这是个机器人猖狂的时代，请输一下验证码，证明咱是正常人~汉英颜色词“白”和“WHITE”的语义演变及用法比较--《上海师范大学》2009年硕士论文
汉英颜色词“白”和“WHITE”的语义演变及用法比较
【摘要】：
古往今来,颜色词一直是各个领域的研究者颇感兴趣的课题。本文在前人研究的基础上,先从历时角度分别考查了汉语的“白”和英语的“white”语义演变的轨迹,并尝试运用认知语言学的相关理论解释演变的动因和机制,再借助语料库证据从共时层面对现代汉语的“白”和现代英语的“white”从搭配情况、语义韵和应用实例等三个方面进行横向比较,得出结论如下:
第一,现代汉语“白”的主要涵义是由多个不同的源头发展而来,后因其中一些义项在实际使用中用法过多,易生歧义,且使用范围有限,影响人们顺利交际,最终走向消亡。
第二,现代英语的“white”其主要义项基本上是从形容词“白色的”经过词性转化演变而成。
第三,语料库证据显示,由于汉语的“白”经历了一个百川汇海的历史演进,终于形成了同一个词形表达多种不同语义的局面,现代汉语中用于表颜色义的“白”仅占其所有用例的21%左右。而英语中的“white”究其源流多是从最初表“白色的”形容词经过词性转化演变而来,其现有义项与“白色”亦有千丝万缕的联系,表颜色义的“white”约占其全部用例的63%。
第四,语料库统计数据表明,“白”与“white”多用于表达中性涵义(分别有54%和40%的概率);“白”用于积极涵义的几率明显低于消极涵义(12:34),而“white”在用于积极涵义和消极涵义的几率方面则几乎没有差异(均为30%);汉、英两种语言相比而言,“白”用于积极语义倾向的概率明显低于“white”(前者仅12%,而后者为30%)。
第五,通过比较“白”与“white”的应用实例,我们发现两者语义基本对应的用法大都与颜色义有关。语义不对应的情况主要是一些固定搭配(包括成语、俗语、习语等)以及表示姓名、地名、机构名称、商品名称或疾病名称的实例。
【关键词】：
【学位授予单位】：上海师范大学【学位级别】：硕士【学位授予年份】：2009【分类号】：H031【目录】：
内容提要2-3
Abstract3-6
第一章 绪论6-9
1.1 选题意义及研究现状6-8
1.2 理论依据、方法和语料8-9
第二章 汉、英语颜色词“白”和“White”的语义演变比较9-34
2.1 汉语基本颜色词的演变9-10
2.2 英语基本颜色词的演变10-11
2.3 汉语“白”和英语“White”的语义演变比较11-28
2.3.1 词义深化11-14
2.3.2 词义转移14-21
2.3.3 词性转化21-28
2.4 演变的动因和机制28-33
2.5 本章小结33-34
第三章 基于语料库的汉英颜色词“白”与“White”用法比较34-58
3.1 搭配情况比较34-51
3.1.1 现代汉语中“白”的搭配情况34-43
3.1.2 现代英语中“white”的搭配情况43-51
3.2 语义韵比较51-54
3.3 应用实例比较54-57
3.3.1 语义基本对应55
3.3.2 语义不对应55-57
3.4 本章小结57-58
第四章 结语58-60
参考文献60-65
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【引证文献】
中国期刊全文数据库
娄小琴;;[J];语文学刊;2010年12期
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王春秀;[D];上海外国语大学;2010年
王蕾;[D];上海外国语大学;2010年
吴善子;[D];上海外国语大学;2010年
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邓耀臣;[J];大连海事大学学报(社会科学版);2003年04期
张谊生;[J];古汉语研究;1999年01期
张谊生;;[J];淮北煤师院学报(社会科学版);1993年01期
邵敬敏;[J];汉语学习;1986年05期
陈一;[J];汉语学习;1987年04期
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张慧晶;[J];汉语学习;2003年03期
唐玄之;[J];南京农业大学学报(社会科学版);2003年01期
祖晓梅;;[J];世界汉语教学;2003年04期
沈家煊;[J];外语教学与研究;1994年04期
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京公网安备74号脱口说英语口语生活习语大全W-9：white lie 善意的欺骗
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　　W-9：white lie 善意的欺骗
　　A:Dont be too sad. If you really think that you have no feeling with him, then, in my opinion, getting divorced maybe is the best ways to solve the problem.
　　A：别太难过了，如果你真觉得和他一点感情都没有，那么，依我看，离婚或许是解决问题的最好方法。
　　B:I know clearly at the bottom of my heart. I just can't set my mind at rest because of the child. She's little. She cannot understand us and accept such truth.
　　B：我心里很清楚，只不过放心不下孩子。她还小，不能了解我们，也无法接受这样的事实。
　　A:Yeah, child is the matter. Don't tell Jenny the truth, only tell her the white lie. When she grows up, you find the suitable opportunity to tell her.
　　A：对呀，孩子是个问题，干脆别告诉珍妮实情，等她大了，找个合适的机会再告诉她。
　　B:I see, OK.
　　B：我明白，就这样吧。
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2009年上海理工大学外语学院基础英语试题
一般战友, 积分 319, 距离下一级还需 181 积分
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一般战友, 积分 319, 距离下一级还需 181 积分
一般战友, 积分 319, 距离下一级还需 181 积分
2009年上海理工大学硕士研究生入学考试试题
考试科目： _ __基础英语______准考证号：______________得分：________
(所有答题必须写在答题纸上)
I. Grammar (10 points)
1) Instructions: Beneath each of the following five sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.
1. If you’d listened to me, you ________?in such trouble now.?
A. won’t be& && &B. wouldn’t be& &&&C. mustn’t be& && &D. couldn’t be
2. ________ I admire him as a writer, I do not like him as a man.?
A. Though much& && &B. As much& && & C. Much as& && &D. Much though
3. Stuart’s going to be nominated to receive the Academy Award for best director, ________？
A. won’t he& && & B. doesn’t he& && & C. didn’t he& && & D. isn’t he
4. The military budget of last year is thirty times _________that in 1960.
A. larger than& && &B. larger as& &&&C. as large as& && &&&D. more than?
5. Nine is to three ______ three is to one
A. what& && && &&&B. that& && && &C. where& && && & D. which
2) Instructions: Each of the following five sentences has four underlined words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the incorrect item and correct it.
6. The neutron bomb provides the capable of a limited nuclear war in which& && && && && && && && && && & A& && && &B& && && && && & C
buildings&&would be preserved, but people would be destroyed.
& && && && &&&D
7. In order for one to achieve the desired results in this experiment, it is& && && && && && && && && &&&A
necessary that&&he&&work&&as&&fastly&&as possible.
& && && && && &B& &C& && && &D
8. Whoever turned in the last test did not put their name on the paper.
& && && &&&A& && & B& && && && && & C& && && &&&D& && &
9. There have been little change in the patient’s condition since he was moved
& && &&&A& && & B& && && && && && && && && &&&C& && &&&D
to the intensive care unit.
10. Students in United States often support themselves by babysitting, working
& && && && && && && && && &&&A& && &B& & C
in restaurants, or they drive taxicabs.
& && && && && &&&D
II. Vocabulary&&(20 points)
Instructions:&&The following words or expressions indicated with the alphabetic letters from A to T are the synonyms or explanations of the underlined words in the sentences that follow. Choose the one you think is an explanation of the underlined one.
A. defects& & B. curtailed& & C. threaten& & D. dirty&&E. empty&&F. frugal& &G. extensive& &H. captivity& &I. repeated& &J. tampering& &K. unimportant&&L. foresee&&M. request&&N. impolite&&O. disguise&&P. hated&&Q. required&&R. yearly& &S. plentiful&&T. littered
1. Historical records reveal that Jefferson reiterated his ideas about a meritocracy..
2. Mail service will be suspended during the postal workers’ strike.
3. Thomas Edison’s office was always disorganized with books and papers.
4. Sometimes items are put on sale because they have imperfections on them.
5. Athletes learn to conceal their disappointment when they lose.?
6. Although monkeys occasionally menace their enemies, they are usually not dangerous..?
7. Unless the population growth stabilizes, environmentalists predict a worldwide starvation by the year 2000 A. D.?
8. Interfering with someone’s mail is a serious crime in the U. S.
9. Canada and the United States are cooperating to clean up the contaminated lakes along their borders.
10. Carbohydrates are abundant in nature where they serve as an immediate source of energy.
11. The annual growth of the gross national product is often used as an indicator of a nation’s economy.
12. The gorilla, the largest of the apes, is now able to be bred in confinement.
13. A vacant apartment in New York is very difficult to find.
14. In several states, the people may recommend a law to the legislature by signing a petition.
15. Primary education in the U.S. is compulsory.
16. Martin Luther King detested injustice.
17. The National Institute of Mental Health is conducting far-reaching research to determine the psychological effects of using drugs..
18. It is very discourteous to intrude during someone’s conversation.
19. A thrifty buyer purchases fruits and vegetable in season.
20. Psychologists encourage their parents not to get upset about trivial matters.
III. Reading Comprehension (15%)
Instructions: Read each passage carefully and tick the best answer from the four given choices marked A, B, C, and D.
For Roy Johnson, a senior magazine editor, the latest indignity came after a recent dinner at a fancy restaurant in the wealthy New York City suburb where he and his family live. First the parking valet handed him the keys to his Jaguar instead of fetching the car. Then an elderly white couple came out and handed him the keys to their black Mercedes-Benz. “It took them a while to realize that I was not a valet,” says Johnson. “It didn’t matter that I was dressed for dinner and had paid a handsome price for the meal, just as he had. What mattered was that I didn’t fit his idea of someone who could be equal to him.”
Such incidents, which are depressingly familiar to African-Americans of all ages, incomes and social classes, help explain why black and white attitudes often differ so completely. A recent survey found that 68 percent of blacks believe racism is still a major problem in America. Only 38 percent of whites agreed.
Many Americans find the gulf between blacks and whites bewildering. After all, official segregation is a bad memory and 40 years of laws, policies and court decisions have helped African-Americans make significant progress toward equal opportunity. Indeed, a black man born in Harlem could be the nation’s next president.
But racism persists, unmistakable to every black but largely invisible to many whites. It is evident in the everyday encounters African-Americans have with racial prejudice and discrimination, like the valet parking incident. Such encounters often strike whites as trivial misunderstandings. But they remind blacks that they are often dismissed as less intelligent, less industrious, less honest and less likely to succeed. Some insults others may be evidence of insensitivity or bad manners rather than racial prejudice. But the accumulation of insults feeds anger.
“What is amazing to me is the number of whites who express surprise that any of this happens,” observes Mary Frances Berry, chairperson of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, who says she has been watched at shopping malls.
1．The word “valet” in the first paragraph most probably means ______.
A．a restaurant owner
B．a driver of expensive cars
C．a wealthy-looking gentleman
D．a restaurant employee taking care of the cars of the diners
2．Roy Johnson was unfairly treated because ______.
A．his car was inferior in quality
B．he forgot to wear proper clothes
C．he failed to express himself clearly
D．he is black
3．From the passage we can learn that ______.
A．both blacks and whites are bewildered by racism
B．examples of racism are common in the US
C．some government officials have very bad memories
D．a black man born in Harlem will be the next US president
4．It is implied in the passage that many white people deny the presence of racism in the US because ______.
A．they tend to regard instances of racism as trivial misunderstandings
B．they have never seen any instance of racism in their country
C．they believe that black people are inherently less intelligent and less industrious
D．they have always treated black people as their equals
5．Judging from the context, the most possible explanation for Mary Frances Berry’s being watched at shopping malls is that ______.
A．she was a national celebrity
B．she didn’t fit people’s idea of an Afro-American woman
C．many people nowadays are insensitive and rude
D．she is black
If the old maxim that the customer is always right still has meaning, then the airlines that fly the world’s busiest air route between London and Paris have a flight on their hands.
The Eurostar train service linking the UK and French capitals via the Channel Tunnel is winning customers in increasing numbers. In late May, it carried its one millionth passenger, having run only a limited service between London, Paris and Brussels since November 1994, starting with two trains a day in each direction to Paris and Brussels. By 1997, the company believes that it will be carrying ten million passengers a year, and continue to grow from there.
From July, Eurostar steps its service to nine trains each way between London and Paris, and five between London and Brussels. Each train carries almost 800 passengers, 210 of them in first class.
The airlines estimate that they will initially lose around 15%-20% of their London-Paris traffic to the railways once Eurostar starts a full service later this year (1995), with 15 trains a day each way. A similar service will start to Brussels. The damage will be limited, however, the airlines believe, with passenger numbers returning to previous levels within two to three years.
In the short term, the damage caused by the 1 million people-levels traveling between London and Paris and Brussels on Eurostar trains means that some air services are already suffering. Some of the major carriers say that their passenger numbers are down by less than 5%. On the Brussels route, the railway company had less success, and the airlines report anything from around a 5% drop to no visible decline in traffic.
The airlines’ optimism on returning traffic levels is based on historical precedent. British Midland, for example, points to its experience on Heathrow-Leeds-Bradford service which saw passenger numbers fold by 15% when British Rail electrified and modernized the railway line between London and Yorkshire. Two years later, travel had risen between the two destinations to the point where the airline was carrying record numbers of passengers.
6．British airlines confide in the fact that ______.
A．they are more powerful than other European airlines
B．their total loss won’t go beyond a drop of 5% passengers
C．their traffic levels will return in 2-3 years
D．traveling by rail can never catch up with traveling by air
7．The author’s attitude towards the drop of passengers may be described as ______.
A．worried
B．delighted
C．puzzled
D．unrivaled
8．In the passage, British Rail (Para. 6) is mentioned to ______.
A．provide a comparison with Eurostar
B．support the airlines’ optimism
C．prove the inevitable drop of air passengers
D．call for electrification and modernization of the railway
9．The railway’s Brussels route is brought forth to show that ______.
A．the Eurostar train service is not doing good business
B．the airlines can well compete with the railway
C．the Eurostar train service only caused little damage
D．all airlines are suffering great loss
10．The passage is taken from the first part of an essay, from which we may well predict that in the following part the author is going to ______.
A．praise the airlines’ clear-mindedness
B．warn the airlines of high-speed rail services
C．propose a reduction of London-Paris flights
D．advise the airlines to follow British Midland as their model
Three years ago, Joseph J. Ellis, one of the most widely read American historians, ran into a career crisis of his own strange devising. Just months after his book, Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation won the Pulitzer Prize and planted itself for a long run on the best-seller list, it emerged that Ellis, who spent the Vietnam War years doing graduate work at Yale and teaching history at West Point, had been offering his students at Mount Holyoke College wholly invented accounts of his days as a platoon leader in Vietnam. After his tall tales were exposed in the Boston Globe, Ellis was suspended without pay for a year and compelled to relinquish his endowed chair.
But even after the story broke, his book continued to sell briskly. And why not? No one ever accused him of falsifying his scholarship, and his probing biographies remain some of the most psychologically penetrating portraits of the Founding Fathers that we have. His supple new book, His Excellency: George Washington (K 320 pages), is another in that line, full of subtle inroads into the man Ellis calls the most notorious model of self-control in all of American history, the original marble man.
The Washington Ellis gives us is not the customary figure operating serenely above the fray but a man constantly seeking to govern his own passions. Ironically, telling Washington’s story truthfully requires Ellis to occasionally cast doubt on the great man’s honesty. Washington could lie when he needed to – for instance, by misrepresenting for posterity his role in the disastrous engagement at Fort Necessity during the French and Indian War. And throughout his career, he feigned a lack of ambition as cover for a relentless impulse to move upward in the world.
Washington had no more than a grade-school education, but he had an early grasp of issues that would be crucial to America’s future, such as westward expansion and the vexing matter of slavery. He eventually concluded that slavery must be abolished, though his own slaves were freed only after his death. He also understood precisely what his role in the new nation should be. Washington emerged from the War of Independence as a kind of god. Like Caesar before him and Napoleon after, he might easily have parlayed military glory into imperial power. But he performed his greatest service to his country by refusing to yield to that temptation. At the end of his second Administration, he turned down a third term, thereby establishing an enduring example of limited presidential tenure.
Washington was willing to refuse a crown, but he was exasperated by Thomas Jefferson’s and James Madison’s aversion to federal power. His experience during the war with Britain, when a rudderless Continental Congress left his army chronically short of supplies, convinced him of the need for a government strong enough to pursue national purposes. But as Ellis sees it, Washington’s views were also “projections onto the national screen of the need for the same kind of controlling authority he had orchestrated within his screen of the need for the same kind of controlling authority he had orchestrated within his own personality”. The Father of His Country had first to prevail as master of himself.
11．& & & & Which of the following is NOT the consequence of Ellis’ story about himself?
A．He was suspended.
B．He relinquished his chair.
C．No one likes his book any more.
D．He did not stop writing as his career.
12．According to Ellis, Washington succeeded in his career due to his ______.
A．education
B．honesty
C．self-control
D．lack of ambition
13．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A．The Washington in Ellis’ book is different from the one the Americans know about.
B．Washington was a very ambitious man.
C．Washington lied for the later generations.
D．Washington abolished slavery in America.
14．Which of the following is the main idea of the last paragraph?
A．Thomas Jefferson and James Madison did not like to be President.
B．Washington’s views of a government reflected his controlling authority of his own personality.
C．A government is necessary to pursue national purposes.
D．Washington realized his ambition to be the leader of America.
15．The main purpose of Ellis’ new book about Washington is to ______.
A．disclose Washington’s shortcomings
B．present a candid story of Washington
C．prove that Washington was not as great as people believed
D．help his good reputation back
IV. Cloze (15%)
Instructions: Fill in each blank with one of the given words. Each word is to be used only once.
amount&&repeatedly&&misunderstanding&&conserve&&compromise&&except exhausted& & much& & absolutely& && &&&upward& & effective&&relaxation against& & worked& &&&downward& && &&&ordinary& & solution& &little
There is a lot of ____1____ about studying. Most students have not been taught the principles lying behind really ____2____ working. Imagine a graph showing the amount a person learns ____3____ the number of hours he works in a day. If he doesn’t do any work, he learns nothing (point 0). If he does an hour’s work he learns a certain ____4____ (point 1). If he does two hours’ work he learns about twice as much (point 2). If he does more work he’ll learn still more (point 3). Now, if he tried to do 23.5 hours’ work in 24, he’ll be so ____5____ that he’ll hardly remember anything: what he learns will be very ____6____ (point 4). If he did less work he’d learn more (point 5).
Now whatever the exact shape of the graph’s curve, made by joining these points, it must have a crest. Point X is the very maximum anyone can learn in the day. It is the best possible ____7____ between adequate time at the books and fatigue. Fatigue is an ____8____ one can’t escape it or try to ignore it. If you press yourself to work past the optimum, you can only get on this ____9____ slope and achieve less than the best – and then get exhausted and lose your power of concentration.
The skill in being a student consists in getting one’s daily study as near the optimum point as possible. When you find yourself ____10____ reading over the same paragraph and not taking it in, that’s a pretty good sign you’ve reached the crest for the day and should stop.
Most ____11____ students find their optimum at about five hours a day. If you get in five hours’ good work a day, you will be doing well.
Now, what are you doing with yourself when you aren’t working? Before examinations some students do nothing at all ____12____ sit in a chair and worry. Here is another misunderstanding. People too easily think of the mind as if it ____13____ it does not. If one wanted to ____14____ physical energy to cut the maximum amount of firewood, one would lie flat on a bed and rest when one wasn’t chopping. But the mind cannot rest. Even in sleep you dream, even if you forget your dreams. The mind is always turning. It gets its ____15____ only by variety.
V.&&Writing (90 points)
The following groups of sentences are defective in terms of coherence, conciseness, emphasis, balance, variety, vividness, clarity, unity, or even grammar. Try to improve them. (15 points)
1.& & & & English students should practise writing. Whenever they have writing sessions every week, it is necessary to practise writing. (3 points)
2.& & & & We are senior college students now, and we are all faced with a choice whether we prefer to work or to pursue a master degree after graduation. In my opinion, these two choices are both good for fresh gradudates. ( 3&&points)
3.& & & & The 40-year-old man was lying on the sidewalk. He had no shoes on, and he was bearded and half-naked. He looked like a beggar or lunatic. (3 points)
4.& & & & Hainan Island used to be an agricultural province. It has recently attracted more industry. ( 2 point)
5.& & & & My bedroom is well-decorated. It is very spacious. Here there is a tall wooden bookshelf. This shelf is not expensive. On this shelf there are a lot of English books I have bought. A huge wardrobe stands against the back wall, and in this wardrobe there are beautiful dresses. (4 points)
Just a short time ago, Chen Yunlin, President of the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits, paid a five-day visit to Taiwan, where he signed deals on direct flights, postal services, food safety and other important issues. He was the highest-level mainland official to set foot on Taiwan in the past 60 years. Write an essay of no less than 450 words on the significance of Chen Yunlin’s historic visit. (75 points)
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