还有哪些类似阿喀琉斯之踵，达摩克里斯之剑的经典寓意名词？
最近看文献经常有看到这些名词，还有普罗克汝斯忒斯之床。非常想知道还有多少这样的经典名词，意义比较深刻的。
按投票排序
为了避免没人看得完，机智的答主列了一个outline出来，直接crl+F跳去想看的部分吧（可能也是然并卵）一. 题中3个典故详情二. 人物：类似的有特殊典故的人物三. 单词：和GRE单词有关的四. 事件五. 耳熟能详的典故（熟悉的可跳过）以下具体内容来自。我把重点部分标了一些出来，顺序也按照自己编排了一下，纠正了一些原文的typo. 持续更新中。为了更好地理解我尽量找一些例句贴上去。【Mythological Terms】一. 题中3个典故详情Achilles（阿喀琉斯之踵）In Greek Legend, Achilles was the hero of Homer's Iliad who was the model of valor and beauty. He slew the Trojan hero Hector but was invulnerable to wounds because his mother Thetis had him by the heel and dipped him in the river Styx. Later he was slain by Paris who shot an arrow in his heel, which had not gotten wet. Today the term "Achilles Heel" refers to a vulnerable part of a person's character.Sword of Damocles(达摩克里斯之剑)A symbol of impending
peril in Greek mythology, Damocles was seated at a sumptuous banquet
only to look up to see a sword suspended by a thread over his head. This
spoiled his pleasure. In modern literary usage, the term indicates
impending disaster.Procrustes(普罗克鲁斯特之床)In Greek mythology, Procrustes was a
thief of Attica who placed anyone he captured on an iron bed. If the
person was too tall, he but of if too short, he
stretched the person until he fit. The term "Procrustean bed" connotes a rigid standard to which exact conformity is enforced.二. 人物：类似的有特殊典故的人物（典故下划线标出）：有些是文学艺术的常用题材，有些代表了一些特殊性格遭遇的人物。1. Damon and Pythias(今指生死莫逆之交)In Greek mythology, these were two inseparable friends who would lay down their lives for one another. They symbolize lasing friendship.2. Pygmalion(皮格马利翁，今心理学里皮格马利翁效应由此而来)In Greek mythology, Pygmalion was a
sculptor and king of Cyprus who created a statue of Aphrodite. He fell
in love with his own creation, and Aphrodite herself answered his
prayer: The statue came to life, and he married her. The statue is named
Galatea in other version of the story. George Bernard Shaw's play
"Pygmalion" and the musical "My Fair Lady" - the story of Professor
Higgins and his "creation," Eliza Doolittle - are based on this myth.3. Sisyphus(西西弗斯)In Greek mythology, Sisyphus cheated
death by telling his wife to forgo the usual burial rites when he died,
thus giving him permission to return from the underworld to punish her.
This angered Zeus, and when Sisyphus died a second time, many years
later, he was condemned to eternally roll a huge rock up a hill, only to
have it roll back down as he was about to reach the top. Albert
Camus used Sisyphus as the metaphor for modern man's situation in "The
Myth of Sisyphus." He serves as a constant metaphor for the never-ending
struggle to complete one's task, only to be thwarted by still more
hurdles.4. AtalantaIn Greek mythology, she was a huntress who promised to marry
any man who could outrun her in a footrace. She was defeated by
Hippomenes, who threw three golden apples to distract her as she ran.
She is the archetype of speed, strength, and daring foiled by a trick of the intellect.5.CassandraIn Greek mythology, Cassandra was a daughter
of Priam, kind of Troy, who possessed the gift of prophecy but was fated
by Apollo never to be believed. As an allusion, she represents an accurate but unheeded prophet of doom.6. Leda(这个学过艺术史的应该知道是个常见的主题)In Greek mythology, Zeus is said to have
come to Leda in the shape of a swan to father four legendary children:
Castor, Clytemnestra, Pollux, and Helen. The story of Leda and the swan is a favorite theme of artists from Michelangelo to Dali.7. Scylla and Charybdis（这个我不确定，是和dilemma有关吗？还是只是狭义的不好走的船道？）In Greek
mythology, a jealous Circe turned the nymph Scylla into a sea monster
with twelve feet, six heads on long necks, and menacing rows of teeth
with which she devoured sailors. The terrible Charybdis, hurled into the
sea by Zeus, hid under rocks and created a whirlpool. Together they
were formidable danger to ships passing through the Straits of Messina.
They came to be understood as metaphors for dangerous rocks on one side of the passage and a devastating whirlpool on the other. The popular phrase related to the pair is "between a rock and a hard place."8. Iabors and Hercules(大力神，今labors of Hercules指需要大力气的工作)In Greek
mythology, Hercules had to perform 12 fabulous tasks of enormous
difficulty before becoming immortal: killing the N killing
the H capturing the hind of A killing the man-eating
S capturing the oxen of G cleaning the Augean
capturing the C capturing the horses of D
capturing the girdle of Hippolyta (queen of the Amazons); killing the
monster G capturing C and taking the golden apples of
Hesperides.9. Antigone（安提戈涅）Daughter of Oedipus who performed funeral rites over her
brother Polynices in defiance of Creon's order. Her story can be seen as
symbolic of the choice between the gods' authority and civil authority, or the choice between justice and law.10. Minotaur(希腊人头牛神怪物)In Greek mythology, this was a monster with a bull's head and
a man's body. Poseidon sent a bull from the sea as a signal of favor to
Minos. As a result, Minos was crowned king of Crete, but he neglected
to sacrifice the bull of Poseidon. Angered, Poseidon caused Minos' wife
Pasiphae to become enamored of the bull. The offspring of their union
was the Minotaur, which was imprisoned by Minos in the labyrinth
designed by Daedalus. Modern examples: Mary Renault's novels "Bull From
the Sea" and "The King Must Die."11. Daedalus and IcarusIn Greek mythology, Daedalus, the great architect, designed the labyrinth that held captive the Minotaur of Crete. Imprisoned along with his son Icarus, he designed wings of wax and feather that would allow them to escape. Despite warnings not to fly too high, Icarus soared too close to the sun god Apollo. The wax on his wings melted, and he plunged to his death. It is symbolic of the danger involved in daring to enter "the realm of the gods." James Joyce's protagonist Stephen Dedalus, in "A Portait of the Artist as a Young Man," dared to question the strict teachings of a Catholic upbringing.12. AgamemnonIn Greek mythology, he was the king who sacrificed his daughter Iphigenia to win the gods' favor for his war against Troy. Also father of Orestes and Electra and unfaithful husband of Clytemnestra.（相关：Iphigenia）In Greek mythology she was the eldest child of Agamemnon and
Clytemnestra. She was sacrificed by her father in exchange for a
guarantee of fair winds for the Greek fleet on its way to Troy. (Compare
to Abraham and Issac.)13. Persephone (Roman Name: Proserpine)In Greek and Roman mythology she
was the goddess of fertility and queen of the underworld. The daughter
of Zeus and Demeter (Ceres), she was kidnapped by Pluto (Hades). Her
mother grieved so deeply that all earthly crops died and perpetual
winter threatened. A bargain was struck: Persephone would spend half the
year with Hades - hence autumn and winter - and return to her mother
allowing the revival of the crops during spring and
summer. The myth of Persephone is the classical explanation of the seasons.三. 单词：和GRE单词有关的：1.Tantalus（Tantalize挑逗，这个单词由他而来）In Greek mythology, Tantalus was a
progenitor of the House of Atreus (source of many of the extended Greek
tragedies from Agamemnon to Orestes) who is best known for his
punishment in Hades. He suffers eternal hunger and thirst while
standing in the middle of a body of clear, cold water that dries up as
he reaches for it. The fruit of a heavily laden bough hangs above his head, but remains just out of reach. His name gives us the word tantalize.2. Atlas(今指“地图集”)In Greek mythology, Atlas was one of the Titans who
rebelled against Zeus. As punishment for his actions, he was condemned
to forever hold up the heavens on his shoulder. (literally: "has the
weight of the world on his shoulders").3. Proteus(Protean多变的, 这个单词由他而来)In Greek mythology, Proteus and Poseidon's herdsman and a prophet. He was a sea god who could assume any form or shape he wished. In current usage, "protean" means "versatile."4. Nemesis(复仇)In Greek mythology, she was the
personification of righteous anger. Nemesis punished those who
transgressed upon the natural order of things, either through hubris or
through excessive love of material goods. Currently, the word usually refers to an unbeatable enemy.5. Dionysus (or Bacchus) (酒神) (bacchanalian狂饮作乐的)Greek and Roman name, respectively, of the god of wind, revelry, the power of nature, fertility, and emotional ecstasy. He is usually thought of in terms of overuse or excess. Ancient drama festivals were dedicated to him. Today he is representative of the Nietzschean philosophy, the creative-intuitive principle. Modern example: the movie "Animal House."6. satyrs(今指好色之徒)In Greek mythology, a race of goat-men, sometimes
considered woodland demigods, with the tail and ears of a horse and the
legs and horns of a goat. They were followers of Dionysus and were best
known for chasing wood nymphs. Satyrs were were a major feature of the satyr play, which traditionally followed a tragic trilogy. The satyr play treated serious matters in a grotesquely comic way. Shakespeare used vestiges of the form in plays such as "A Midsummer Night's Dream." Salman Rushdie alludes to the satyr figure in "Satanic Verses." Also , e.e. Cummings' "goat-footed balloon-man."7. Myrmidons(今指followers，忠实的追随者)In Greek mythology, these were people
from Thessaly who accompanied Achilles at the siege of Troy. They were
known for their brutality and savagery. According to legend, they were
originally ants who were turned into human beings to populate one of the
Greek islands.四. 事件：1. Judgement of ParisIn Greek mythology, a beauty contest was held to determine the fairest of the goddesses. Paris, the handsomest man in the world, the contestants were Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite (representative of greatness, prowess in battle, and love, respectively). Angered at not being invited to Thetis' wedding, Eris, the goddess of discord, threw an apple marked "To the Fairest" into the gathering, provoking the goddesses to fight over it. Paris ultimately chose Aphrodite and was promised the love of Helen in return. This sparked the events that led to the Trojan War. *(Consider similar elements in "Snow White"; the apple as
the disastrous choice of love and beauty over less ephemeral attributes.)*(Consider also the following similarities between Paris and Oedipus: both were exposed on a hillside as infants to p both were
and both were cursed by fate.)2. "Odyssey"（《奥德赛》史诗）Ninth-century B.C. epic poem, attributed to Homer,
which recounts the story of the ten-year-long homeward journey of
Odysseus and his men after the Trojan War. The "Odyssey" is a source of
our knowledge of many of the major Greek myths and legends, as well as
the basis for many modern works. The most outstanding of these is James
Joyce's "Ulysses." More recently, the movie "O' Brother, Where Art
Thou?" was based loosely on the "Odyssey."3. stealing the apples of the Hesperides(金苹果被偷)In Greek mythology, the
Hesperides were the daughters of Hesperus whose golden apples were
guarded by a dragon. One of Hercules' labors was to slay the dragon and
steal the apples. (Compare the serpent and the tree in the Garden of Eden.)4. PyrrhusKing of Epirus in ancient Greece. For 25 years he waged a
series of wars. He often won, but lost too many soldiers in the process.
At the time of his death, he had succeeded only in bringing Epirus to
ruin. A pyrrhic victory is one that was won at much too high a price.5. StyxIn Greek mythology, the Styx was one of the five rivers of hell
&the others are Acheron, Cocytus, Phlegthon, and Lethe), Charon
ferried the dead across the river Styx to underworld. The Styx figures
heavily in "Dante's Inferno." Lethe turns up frequently in literature as an allusion to forgetfulness.6. Romulus and Remus(罗马城来源传说)In Roman mythology, these are legendary
twins, sons of Mars and vestal virgin who was put to death at their
birth. The boys were thrown into the Tiber but were washed ashore
(compare to Moses) and suckled by a she-wolf. They were found by a
herdsman and his wife, who brought them up as their own. As adults,
Romulus and Remus decided to found a city (Rome) on the spot
where they had been rescued from the Tiber. When an omen declared
Romulus to be the true founder of the city, the brothers fought, and
Romulus killed Remus. Note the similarities between the story and
that of Cain and Abel (the demigod status of the founding father) the
Oedipus (the coincidental raising by a herdsman). Virgil's great Roman epic poem, the "Aenoid,"was so titled because the twins were said to be descendents of Aeneas.（相关）rape of Sabine women【罗马神话果然很暴力...】In
Roman legend, Romulus "solved" the problem of finding wives for the men
in his new settlement by stealing and raping the virgins of the Sabines
after luring the men away to a celebration. After a subsequent war, the
tribes intermarried by accord, and the settlement flourished.五. 耳熟能详的典故（熟悉的可跳过）： Nirvana(涅槃)This Sanskrit word means "going out," like a light. Buddhists believe that in this doctrine of release, a state of perfect bliss is attained in life through the negation of all desires and the extinction of the self. Nirvana is union with the Buddha, an ideal condition of harmony.phoenix（凤凰）This mythical bird lived for 500 years, burned to death,
and then rose from its own ashes to begin life anew. For this reason,
the phoenix frequently symbolizes death and resurrection, or eternal life.Medusa（美杜莎）In Greek mythology, Medusa was the chief of
the three Gorgons- monsters who had snakes for hair, and faces so
horrifying that just the sight of them turned men to stone. She was
killed by Perseus, who took her head with a sword given to him by
Hermes. Pegasus, the winged horse, sprang from her blood.Pandora（潘多拉）In Greek mythology, she was the first
woman, comparable to Eve in biblical allusion. Like Eve, Pandora, whose
name means "all gifts," was given the power to bring about the ruin of
mankind. Zeus gave her a closed box filled with all the evils of the
world and warned her not to open it. Her curiosity got the better of
her, and when she opened the box, all the evils flew out, and they have
continued to harm human beings ever since. Today, Pandora's box
refers to 1.a gift that turns out to be a curse. 2. It also refers to
the unanticipated consequences of one's actions, as in "opening a can of
worms."Prometheus（普罗米修斯）(Greek
for "forethought") A titan and the champion of men against the gods,
Prometheus stole fire from Mount Olympus and gave the precious gift to
humans. As punishment for his transgression, Zeus had him chained (or
nailed) to a mountain where an eagle tore out his entrails each day. The
organs regenerated overnight. He was eventually freed by either
Hercules or Zeus (accounts differ). He is the hero of Aeschylus'
"Prometheus Bound" and Shelley's poem "Prometheus Unbound." He is also
subject of the golden statue above the skating rink at Rockefeller
Center in New York City.Sphinx（斯芬克斯）In Greek mythology, the
sphinx was a monster with the face of a woman, the body of a lion, and
the wings of a bird. She posed a riddle to the citizens of Thebes and
devoured the young men who could not answer lit. When Oedipus, en route
to Thebes, correctly answered the riddle, the sphinx killed herself in
chagrin. The riddle is usually given as, " What walks on four legs in
the mourning, on two at midday, and on three in the evening?" (Answer:
Man,who crawls on all fours as a baby, walks upright as an adult, and
uses a cane in old age.) In Egypt the sphinx was usually seen as a huge
statue with the body of a lion and the head of a man, representing the
sun god Ra. The largest remaining sphinx is two-thirds the length of a
football field. The sphinx also represents monumental silence in literary references.Utopia（乌托邦）In literature, the title of the 1516 book by Sir Thomas More, who gave the name, meaning nowhere in Greek, to his imaginary island. More describes the
ideal society according to the ideals of the English humanists, who
dreamt of a land where ignorance, crime, poverty, and injustice did not
exist. Since then the name has been applied to all attempts to
describe or establish a society in which these ideals would prevail.
Interestingly, many twentieth-century writers have focused on the
anti-utopian, or dystopian, world. Examples of this kind of work include
Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World," George Orwell's "1984," and Ray Bradbury's "Fahrenheit 451."Oedipus(俄狄浦斯)In Greek mythology, Oedipus was the son of
Laius and Jocasta. In response to an oracle, Oedipus was abandoned at
birth and raised as the song of Polybus and Merope, king and queen of
Corinth. When grown, Oedipus learned of the prophecy that foretold that
he would kill his father and marry his mother - two of the worst taboos
in human civilization. In an attempt to avoid fulfilling the prophecy,
he left his adopted land, Corinth, and fled to Thebes, his actual
birthplace. En route, he encountered - and in his pride and ignorance
slew - Laius, the king of Thebes. He also answered the riddle of the
sphinx, saving Thebes from paying the annual tribute of its best youth
to the monster: As a reward, he was made king of Thebes and he married
Jocasta, the queen and his mother, thus fulfilling the prophecy and
continuing the curse of the House of Atreus. Freud based his well-known theory of the "Oedipus complex" on this myth.（相关）LaiusIn Greek mythology, Laius was the father of Oedipus and the
original husband of Jocasta. Killed by Oedipus in fulfillment of the
oracle, Laius is a major figure in the Laius-Jocasta-Oedipus myth in
which the son kills his father and takes his place as both king and
husband. The tale is symbolic of the inevitable usurpation of father by son, a familiar theme in folklore.Trojan Horse（特洛伊木马）A large wooden horse designed
and built by the Greeks, supposedly as a gift to Athena. Because the
Greeks had been unable to take the walled city of Troy during their
ten-year siege, they instead tried deception. Placing a troop of
soldiers inside the hollow wooden horse, the Greeks pretended that they
were sailing homeward. The unsuspecting Trojans brought the horse inside
the walls. late that night, the Greeks crept out of the horse and
opened the gates of the city, letting in their comrades, and they took
Troy at last. The phrase"beware of Greeks bearing gifts" has its origins in this tale.
精神分析学说中有一个词汇：“俄狄浦斯情结”俄狄浦斯情结又称恋母情结，缘自古希腊，是一个弑父恋母的故事，是儿童（或成人）对于养育双亲的爱与恨欲望的心理组织整体，它的外在表现形式呈现为三角人际关系结构，即个体自身，所爱的个体对象，执法者（禁忌的制度）三者，伴随爱与恨，及恐惧等等冲突矛盾的情绪。它存在的外在条件是人类的两性差异和乱伦禁忌。中文语境有时也有说成“”和“恋父情结”。俄狄浦斯的故事是希腊最著名的悲剧之一，想了解这个故事点这里：另外中国成语中有寓意的太多了，举个例子：
有一个郑国人想去买鞋子，事先量了自己的脚的尺码，然后把量好的尺码放在自己的座位上。到了集市，却忘了带上尺码。已经拿到了鞋子，才说：“我忘了带尺码。”就返回家拿尺码。等到他返回集市的时候，集市已经散了，最终没有买到鞋子。有人问：“为什么不用自己的脚试一试鞋呢?”他回答说：“宁可相信尺码，也不相信自己的脚。
其实中国成语中有很多这样有寓意有故事的词语，类似的还有“叶公好龙”之类！
伊芙利特之祭。
潘多拉的盒子
维特之脚???
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社交帐号登录达摩剑，是少林武术中的精髓剑法，由达摩祖师独创
damu superman's sword
perform sanjue
Th Sword of Damocles
DamoGles Sword
Sword of Damocles
The Sword of Damocles
Damocles Sword
Sword of Democles
Damocles Sword
sword of Damocles
更多收起网络短语
海正一把达摩克利斯剑头上的日本人。
The sea is now a sword of Damocles over the head of the Japanese people.
哪个法官都没有认识到这把达摩利件剑正在他们的头上悬着。
None of the judges realized that they had this sword of Damocles hanging over them.
为什么需要促进学习的课堂评价结果处理?学生学业成就评价的“魔力”，就像悬挂在学校、教师、学生和家长头上的“达摩克利斯之剑”。
The magic of the assessment of student academic achievement makes the assessment become the sword of Damocles to schools, teachers, students and parents.
达摩剑，是少林武术中的精髓剑法，由达摩祖师独创。剑如禅法，静中生动，动中守静，把握瞬间，禅定玄机。常见的动作有：舞花剑，刺剑，云剑，劈剑。
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