 动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。它可以支配宾语,也能被副词修饰。由于动名词是由动词变化而来,它仍保留着动词的某些特征,具有动词的某些变化形式,用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念。动名词的名词特征表现在它可在句子中当名词来用,作主语、宾语、表语、定语。动名词的结构和形式:动名词的否定结构:动名词的否定结构由not 动名词组成。如: Trying without success is better than not trying at all. 实验没有成功也比不实验好。 He hated himself for not having work hard. 他悔恨自己没有用功。 I’m sorry for not having telephoned you before. 很抱歉,没有早给你打电话。 He felt sorry for not having done the work well. 他为没有把工作做好感到难过。 I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going. 我看不去对你倒好了。(not going 是动名词一般式的否定形式) There is no denying the fact that he si diligent. (no denying 也是动名词一般式的否定)
动名词复合结构:通常情况下,动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语。如果动名词动作的发出者不失谓语动的主语时,则需要有自己的逻辑主语物主代词或名词所有格加动名词就构成了动名词的复合结构,这种结构在句中可以作主语,宾语等。 (1)逻辑主语是有生命的名词作主语时,必须用名词或代词所有格,作宾语时(尤其在口语中),也可用名词普通个或人称代词宾格。如: Do you think my going there will be of any help? 你看我去会有什么帮助吗?(宾语) The student’s knowing English well helps him in learning French. 这位学生通晓英语对他学法语很有帮助。(主语) Do you mind my(me) smoking ? 你介意我抽烟吗?(宾语) They insist on Mary’s (Mary) going with them there. 他们坚持要玛丽跟他们一起去那儿。(介词宾语) (2)逻辑主语是无生命名词是,通常只用名词普通格。如: Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof? 你听见雨点打在屋顶上了吗? Is there any hope of our team winning the match ? 我们对赢得比赛有希望吗? (3) 逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this that , somebody , someone , nobody, none, anybody, anyone 时,只用普通格。如: She was woken up by somebody shouting outside. 她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。
动名词的形式(一般式,完成式和被动式):(1) 动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如: We are very interested in collecting stamps. 我们对集邮很感兴趣。 His coming will be of great help to us . 他来对我们大有帮助。 但是有些明确表示时间的动词和介词 after, on,upon, 或for之后,常用一般式代替完成式,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。如: I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.我永远不会忘记第一次看到长城的情景。 On hearing that bad news , the mother couldn’t help crying. 一听到这个糟糕的消息,母亲就禁不住哭了起来。 Excuse me for coming late. 我来晚了,请原谅。 Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢你给了我们这么多帮助。 (2) 动名词的完成式所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。 He regrets not having taken part in the work. 他后悔没有参加这项工作。 We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. 我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。 (3)动名词的被动式:当动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者时,用被动语态。如: I like being given harder work. 我喜欢接受难点的工作。 She is proud of being admitted into the university. 她为被大学录取而感到自豪。 The meeting was put off without his having been consulted. 会议延期并未和他商量。 He doesn’t mind having been criticized. 他不介意过去受到的批评。 动名词与现在分词的关系:动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同,都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中,这两种形式同视为"-ing形式"。这两种形式的另一个相同之处是:它们都是由动词变化而成的,它们都保留了动词的某些特征,它们都能带自己的宾语、状语,而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。例如:Speaking in the public,he will surely be very cheerful .(现在分词短语,作状语)他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。She hates speaking in the public.(动名词短语,作宾语)她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。
动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是:①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如:My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换)②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如:The story is interesting .不可改为:Interesting is the story.2.动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于:动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质、状态或动作等。试比较:①a swimming boy和a swimming suit前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作;而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming,动名词swimming表示suit 的用途。②a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping,现在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词 child 正处于的状态;而后者的意思是“卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping,动名词 sleeping 表示car 的用途。动名词用法口诀:动名词常泛指,句法作用宾/表/定与主,时态/语态之形式,一般/完成/被动式。Being done 系被动,不含任何进行意。用作主语请留意,常用it作形式主语,不指未来发生事,表达的信息系已知。用作表语请记清,作用相当一名词,检验方法很简单,主与表换位能成立。用作定语也易辩,表示名词之用途。用作宾语稍复杂,关键留意谓语动词(跟动名词作宾语的常用动词附后),时态同谓动作比较,先于谓动用完成式,其逻辑主语不固定,在句中/句外均有之。否定式其前加not,复合式其前加物主词,非句首宾格词也可用,尤其口语中更如此。说明:1、主-----主语 2、宾-----宾语 3、表------表语 4、定------定语 5、谓动---谓语动词
动名词的用法: 一、动名词作主语&1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如:    &&&& Swimming is a good sport in summer.    2. 用 it 作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。    动名词做主语时,不太常用 it 作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如: It is no use telling him not to worry.    常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等。    注意:important,essential,necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。    3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如:    There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。   &4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如:    No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). (禁止吸烟)    No parking. (禁止停车)    5. 动名词的复合结构作主语    当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格,构成动名词的复合结构(这时,名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如:   &Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.    二、动名词作宾语 1.作动词的宾语    某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有:admit, appreciate, excuse, stand, advise, allow, permit, avoid,& consider, enjoy, finish&&&&& They went on walking and never stopped talking.他们继续走,说个不停。&I found it pleasant walking along the seashore.在海滩上走真是乐事。    Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic &regulations.    每当马克违反交通规则时,他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。   &2.作介词的宾语    We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term.&我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。    Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work?&我们休息呢还是开始干活?    3.作形容词的宾语    The music is well worth listening to more than once.&&这种曲子很值得多听几遍。    We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。 三、动名词作表语 动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语、动名词与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。    Your task is cleaning the windows.&& 你的任务就是擦窗户。(Cleaning the windows is your task.)    What I hate most is being laughed at.& 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。(Being laughed at is what I hate most.) 四、动名词作定语 动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如:    a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking    a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing   &a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading    a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring    sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping 动名词是非限定动词的一种形式,由动词原形+ing构成。它既有动词的特征,又有名词的特征,故称。动名词也有时态和语态的变化,如表所示(以及物动词write为例),不及物动词没有语态的变化。
动名词使用注意事项:1) 动名词做主语时,谓语动词为单数2) 在动名词和不定式中,作为介词的宾语是动名词3) 动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语例:I would appreciate you calling back this afternoon.4) 有些词后只能接动名词
understand...5) 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法it’ it’s no/little/hardly any/ it’s not/hardly/ it’ spend money/ there’ there’ there’ what’s the use/point6) 有些词后面加不定式和动名词均可remember,forget,try,stop,go on,continue,stop,regret,cease,mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式,但意义截然不容。例:remember to do/doing:①I remembered to post the letters.(指未来/过去未来将要做的动作)②I remembered posting/having posted the letters.(我记得做过这个动作)&forget与remember的用法类似。&regret的用法:①I regret to inform you that…(我很遗憾地通知你……)②I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.(为了“二十年前的离开”而遗憾。)&try to(努力)与try +–ing(试验):①You really must try to overcome your shyness.②Try practicing five hours a day.
发现相似题
与“I prefer watching TV to ______ music every day.A.listen toB..”考查相似的试题有:
29365629930126757726649357483295740解析试题分析: prefer A to B表示与B相比更喜欢A,主语A和B结构一定要相同,四个选项中只有选项A前后结构一致,故选A。考点:prefer的平行结构点评:prefer的用法比较复杂,需要注意的是prefer A to B 与prefer to的区别。非谓语动词的用法比较复杂,但都有比较固定的应用规则,平时应熟记这些规则,答题时结合具体语境分析。
请在这里输入关键词:
科目:初中英语
来源:2013届陕西西安音乐学院附属中等音乐学校九年级上学期末考试英语试卷(带解析)
题型:单选题
I prefer not to eat too much food ________ is fried, like French fried.A.thatB.whatC.itD./
科目:初中英语
来源:学年江苏省九年级下学期第一次抽考英语试卷(解析版)
题型:单项填空
---Tina, I want to have a pet. How about a dog?
--- I prefer a cat. It is ______ to take care of.
A. easiest&&&&&& &&&&& B.
the easiest& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.
easier&&&&&&& &&&&& D.
easy
科目:初中英语
来源:学年福建省龙岩市初三学业(升学)质量检查英语卷
题型:单项填空
--Do you prefer grapes ______ bananas?
-- I prefer grapes _____banana.
&&&&&&&&&
A. W; or&&&&&&& B.
to&&&&&&&&& C.
to&&&&&& D. than
科目:初中英语
来源:2012届江苏省附属初级中学初三期中考试英语卷
题型:句型转换
句型转换(本题共5小题;每小题1分,满分5分)
请根据要求改写下列句子,每空一词。
1. I don’t know what to do with it.( 同义句转换)
I don’t know &&&&&&&to
&&&&&&with it.
2. The little girl caught a beautiful
butterfly just now. (改为被动语态)
A beautiful butterfly&&&&&&&&&&&&&&by
the little girl just now.
3. I prefer doing everything for myself to
asking my mother for help.
(保持句义基本不变)
I would _________ do everything for myself
_________ ask my mother for help.
4. It is creative of Peter to be a writer.
(保持句意基本不变)
Peter is creative &&&&&&&&&&&&&&be
a writer.
5. Martin was excited at the news.& He
couldn’t fall asleep. (合并句子)
Martin was _________ excited at the news
_________fall asleep.
科目:初中英语
来源:2012届度江苏省如皋市教育共同体九年级上学期期中考试英语卷
题型:单项填空
---What a heavy rain!
&&&& ----So it
is. I prefer ______ at home ______on such a rainy day.
A. watch TV; to go
out&&&&&&& B. watch TV; go out
C.
watching TV; to going out&& D. to watch TV; going out
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>>>I prefer studying English at home ____ the match.A.rather t..
I prefer studying English at home ____ the match.A.rather than watchingB.to watchC.rather than watchD.to watching
题型:单选题难度:中档来源:不详
D试题分析:考查固定词组:prefer doing to doing“宁愿做…也不愿”,句意是:我宁愿在家学英语也不愿看电视。选D。点评:表示“宁愿做…也不愿”还可以说prefer to do rather than do,就是搭配不同,做题时要仔细辨别。
马上分享给同学
据魔方格专家权威分析,试题“I prefer studying English at home ____ the match.A.rather t..”主要考查你对&&现在分词的被动式,现在分词,不定式的被动式,过去分词&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下:
现在没空?点击收藏,以后再看。
因为篇幅有限,只列出部分考点,详细请访问。
现在分词的被动式现在分词不定式的被动式过去分词
现在分词的被动式概念:
现在分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是现在分词动作的承受者。两种现在分词的被动式:
现在分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是现在分词动作的承受者。根据现在分词动作发生的时间,现在分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done)和完成被动式(having been done)。如:The question being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。&&&&&&& Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老师批评以后,他把烟戒了。注意:在need, want, require, beworth等动词(短语)后,作宾语的现在分词常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如:Your shoes need cleaning.=Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。 &&&&&&&& This book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一看。现在分词被动式的用法:
当要表示一个被动动作时,现在分词就用被动形式。现在分词的一般式和完成式均有被动式形式: (1)现在分词一般式的被动式。主要表示现在正在进行的动作,也可表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作: 如:Who is the woman being operated on? 正在动手术的女人是谁?&&&&&&&&&I saw him being taken away by the police. 我看见他被警察带走。 【注】有时现在分词一般式的被动式所表示的动作也可发生在谓语动作之前(此时的现在分词通常用于表示原因,且多为状态动词): 如:Not having a car, he finds it difficult to get around. 由于没车,她感到行动很困难。 (2)现在分词完成式的被动式。主要表示发生在谓语动词之前且已经完成的动作: 如:The subject having been opened, he had to go on with it. 话题已经开始了,他不得不谈下去。 &&&&&&& Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。 比较:Being soill, she can't go to school. 由于病得那么严重,她不能去上学。 &&&&&&&&&&& Having been ill for a long time he needed time to recover. 由于病了很长时间,他需要一段恢复的时间。现在分词的概念:
现在分词(PresentParticiple)(又称-ing形式),是分词的一种,是非限定动词,即在句子里面不能单独充当谓语,但能充当其它的一些成分(定语,表语,补语和状语)。一般式:doing;一般被动式:being done;完成式:having done;完成被动式:having been done。所有否定式都是在-ing前面加not。现在分词的用法:
1)做表语: 如:He was very amusing. &&&&&&& That book was rather boring. 很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语:exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling. 2)作定语: 上面所出现的现在分词都可以用作定语,修饰一个名词: 如:That must have been a terrifying experience. &&&&&&& I found him a charming person. 现在分词短语还可以放在名词的后面修饰名词,相当于一个定语从句: 如:There are a few boys swimming in the river. &&&&&&& There is a car waiting outside. 3)作状语: 现在分词短语可以表示一个同时发生的次要的或伴随的动作: 如:Following Tom, we started to climb the mountain.&&&&&&&& Opening the drawer, he took out a box. &&&&&&& Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door. 现在分词短语还可以表示原因,相当于一个原因状语从句: 如:Not knowing her address, we couldn't get in touch with her. &&&&&&& Being unemployed, he hasn't got much money. 现在分词短语还可以表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句: 如:Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. &&&&&&& Returning home, he began to do his homework.&&&&&&&&&Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis. &&&&&&& Be careful when crossing the road. &&&&&&& Having found a hotel, we looked for some where to have dinner. &&&&&&& Having finished her work, she went home. 4)作宾补: 现在分词在一些动词之后可以做宾语的补语: 例如:see, hear, catch, find, keep, have等。如:I see him passing my house every day. &&&&&&& I caught him stealing things in that shop. &&&&&&& I smelt something burning. &&&&&&& She kept him working all day.现在分词其他用法解析:
1、现在分词一般式的用法:现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与主语动作同时发生: 如:When we arrived, we found him sleeping. 我们到达时发现他在睡觉。 &&&&&&&& Living in the 示的动作也可略早于或迟于谓语动作,但两者之间没有时间间隔: 如:Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave a note. 发现没有在家,他决定留个字条。&&&&&&&&& He went home, finding the door locked. 他回到家,发现门是锁着的。当现在分词所表示的动作略迟于谓语动作时,现在分词通常位于句末。2、现在分词完成式的用法:现在分词的完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作: 如:Having been there once, she knew the place quite well. 由于去过那儿一次,她对那地方很熟悉。 &&&&&&& Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again. 他已经失败了两次,不想再试了。注:(1)现在分词的一般式和完成式均可表示已完成或先于谓语的动作,但有区别:现在分词所表示的动作虽然可以先于谓语动作,但两者之间没有时间间隔,而现在分词的完成式所表示先于谓语的动作则与谓语动作有一定的时间间隔: 如:Locking the door, he went out. 锁好门之后,他就出去了。 &&&&&&& Having invited him here to speak, we'd better go to his lecture. 既然我们请了他来作报告,我们最好去听一下。有时即使是分词动作与谓语动作几乎同时发生,但如果要强调分词动作的完成性,也应用现在分词的完成式: 如:Having bought our tickets, we went into the theatre. 我们买好票后就走进剧场。 (2)现在分词的完成式一般不用作定语:误:Do you know anyone having lost a cat? 你知道有谁丢了一只猫吗?误:I want to talk to the person having broken the window. 我想同打破窗户的人谈谈。若将以上现分词的完成式改为一般式也不可以(因为现在分词作后置定语时通常只表示与谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生的动作,而不能先于谓语动作而发生):误:I want to talk to the person breaking the window. 3、现在分词被动式的用法:当要表示一个被动动作时,现在分词就用被动形式。现在分词的一般式和完成式均有被动式形式: (1)现在分词一般式的被动式:主要表示现在正在进行的动作,也可表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作: 如:Who is the woman being operated on? 正在动手术的女人是谁? &&&&&&&& I saw him being taken away by the police. 我看见他被警察带走。注:有时现在分词一般式的被动式所表示的动作也可发生在谓语动作之前(此时的现在分词通常用于表示原因,且多为状态动词): 如:Not having a car, he finds it difficult to get around. 由于没车,她感到行动很困难。 (2)现在分词完成式的被动式:主要表示发生在谓语动词之前且已经完成的动作。如:The subject having been opened, he had to go on with it. 话题已经开始了,他不得不谈下去。 &&&&&&& Having been written inhaste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。比较:Being so ill, she can't go to school. 由于病得那么严重,她不能去上学。 &&&&&&&&&&& Having been ill for a long time, he needed time to recover. 由于病了很长时间,他需要一段恢复的时间。 不定式的被动式的概念:
如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式要用被动式。如:The next thing to be done is to get our classroom pained. 不定式被动式的用法:
一、基本形式: 不定式被动式的基本形式为to be done;若表示动作先于另一动作之前,则用完成式,即to have been done。 二、用法归纳:不定式被动式在句中可以用作: 1、主语:如:It's a great honour to be invited to the banquet. 承蒙邀请赴宴,甚是荣幸。 &&&&&&& To be attacked by the enemy is not a bad thing, but a good tiring. 被敌人反对是好事,不是坏事。 &&&&&&& It's a pity to be kept in the house in fine weather. 好天气时被留在家里是很遗憾的。 2、表语:如:All this is to be sold. 所有这些都是出售的。 &&&&&&& Water must be pure if it is to be drunk. 水如供饮用必须净化。 &&&&&&& The switchboard is to be manned at all times. 任何时候电话总机那儿都应有专人在岗负责。 3、宾语:如:She doesn't want to be separated from him. 她不愿和他分开。 &&&&&&& He begged to be allowed to return to Brazil. 他恳求允许他返回巴西。 &&&&&&& I don't wish to be disturbed in my work. 在工作时我不愿意被人打扰。 &&&&&&& They demanded to be shown the authentic documents. 他们要求出示真实可靠的文件。 4、定语:如:I made notes of the things to be mended. 我记下了需要修补的东西。 &&&&&& The Blacks are the first to be fired and the last to be hired. 黑人是最先被解雇,最后被雇用。 5、状语:如:He asked to be kept in formed about developments. 他要求随时向他报告发展情况。 &&&&&&& As she waited to be served, she became very impatient. 她在等候侍者送饭时,很不耐烦。 &&&&&&& She got there only to be told that they had gone on holiday. 她到达那里,被告知他们度假去了。 6、宾语补足语:如:He did not like his intention to be laughed at. 他不喜欢自己的意图受到嘲笑。 &&&&&&& He ordered the goods to be sent by air. 他命令把货物空运7、主语补足语:如:The court was ordered to be cleared. 有命令要关闭法庭。 &&&&&&& The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room. 不许将书携出室外。 8、用在“for+名(代)词+不定式”结构中。如:It's an honour for me to be asked to speak here. 我很荣幸被邀在这里讲话。 &&&&&&& It is essential for him to be prepared for this. 有必要让他对此有所准备。 &&&&&&& It's impossible for the job to be finished in time. 这项任务要按时完成是不可能的。 &&&&&&& The note was a simple request for a porter to be sent to room201. 这个字条就是请指派一个搬运工到201室去。 &&&&&&& Can you arrange for the gold to be delivered on Monday? 你能不能安排一下周一把金子送到?动词不定式的被动式之注意点:
&一、注意形式与功用:不定式的被动式为“to be+过去分词”,表示其逻辑主语是动作的承受者,具有被动含义。在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等。如:It was impossible for lost time to be made up. 要弥补已失去的时光是不可能的。 &&&&&&& I hope to be invited to the party. 我希望有人请我去参加晚会。 &&&&&&& Have you got ready for the meeting to be held? 你为即将举行的会议准备好了吗?&&&&&&&&&In order to be chosen, he sent each of them a present.为 了被选中,他给他们每人都送了礼物。 &&&&&&& The problem seems to be solved soon. 问题好像快要解决了。二、与不定式的主动式的比较:1、表示义务的概念,句子的主语是要做的动作或接受动作的人或物时,要用不定式的被动式。如:These sheets are to be washed. 这些床单要洗一洗。 &&&&&&& The cleaning is to be finished by mid day. 要在中午前打扫完毕。2、不定式作定语与被修饰词是主谓、动宾、同位等逻辑关系时,多用其主动式。如:Where is the boy to speak at tomorrow's meeting?(=who will speak at tomorrow's meeting主谓关系) 明天要在会上发言的那个男孩在哪里?&&&&&&&&&I have got a letter to write.(=that I will write动宾关系,尤其谓语动词为have, give, bring等时) 我有封信要写。 &&&&&& Give me a pen to write with.(=that I can write with不及物动词加上相应的介词)给我一枝笔写。 注意:如果动作的执行者在主语或宾语中没有出现,应用不定式的被动式。如:I'm going to the post office. Do you have any letters to be posted? 我要去邮局。你有信要寄吗?(动作执行者不是you) 3、在there be结构中,用不定式的主动式和被动式意义一般差别不大,但有些还是有差别的。如:There's a lot to be said (或to say) about this book. 关于这本书大有可说。 &&&&&&& There is nothing to see. 没有什么可看的了。 &&&&&&& There is nothing to be seen. 看不见有什么。(即“什么也没看见”) 4、修饰作表语或宾补的形容词的不定式,常用主动式表示被动含义。如:I don't think English hard to learn. 我认为英语不太难学。三、双重被动结构有些被动结构后接不定式作宾语、宾语补足语等时,仍然含有被动含义,就得用双重被动结构:如:The work is thought to be finished soon. 大家认为工作很快就完成了。四、动作发生的时间不定式多表示未来动作或情况,其被动式也不例外,上述各例皆有体现,尤其是改为定语从句时多为将来时的被动语态。另外我们还要注意以下两点: 1、表示被动关系时,当不定式的动作先于谓语时,可用不定式的被动式的完成时:to have been done;与谓语同时进行时,要用不定式的被动式的进行时:to be being done。如:The dead woman is said to have been badly treated. 据说死去的妇女受虐待。 &&&&&&& Rain forests are reported to be being cut down rapidly. 据报道雨林正被迅速地砍伐。 2、不定式的主动式作含序数词的被修饰词语的定语时,可表示已完成的动作。如:He was the first man to taste the tomato. 他是第一位品尝西红柿的人。 &&&&&&& They were the last to leave the countryside.他们是最后一批离开农村的。 过去分词的概念:
过去分词一般表示完成和被动的动作,只有一种形式。即:动词原形加-ed构成。如:fallen leaves 落叶&&&&&&&&&boiled water 开水 &&&&&&& I heard the door closed. 我听见门被关上了。 过去分词与现在分词被动式的区别:
两者均可表示被动,其区别主要在于它们所表示的时间概念不同,但有时它们也可表示相同的意思。 如:Written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。&&&&&&&&&Being written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。&&&&&&&&&Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。有时虽然所表示的时间概念相同,但有细微区别: 如:Having been show the lab, we left. 被领着看了实验室后,我们就离开了。过去分词的句法功能:
1、作定语: 如:I don't like the book written by Martin. &&&&&& Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。& 注意:当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。 2、过去分词作表语: 如:They were very excited at the news. 听到这个消息,他们非常激动。 &&&&&&& The window is broken. 窗户破了。 &&&&&&& They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。 注意:be+过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别:The window is broken.(系表) &&&&&&&&&&& The window was broken by the boy.(被动) 有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成。如:boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶) newly arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳) the changed world(变了的世界) 这类过去分词有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。 3、过去分词作宾语补足语: 如:I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。 有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语: 如:With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。 4、过去分词作状语: 如:Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. &受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因) &&&&&&& Onceseen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。(表示时间) &&&&&&& Given more time, I'll be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。(表示条件)&&&&&&&&&Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.& 虽然被告之危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步)&&&&&&&&&Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧,他走进山洞。 5、过去分词与逻辑主语构成独立主格: 如:All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied. 所有的书期末时都还了,图书管理员很高兴。 &&&&&&& The field ploughed, he began to spread seed. 地耕好了,他开始撒种子。 现在分词与过去分词的区别:
1、分词作表语:分词做表语有两种情况,一种是现在分词做表语,一种是过去分词做表语,这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如excite,interest等都是及物动词,汉语意思不是“激动”,“高兴”,而是“使激动”、“使高兴”,因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”,过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说,若人对……感兴趣,就是somebody is in terestedi n...,若人/物本身有兴趣时,就是说sb./sth. is interesting。这类词常见的有:interesting 使人感到高兴—interested感到高兴的&exciting令人激动的—excited感到激动的 delighting令人高兴的—delighted感到高兴的&disappointing令人失望的—disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的—encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的—pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人费解的—puzzled感到费解的 satisfying令人满意的—satisfied感到满意的 surprising令人惊异的—surprised感到惊异的 worrying令人担心的—worried感到担心的 如:Travelling is interesting but tiring. 旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲劳。 &&&&&&& The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much. 如果要学生学得太多,他们会感到糊涂的。&&&&&&&&&The game is exciting. (现在分词作表语) &&&&&&& We were excited at the news. (过去分词作表语) 2、分词作定语:分词作定语时有下面几个特点: 1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意。 2)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。 如:He rushed into the burning house. 他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。 &&&&&&& The child standing over there is my brother. 站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。 &&&&&&& The room facing south is our classroom. 朝南的房间是我们的教室。 &&&&&&& He is an advanced teacher. 他是个先进教师。 3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义,这点要注意:departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired,& returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come 3、分词作状语:现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。 1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。 如:He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随手关上。 &&&&&&& Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。 &&&&&&& Smiling, they came in. 2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系。 如:Cleaned, the room looks nice. &&&&&&& Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.& 如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。 &&&&&&& Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. 在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克服。
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