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SAT写作素材之人物经典例子：曼德拉
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　　Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (Xhosa pronunciation: [xo?li??a?a man?de?la]; born 18 July 1918) is a South African politician who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, the first ever to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. Before being elected President, Mandela was a militant anti-apartheid activist, and the leader and co-founder of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC). In 1962 he was arrested and convicted of sabotage and other charges, and sentenced to life. Mandela went on to serve 27 years in prison, spending many of these years on Robben Island. Following his release from prison on 11 February 1990, Mandela led his party in the negotiations that led to the establishment of democracy in 1994. As President, he frequently gave priority to reconciliation, while introducing policies aimed at combating poverty and inequality in South Africa.
　　In South Africa, Mandela is often known as Madiba, his X or as tata (Xhosa: father). Mandela has received more than 250 awards over four decades.
　　Early life
　　Nelson Mandela belongs to a cadet branch of the Thembu dynasty, which reigns in the Transkei region of South Africa's Eastern Cape Province. He was born in Mvezo, a small village located in the district of Umtata. He has Khoisan ancestry on his mother's side. His patrilineal great-grandfather Ngubengcuka (who died in 1832), ruled as the Inkosi Enkhulu, or king, of the Thembu people. One of the king's sons, named Mandela, became Nelson's grandfather and the source of his surname. However, because he was only the Inkosi's child by a wife of the Ixhiba clan (the so-called "Left-Hand House"), the descendants of his branch of the royal family were not eligible to succeed to the Thembu throne.
　　Nelson Mandela circa 1937
　　Political activity
　　After the 1948 election victory of the Afrikaner-dominated National Party, which supported the apartheid policy of racial segregation, Mandela began actively participating in politics. He led prominently in the ANC's 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People, whose adoption of the Freedom Charter provided the fundamental basis of the anti-apartheid cause. During this time, Mandela and fellow lawyer Oliver Tambo operated the law firm of Mandela and Tambo, providing free or low-cost legal counsel to many blacks who lacked attorney representation.
　　Mahatma Gandhi influenced Mandela's approach, and subsequently the methods of succeeding generations of South African anti-apartheid activists. (Mandela later took part in the 29–30 January 2007 conference in New Delhi marking the 100th anniversary of Gandhi's introduction of satyagraha (non-violent resistance) in South Africa).
　　Armed anti-apartheid activities
　　In 1961 Mandela became leader of the ANC's armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (translated Spear of the Nation, and also abbreviated MK), which he co-founded. He coordinated sabotage campaigns against military and government targets, making plans for a possible guerrilla war if the sabotage failed to end apartheid. Mandela also raised funds for MK abroad and arranged for paramilitary training of the group.
　　Fellow ANC member Wolfie Kodesh explains the bombing campaign led by Mandela: "When we knew that we [sic] going to start on 16 December 1961, to blast the symbolic places of apartheid, like pass offices, native magistrates courts, and things like that ... post offices and ... the government offices. But we were to do it in such a way that nobody would be hurt, nobody would get killed." Mandela said of Wolfie: "His knowledge of warfare and his first hand battle experience were extremely helpful to me."
　　Later, mostly in the 1980s, MK, the organisation co-founded by Mandela, waged a guerrilla war against the apartheid government in which many civilians became casualties.. For example, the Church Street bomb in Pretoria killed 19 people and injured 217. After he had become President, Mandela later admitted that the ANC, in its struggle against apartheid, also violated human rights, criticising those in his own party who attempted to remove statements mentioning this from the reports of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
　　Until July 2008 Mandela and ANC party members were barred from entering the United States—except to visit the United Nations headquarters in Manhattan—without a special waiver from the US Secretary of State, because of their South African apartheid government era designation as terrorists.
　　Arrest and Rivonia trial
　　On 5 August 1962 Mandela was arrested after living on the run for seventeen months, and was imprisoned in the Johannesburg Fort. The arrest was made possible because the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) allegedly tipped off the security police as to Mandela's whereabouts and disguise. Three days later, the charges of leading workers to strike in 1961 and leaving the country illegally were read to him during a court appearance. On 25 October 1962, Mandela was sentenced to five years in prison.
　　While Mandela was imprisoned, police arrested prominent ANC leaders on 11 July 1963, at Liliesleaf Farm, Rivonia, north of Johannesburg. Mandela was brought in, and at the Rivonia Trial they were charged by the chief prosecutor Dr. Percy Yutar with four charges of the capital crimes of sabotage (which Mandela admitted) and crimes which were equivalent to treason, but easier for the government to prove. They were also charged with plotting a foreign invasion of South Africa, which Mandela denied. The specifics of the charges to which Mandela admitted complicity involved conspiring with the African National Congress and South African Communist Party to the use of explosives to destroy water, electrical, and gas utilities in the Republic of South Africa.
　　Imprisonment
　　Mandela was imprisoned on Robben Island where he remained for the next eighteen of his twenty-seven years in prison. While in jail, his reputation grew and he became widely known as the most significant black leader in South Africa. On the island, he and others performed hard labour in a lime quarry. Prison conditions were very basic. Prisoners were segregated by race, with black prisoners receiving the fewest rations. Political prisoners were kept separate from ordinary criminals and received fewer privileges. Mandela describes how, as a D-group prisoner (the lowest classification) he was allowed one visitor and one letter every six months Letters, when they came, were often delayed for long periods and made unreadable by the prison censors.
　　On the day of his release, Mandela said his main focus was to bring peace to the black majority and give them the right to vote in both national and local elections.
　　Negotiations
　　Following his release from prison, Mandela returned to the leadership of the ANC and, between 1990 and 1994, led the party in the multi-party negotiations that led to the country's first multi-racial elections.
　　Presidency of South Africa
　　South Africa's first multi-racial elections in which full enfranchisement was granted were held on 27 April 1994. The ANC won 62% of the votes in the election, and Mandela, as leader of the ANC, was inaugurated on 10 May 1994 as the country's first black President, with the National Party's de Klerk as his first deputy and Thabo Mbeki as the second in the Government of National Unity. As President from May 1994 until June 1999, Mandela presided over the transition from minority rule and apartheid, winning international respect for his advocacy of national and international reconciliation. Mandela encouraged black South Africans to get behind the previously hated Springboks (the South African national rugby team) as South Africa hosted the 1995 Rugby World Cup. After the Springboks won an epic final over New Zealand, Mandela presented the trophy to captain Francois Pienaar, an Afrikaner, wearing a Springbok shirt with Pienaar's own number 6 on the back. This was widely seen as a major step in the reconciliation of white and black South Africans.
　　After assuming the presidency, one of Mandela's trademarks was his use of Batik shirts, known as "Madiba shirts", even on formal occasions. In South Africa's first post-apartheid military operation, Mandela ordered troops into Lesotho in September 1998 to protect the government of Prime Minister Pakalitha Mosisili. This came after a disputed election prompted fierce opposition threatening the unstable government. Commentators and critics including AIDS activists such as Edwin Cameron have criticised Mandela for his government's ineffectiveness in stemming the AIDS crisis. After his retirement, Mandela admitted that he may have failed his country by not paying more attention to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Mandela has since spoken out on several occasions about the AIDS epidemic.
　　Retirement
　　Mandela became the oldest elected President of South Africa when he took office at the age of 75 in 1994. He decided not to stand for a second term and retired in 1999, to be succeeded by Thabo Mbeki.
　　After his retirement as President, Mandela went on to become an advocate for a variety of social and human rights organisations. He has expressed his support for the international Make Poverty History movement of which the ONE Campaign is a part. The Nelson Mandela Invitational charity golf tournament, hosted by Gary Player, has raised over twenty million rand for children's charities since its inception in 2000. This annual special event has become South Africa's most successful charitable sports gathering and benefits both the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund and Gary Player Foundation equally for various children's causes around the world.
　　Acclaim
　　Eve Fairbanks of Newsweek said "Mandela rightly occupies an untouched place in the South African imagination. He's the national liberator, the saviour, its Washington and Lincoln rolled into one".
　　In November 2009, the United Nations General Assembly announced that Mandela's birthday, 18 July, is to be known as "Mandela Day" to mark his contribution to world freedom.
　　Orders and decorations
　　Mandela has received many South African, foreign and international honours, including the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 (which was shared with Frederik Willem de Klerk),[192] the Order of Merit from, and creation as, a Baliff Grand Cross of the Order of St. John by Queen Elizabeth II and the Presidential Medal of Freedom from George W. Bush. In July 2004, the city of Johannesburg bestowed its highest honour on Mandela by granting him the freedom of the city at a ceremony in Orlando, Soweto.
　　As an example of his popular foreign acclaim, during his tour of Canada in
school children greeted him with adulation at a speaking engagement in the SkyDome in the city of Toronto. In 2001, he was the first living person to be made an honorary Canadian citizen (the only previous recipient, Raoul Wallenberg, was awarded honorary citizenship posthumously). While in Canada, he was also made an honorary Companion of the Order of Canada, one of the few foreigners to receive the honour.
　　In 1990 he received the Bharat Ratna Award from the government of India and also received the last ever Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviet Union. In 1992 he was awarded the Atatürk Peace Award by Turkey. He refused the award citing human rights violations committed by Turkey at the time, but later accepted the award in 1999. In 1992 he received of Nishan-e-Pakistan, the highest civil service award of Pakistan.
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SAT历年真题【名人故事】-写作素材-作文网-中大网校作文网
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[][][][][][][][][][]篇一：名人故事牛顿发现的万有引力定律大家一定熟知，然而，作为这样的一个伟大科学家，他有时也不开窍。牛顿小时候养有两只猫，一只大，一只小。牛顿为了让猫自由出入，在门上开了两个洞，也是一个洞大，一个洞小。一天他的邻居见到他，对他说：你何必要开两个洞，只要开一个大洞不就行了。牛顿听了，恍然大悟，连声称赞道：“说得对，真是高见！可我怎么也想不出你这个好主意来。”牛顿一辈子打光棍英国天才的科学家艾萨克?牛顿（）从小就迷上了书，迷上了宇宙，没有时间去修边幅。往往是领带不结，袜带未系，马裤也不扣钮扣。他的这些不修边幅行为，竟然使他在情场失意，终生未娶。牛顿年轻的时候也谈过恋爱。有一次，这位年轻的科学家热情奔放地向一位相识的姑娘求婚。能得到这样一位青年学者的钟情，姑娘自然感到幸运。牛顿轻轻地握着她的手，含情脉脉地望着这位漂亮的少女，她羞涩地低下了头，两朵红云飞上了脸颊。然而，正在这热恋的时刻，牛顿的思想忽然跑到另一个世界去了，满脑子尽是些符号、公式，完全忘记了身边的情人。他的手抓着情人的一个手指，误为捅烟斗的捅条，硬往他的烟斗里塞，痛得姑娘大叫起来。牛顿这才从数学王国里跳出，明自自己犯了一个大错误，赶紧向她道歉说：“亲爱的，饶恕我吧！我知道，这是不行了。看来，我是该一辈子打光棍的。”牛顿的一生真应着了他的话，他一辈子是“光棍”。篇二：名人故事我读过许多名人的故事，但有一个总让我印象深刻。那是一个关于孔子的故事。说的是，孔子30岁时，已是远近闻名的老师了，但他并不自满，仍觉得自己的学问并不渊博，于是，便从家乡曲阜赶到了洛阳，去拜访老子。一路上风餐露宿，日夜兼程，但从未放弃，终于走到洛阳见到了期盼已久的老子，急忙拜他为师。老子见他很有诚意，便收他为徒，孔子也在老子身边随时请教。读了这篇故事，我感受很深，孔子为了拜师，不远千里，不辞辛苦，可见他毫不骄做傲自满、孜孜不倦的求学态度，而老子呢，也为孔子的一片至诚之心所打动，倾囊相授，毫无保留，也为后人所乐道。是啊，我们应该象孔子那样谦虚好学，为了学习的知识，宁愿受苦受累也不在惜，只有这样，才能在学业上取得丰硕的成果。篇三：名人的故事文章出自，转载请保留此链接！高尔基小时候家里很穷，没有办法，他只好到一家裁缝店当学徒。在裁缝店里，高尔基一边干活，一边想方法读书，裁缝店老板订了一份《俄罗斯报》，小高尔基就趁老板不在时，偷偷看这份报纸。有一次，小高尔基从邻居家借来一本小说，趁老板晚上睡着以后，在窗边借着月光津津有味地读起来。过了一会儿，月亮躲到了云层后面，小高尔基兴致正浓，怎肯罢手，就点燃一盏小油灯继续看下去。不一会儿，老板醒过来，他看见小高尔苦在油灯下如痴如醉地看一厚厚的书，不由怒气冲冲地说：“看什么看，你把我农的灯油都快用沟了！”老板娘也醒过来，像一头母狼似的扑上去打高尔基。小高尔基无法忍受下去，他二话不说，头也不回地离开了裁缝店。小高尔在背着行李来到伏尔加河边，他注视着波光点点的伏尔加河，心里感觉有些悲伤，可是很快他又看到了生活的希望，因为他在一艘轮船上遇到了一位和蔼可亲的胖厨师，并做起了胖厨师的洗碗小伙计。更让小高尔基感到惊喜的是，胖厨师也是个书迷，他有满满一箱的书，而且愿意让小高尔基随便读。小高尔基高兴极了，一有空闲时间就如饥似渴地读书，有时还和胖厨师一起探讨书中的各种问题。小高尔基一边读书一边思索，从大量的书籍中明白了许多人世间的道理。大量的阅读也为他以后的文学创作提供了丰富的滋养，使他最终成为苏联大文豪。篇四：名人故事爱迪生是英国有名的科学家，爱迪生小时侯很刻苦学习的。有一次，爱迪生的妈妈生病了好几天，就叫爱迪生到菜市场上卖菜。爱迪生为了妈妈的健康而不上学了，去市场上卖菜，于是他想：“我带几本书去看，那不就是两全其美的事情。”他到了菜市场上就是一边卖菜一边看书，他只集中精力地看书不管卖菜，反正别人付了钱就行也不管付了多少钱，菜也随便别人拿。还有一次爱迪生制作电灯泡。他为了找一根灯丝寻遍了很多地方才找到它，他是在火车上卖报得钱买制作的材料的。有一次他在火车上做实验一不小心打倒了两瓶化学物品就着火了。被车长赶下来了，也把他的化学物品给扔了下来。于是，他就去找了一个小破屋做实验屋，他不休不眠的做了好几天，电灯实验终于成功了。爱迪生就是这样刻苦学习，才当上了英国有名的科学家，我要向特学习从小当爱科学，学科学，长大了要当一名科学家。篇五：名人故事20XX年，毛泽东的父亲毛顺生要他去做生意，毛泽东却立志走出韶山冲继续求学。经过自己的力争和亲友，老师们的一致劝说，父亲才答应他的要求。在离家赴湘乡县立东山高等小学求学前夕，毛泽东提笔写了一首《赠父诗》，夹在父亲每天必看的账簿里。这就是：孩儿立志出乡关，学不成名誓不还。埋骨何须桑梓地，人生无处不青山。这首诗是少年毛泽东走出乡关，奔向外面世界的宣言书，表明了他胸怀天下，志在四方的远大抱负。读了关于毛泽东的这个小故事，我真是佩服少年毛泽东的远大志向，正是因为他的远大的抱负，所以后来才加入了共产党，经过革命斗争，建立了新中国，成了新中国的领袖。我们也要学习毛泽东这种精神，从小树立远大的理想，好好学习，争取长大成材，为建设我们的国家出力。最近更新：看完本文，记得打分哦：很好下载Doc格式文档马上分享给朋友：?知道苹果代表什么吗实用文章，深受网友追捧比较有用，值得网友借鉴没有价值，写作仍需努力相关三年级作文：网友评论本类热门48小时热门典型创新事例九则--《写作》2010年24期
典型创新事例九则
【摘要】：正编者提示:本期写作万花筒选了一组与创新主题相关的素材,同学们可以借用也可选用自己积累的素材,写出得意的作文投稿过来哦。愿你们的世界凭自己的努力创新而精彩!乞丐巧喝"石头"汤一个幕风雨的日子,一位穷人到富人家讨饭,"滚开!"仆人呵斥。穷人说:"只要让我进去,在你们的火炉上烤干衣服就行了。"
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【分类号】：G634.34【正文快照】：
;‘，提示:本期写作万花筒选了一组与仓“新主题相关的素材，同学‘{“可以借用也可选用自{{己积累的素材，写出得意的作文投稿过来哦。愿你们的世界凭自己的努力“惭而精彩’乞丐巧喝‘.石头”汤一个幕风雨的日子，一位穷人到富人家讨饭，“滚开!”仆人呵斥。穷人说:“只要
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伍美春;[D];华东师范大学;2007年
文燕飞;[D];湖南师范大学;2004年
梁小莉;[D];湖南师范大学;2009年
于晓强;[D];辽宁师范大学;2005年
郭志伟;[D];东北师范大学;2005年
李尚仁;[D];河北师范大学;2005年
刘贵丽;[D];上海师范大学;2006年
徐建国;[D];内蒙古师范大学;2008年
王媛;[D];燕山大学;2009年
梁桂平;[D];首都师范大学;2008年
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