用连接代词who what which和连接副词when where等等引导的主语从句引导词以及其他的名词性从句不用连词that。

名词性从句
名词性从句
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初高中衔接讲座四:名词性从句26
语法复习三:名词性从句;名词性从句相当于名词,可分别作主句的;主语、表语、宾语和同位语;因此,名词性从句分为主语从句、表语从句、;宾语从句和同位从句;(一)引导名词性从句的连接词;1、连接代词:who,whose,whom,wh;有词义,在从句中担任成分,如主语、表语、宾语、或;2、连接副词:when,where,why,ho;3、连接词:that,whet
语法复习三:名词性从句名词性从句相当于名词,可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此,名词性从句分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。(一)引导名词性从句的连接词1、连接代词:who, whose, whom, what, which。有词义,在从句中担任成分,如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。2、连接副词:when, where, why, how。有词义,在从句中担任成分,作状语。3、连接词:that, whether, if, as if。that 无词义,在从句中不担任成分,有时可省略;if (whether), as if虽有词义,但在从句中不担任成分。注意:连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句,因而从句中谓语不用疑问式。连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分,连接词whether 和if(是否),as if(好象)在从句中不充当句子成分,只起连接作用。根据句义,如果连接代词与连接副词,whether、if 和as if都用不上时,才用that作连接词(that本身无任何含义)。(二)主语从句1、主语从句在复合句作主语。e.g. Who will go is not important.2、用it作形式主语,主语从句放在句末。e.g. It doesn’t matter so much whether you will come or not.3、that引导主语从句时,不能省略。e.g. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.(三)表语从句1、表语从句在复合句中作表语,位于系动词之后。e.g. The question was who could go there.2、引导表语从句的连接词that有时可省去。e.g. My idea is (that) we can get more comrades to help in the work.(四)宾语从句1、宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。e.g. I hope (that) everything is all right.2、介词之后的宾语从句,不可用which或if连接,要分别用what或 whether。e.g. I’m interested in whether you’ve finished the work..I’m interested in what you’ve said.3、whether与if都可以引导宾语从句,常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。①宾语从句是否定句时,只用if,不用whether。e.g. I wonder if it doesn’t rain.②用if 会引起误解,就要用whether。e.g. Please let me know whether you want to go.(此句如果把whether改成if,容易当成条件句理解)③宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用,就不能换成if;不直接连用,可换。 e.g. I don’t know whether or not the report is true.I don’t know whether/ if the report is true or not.④介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether 可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句,还可引导让步状语从句,以上均不能换成if。但引导条件从句时,只能用if,而不能用whether。e.g. It depends on whether we have enough time.They don’t know whether to go there.Please come to see me if you have time.(五)同位语从句同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语,一般位于该名词(如:news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等)之后,说明该名词的具体内容。e.g. I have no idea when he will be back.The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.练习:名词性从句一、判断下列各句哪句含有名词性从句,并指出是什么从句:1. China is no longer what it used to be.2. The truth that the earth turn around the sun is known to all.3. It was snowing when he arrived at the station.4. How he persuaded the manager to change the plan is interesting to us all.5. The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.6. The news that you told me yesterday was really disappointing.7. That is where Lu Xun used to live.8. He spoke as if he understood what he was talking about.9. Do you remember the teacher who taught us English at middle school?10. I wonder why she refused my invitation.二、用适当的连词填空:1. I can’t decide ____________ dictionary I should buy.2. That’s ____________ he refused my invitation.3. I am very interested in ____________ he has improved his pronunciation in such a short time.4. ____________ we need is more time.5. The fact ____________ she had not said anything at the meeting surprised everybody.6. ____________ and ____________ they will meet has not been decided yet.7. Please tell me ____________ you are waiting for.8. Is that ____________ you are looking for?9. Would you please tell me ____________ the nearest post office is?10. I don’t know ____________ he will agree to the plan or not.三、选择填空:1. Do you see _____
I mean?A. that
D. what2. Tell me_____ is on your mind.A. that
D. why3. We must stick to _____ we have agreed on.A. what
D. how4. Let me see _____.A. that can I repair the radio
B. whether -I can repair the radioC. I can repair the radio
D. whether can I repair the radio5. Keep in mind _____.A. that the teacher said
B. what did the teacher sayC. that did the teacher say
D. what the teacher said6. Could you advise me _____?A. which book should I read first B. what book should I read firstC. that book 1 should read first D. which book I should read first7. He was criticized for _____.A. he had done it
B. what he had done
C. what had he donedone it8. Would you kindly tell me _____?A. how can I get to the Beijing Railway StationB. how I can get to the Beijing Railway StationC. where can I get to the Beijing Railway StationD. whether can I get to the Beijing Railway Station9. Mrs. Smith was very much impressed by _____.A. what had she seen in China
B. that she had seen in ChinaC. what she had seen in China
D. which had she seen in China10. We took it for granted ___A. that they were not coming
B. that were they not comingC. they were coming not
D. were they not coining11. I really don't know _____A. I should do next
B. what should I do nextC. what I should do next
D. how I should do next12. I'm afraid _____.A. the little girl will have to be operated onB. that will the little girl have to operate onC. the little girl will have to operate onD. that will the little girl have to be operated on13. She walked up to _____ .A. where did I stand
B. where I stoodC. I stood there
D. where I stood there14. Can you tell me _____?A. who is that gentleman
B. that gentleman is whoD. that he hadC. who that gentleman is
D. whom .is that gentleman15. We'll give you _____.A. that do you need
B. what do you needC. whatever you need
D. whether do you need16. They want us to know _____ to help us.A. what can they
B. what they can C. how they can
D. how can they17. We must put _____ into practice.A. what we have learned
B. that we have learnedC. that have we learned
D. what have we learned18. Did she say anything about _____?A. that the work was to be done
B. how was the work to be doneC. that was the work to be done
D. how the work was to be done19. He was never satisfied with _____.A. what she had achieved
B. had what she achievedC. she had achieved
D. that she achieved20. These photographs will show you _____.A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks likeC. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like21. Peter insisted _____ he pay the bill.A. on that
D. on which22. They urged _____ the library open during the vacation.A. when
D. that23. We wish we could have learned _____ when we were at high school.A. what you did
B. that you had doneC. that what you did
D. what did you do24.1 will describe to you _____ I saw when there.A. what
D./25. From _____ I should say he is a good worker.A. what 1 know of him
B. that I do know of himC. what do I know of him
D. that do I know of him26. I will give this dictionary to __ wants to have it.A. whomever
C. whoever
D. someone27._____ they will come here hasn' t been decided yet.A. What
D. Where28. _____ was said here must be kept secret.A. Who
B. The thing
C. Whatever
D. Where29. It is still a question _____ we shall have our sports meet.A. if
D. when30. I'm going anyway. _____ she will go is up to her to decide.A. If or not
B. Whether or not C. If
D. That31. It is strange _____ she have left without saying a word.A. that
D. how32. It is very clear _____ our policy is a correct one.A. what
D. where33. _____ Mr Zhang said is quite right.A. That
D. Whether34. It has been decided _____ he will be sent there.A. if
B. whether
D. that35. It doesn' t matter _____he' s come back or not.A. if
B. whether
D. when36. It's a great pity _____ we won’t be able to finish the task on time.A. when
D. where37. It happened _____ I wasn't there that day.A. when
D. that38._____ you have done might do harm to other people.A. What
D. The things39. _____ leaves the room last ought to turn oft the lights.A. Anyone
B. The person
C. Whoever
D.Who40._____ the 2000 Olympic Games won't be held in Beijing is known to all.A. Whether
C. Whenever
D. That41. _____ fails to see this will make a big mistake.A. That
B. Whoever
C. Whether
D. Whether or not42. __ we need more equipment is quite obvious.A. What
B. Whether
D. Whatever43. Has it been announced _____?A. when are the planes to take off
B. that are the planes to take offC. where are the planes to take off
D. when the planes are to take off44. That is _____ we all support his idea.A. what
D. when45. That’s _____ we should do.A. that
D. why46. _____ is troubling me is _____ I don’t understand _____ he saidA. W what
B. W whatC. T what
D. W which47. Things were not _____ they seemed to be.A. when
D. what48. That’s _____ I want to say.A. all what
C. all which
D. what that49. That’s _____ .A. where our differences lie
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第三讲 表语从句
表语从句(The Predicative Clause)在复合句中作句子表语。引导表语从句的词有连词that\whether\as if等;连接代词who\what\which等;连接副词when\where\how\why/等。
表语从句在复合句中主要作系动词be的表语,因此,表语从句很容易找到,即系动词be后的从句就是表语从句。
一、第一招之一:学会引导表语从句的连词、连接代词和连接副词的基本用法
(一)连词 that、whether和as if的用法特点。
That在表语从句中没有任何意思,不作任何句子成分,只起连接从句或引导从句的作用,一般不能省略。
Whether.在从句中的意思是“是否”,不作任何句子成分,起连接从句或引导从句的作用,不能省略。
As if在从句中的意思是“好像、似乎、仿佛….一样”,作状语,起连接从句或引导从句的作用,不能省略。
体会that\whether和As if在表语从句中用法:
连词that\whether和as if引导表语从句
(1)my idea is that we should learn more practical knowledge.
That在从句中不作任何成分,没有任何意思,但不能省略。
我的想法是我们应该多学习实用知识。
(2)what many people are worried about is whether we will be able to build a better future.
Whether在从句中不作任何成分,意思是“是否”,但不能省略。
很多人担心的是我们能否建设一个更美好的未来。
(3)it looks as if it will snow hard this evening.
As if在从句中作状语,意思是“好像”。
看起来今晚好像要下大雪了。
指点迷津:
1、引导表语从句的连词除了that、whether和As if以外,还有as though(= as if),because(因为)等也比较常用。As if 或as though引导表语从句时,通常用于“it looks/seems/appears as if/as though….”句型中。
(1)he looks as if he is very angry with me.他看起,来好像很生我的气。
(2)he didn’t come to school this morning,that was because he had to look after his sick mother at home.他今天上午没来学校,那是因为他不得不在家照看生病的母亲。
2、that引导表语从句时,that一般不能省略。但是在口语中,偶尔也可以省略。例如:
I didn’t buy the coat ,the reson is (that) I don’t like its color.我没有买那件外套,原因是我不喜欢它的颜色。
当堂小结:
连词that\whether\和as if.的选择诀窍是:表语从句中不缺主语、宾语、表语之类的句子成分并且句意完整时,用that.虽然不缺主语、宾语、表语之类的句子成分,但需要有“是否”之意时,用whether.表示“好像、仿佛、似乎”之意时,用as if.
简言之;不作成分、没有实意,用that.表示“是否”,用whether.表示“好像、仿佛、似乎”,用as if.
(一)连接代词who\what\which等的用法特点
引导表语从句的连接代词who\what\which等和前面讲过的引导主语从句、宾语从句的连接代词Who、what\which等的用法相同。也就是说,这些连接代词既可引导主语从句、宾语从句,也可以引导表语从句,并且它们在从句中所表达的意思和担任的句子成分也是相同的。如果掌握了连接代词who\what\which等引导主语或宾语从句的用法特点,学习这些连接代词引导表语从句易如反掌。
现在,我们来看一下它们的用法特点;
连接代词who\what\which等在表语从句中有实在意思:
Who(谁)、what(什么、什么样的)、which(哪一个、哪一些);在从句中都做句子成分:主语、宾语、表语或定语等,并且都不能省略。用哪一个连接代词引导从句,要根据它们本身的意思确定。
有时,what没有具体实在意思,只表示“……所……的(东西)”,不翻译出来,但在表语从句中肯定作某种句子成分。
体会连接代词who\what\which等在表语从句中的用法:
连接代词who\what\which等引导表语从句
(1)my question is who will win the game in the end.
Who在从句中作主语,意思是“谁”。
我的问题是谁最后赢得这场比赛。
(2)what I want to know is whose car it is on earth.
Whose 在从句中作定语,修饰car,意思是“谁的”。
我想知道这究竟是谁的车。
(3)that’s what I thought about you .
What在从句中作宾语,没有实在意思。
这就是我对你的看法。
(2)what she wants to ask is which time is more suitable for you .
which在从句中作定语,修饰time ,意思是“哪一个”。
她想问的是哪一个时间更适合你。
指点迷津:
1、引导表语从句的连接代词并不是只有who、whose、what和which,像whoever、whatever、whichever等也很常用,这里只是列举了其中的一些。像主语从句和宾语从句的引导词一样,不需记住都有哪些连接代词可以引导表语从句,只需要根据连接代词在表语从句中所表达的意思依据连接代词本身的词义就可以确定。
2、whose或which在表语从句中作定语时,它连同它所修饰的名词在一起往往担任主语、宾语或表语。
What I want to know is whose car it is on earth.(whose Car在从句中作表语)
What she wants to ask is which time is more suitable for you(which time在从句中作主语)。
当堂小结:连接代词who\whose\what\which.等选择的诀窍:根据它们本身的词义。如果没有具体的实在意思但是在从句中作句子成分往往选择what.
(三)连接副词when\where\how\why等用法特点。
引导表语从句的连接副词和引导主语句、宾语从句的连接副词相同的,在从句中所表达的意思和担任的句子成分也是相同的。使用这些连接副词引导主语从句和宾语从句,也要用这些连接副词引导表语从句。
重温连接副词:when\where\how\why.等的意思和作用。
它们在标语从句中都以实在意思:when(什么时候)、where(哪里)、how(怎么、如何)、why(为什么);在从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语、方式状语和原因状语,并且都不能省略。用哪一个连接副词引导从句,要根据它们本身的意思确定。
体会when\where\how\why.等在表语从句中的用法:
连接副词when\where\how\why.等引导表语从句。
(1)the question is when you can complete all the projects.
When在从句中作时间状语,意思是“什么时候”.
问题是你们什么时候能够完成所有工程。
(2)the problem is where we can park so many cars today.
Where在从句中作地点状语,意思是“什么地方、哪里”。
问题是我们今天在哪里能够停放这么多汽车。
(3)this is how henry solved the problem.
How在从句中作方式状语,意思是“怎么、如何”。
这就是亨利怎么解决这个问题的。
(4)My doubt is why we must do it.
Why在从句中作原因状语,意思是“为什么”。
我的疑问是我们为什么必须做这件事。
引导表语从句的连接副词when\where\how\why等在从句中都作状语,不需要记住有哪些连接副词可以引导表语从句,只需要见到这类连接副词时知道它们的词义、知道它们是作状语的就可以了。
另外,引导表语从句的连接副词不知有上面4个,像whenever(无论何时)、wherever(无论哪里)、however(无论如何、不管怎样)等也很常见,它们在从句中也是作状语的,知道它们的词义就能正确使用。
当堂小结:
连接副词when\where\how\why等选择的诀窍是:根据它们本身的词义。
二、第二招之二:学会连词、连接代词和连接副词的用法区别。
(一)that和what的区别。
在表语从句中,that不作任何句子成分,没有实在意义,只起连接从句的作用,但是一般不能省略。What肯定作句子成分,如主语、宾语、定语、表语等。有时有实在意义“什么”,有时没有实在意义,只表示“….所…..的(东西)”。因此,选that还是选what,关键要看标语从句中是否缺少句子成分。缺少成分选what,不缺成分选that.是否作句子成分是what和that的主要区别,也是正确选择二者的重要依据。这一用法和它们引导主语从句、宾语从句时的区别方法一样。
That和what的用法区别
(1)to us all,to serve our country heart and soul is what the meaning of life is all about.
对我们所有人来说,全心全意为祖国服务是生命的全部意义。
标语从句中介词about后缺宾语。应用what引导该从句,what作about的宾语,但没有实在意思。
(2)what you don’t have to worry about is that&& we have arranged everything for you in our country.表语从句中不缺任何句子成分,句意完整,应用that引导该从句,that只起连接作用,没有实在意思,往往也不能省略。
你不必担心的是,我们已经安排在本公司你的一切。
(3)the result is that our team beat theirs by 2:1.
其结果是,我们的球队以2:1击败他们..
(4)whether ways will be found to stop pollution or not is just what worries the public.
公众们担心的正是能否找到防止污染的方法.
& Whether ways will be found to stop pollution or not 作主语,what代指Whether ways will be found to stop pollution or not 这一部分。
此处what引导的是表语从句,what相当于the one who.空格后面的从句需要一个先行词和引导词,只有what能起到这两个功能。
表语从句中缺少主语,应用what引导该从句,what没有实在意思,只表示“….所…”的(东西)
(二)其他连接代词和连接副词的区别。
除了that和what的区别以外,剩余的连词Whether和as if、连接代词who、whose、which等以及连接副词when、where、how、why等的选择全部根据它们本身的词义确定。看哪一个句子句意清楚、明了、符合逻辑,自然就知道该用哪一个引导词了。
由题意确定连词及连接代、副词。
表语从句的引导词的区别。
(1)the thing that needs to be decided is who should go and help them.表语从句中缺少主语。句意是“不要决定的事情是谁应该去帮助他们”.
(2)you see,I am poor in math,your are not good at English,and…
That’s where we should help each other.
表语从句中不缺主语、宾语。句意是“-你看,我的数学差,你的英语不好…._这正是我们俩应该互相帮助的地方。
(3)i rang you at about 9 ,but there was no reply.
On, that was probably when I was seing the doctor.
表语从句中不缺主语、宾语。句意是-我9点给你打电话,可以你没接。-哦,那可能是当时我正在看医生。
(4)Actually ,girls can be whatever they want to be just like boys,whether it is a pilot ,a nurse,or a general manager.
No matter what.不能引导名词性从句。从后面的名词”pilot,nurse,general manager”.可以推测空白处应该填入表示支职业的名词,选项中只有whatever可以表示职业,因此句意是:实际上,就像男孩一样,女孩能够想干什么职业就干什么职业,不管是飞行员、护士、还是总经理。“
(3)her trouble is how she can get along well with all her classmates.表语从句中不缺主语、宾语,句意是“她的烦恼是如何跟所有的同学搞好关系”。
三、第二招:学会解决表语从句应注意的特殊问题。
1、不能使用的引导词。
这里需要特别注意,if一般不能引导表语从句。表示“是否”之意时,记住用whether.
2、语气。名词suggestion(建议)、advice(建议)、order(命令)、requirement(要求、命令)、demand(要求、需要)等后的表语从句中,谓语动词常用“should+动词原形“的虚拟语气形式,should可以省略。
(1)my suggestion is (that you should check your homework before you hand it in)我的建议时你们应该检查完作业之后再上交。
(2)their order was that no other languages but German should be taught in these areas.他们的命令是除了德语其他别的语言不能在这些地区教授。
如同主语从句、宾语从句一样,表语从句也采用陈述句语序,即“主语在前,谓语随后”。
4、其他可跟表语从句的系动词。
表语从句大多数出现在系动词Be之后。可以跟表语从句的常见系动词还有seem、look、appear、soun、taste、feel、remain.等例如:
(1)it seems that she will never agree with us.似乎她永远不会同意我们的意见。
(2)it sounds as if you have been there before.听起来好像你以前到过那里似的。
5、容易出现的错误。
如果主语时the reason,其后跟表语从句时,要用that引导,不能凭想当然用why或Because引导。例如:
她未能及时赶到这里,原因是她陷入了严重的交通堵塞。
She failed to be here in time.the reason was that she got stuck in a heavy traffic jam.她未能及时赶到这里,原因是她陷入了严重的交通堵塞。
5、表语从句的经典句型。
(1)this/that is why…
(2)this/that is because.
(3)the reason (why…) is that
(4)My opinion/idea/suggestion/is that…….
四、巩固性练习
1、Energy is what makes things work.表语从句中缺少主语,无实在意思。能量是一种使事物工作的东西。
2、perseverance is a kind of quality-and that’s what it takes to do anything well.
表语从句中takes后缺少宾语,无实在意思。毅力是一种品质-那是做好任何事情所需要的动词。
3、Engines are to machines what heart are to animals.
标语从句中缺少表语,无实在意思。A is to B what C is to D.句意是:发动机对于机器就像心脏对于动物一样重要。
4、the reason why they were always poor was that they paid little attention to education.表语中不缺任何成分,只需一个引导词。
他们总是贫穷的原因是他们几乎不重视教育。
5、are you still thinking about yesterday’s game?
Oh That’s what makes me feel excited.
What在表语从句中作主语,无实在意思。
那是使我感到兴奋的事。
6、the problem is whether they can be here on time.问题是他们是否能准时到这里。
7、what I want to know is when. our team results will come out.
我想知道的是什么时候我们的考试结果会出来。
8、our concern is how we can get our food improved.
我们关心的是怎样改善我们的伙食。
9、what you said is just what I had been thinking about these days.
标语从句中缺少宾语。What 没有实在意思,但是作had been thinking about的宾语。
你说的正是我这些天一直在考虑的事。
10、it seemed that he couldn’t continue to live in his own country .that’s why he had to move to this small country.既然他不可能再在自己的国家生活下去了,所以不得不迁移到其他国家。由此判断第二句的意思是“那就是他为什么不得不迁移到这个小国家的原因”。
第四讲 同位语从句
同位语从句(the Appositive Clause)在复合句中起同位语的作用。它一般跟在某些名词如fact、truth、idea、news、promise、hope、belief、thought、doubt、plan、fear.等后面。用以说明或解释前面的名词。引导同位语从句的词有连词少数情况下也可以用连接副词when、where、how、why等。
同位语从句是四大名词性从句中不太容易理解的从句。
一个名词或代词后面有时可能跟一个名词(或起类似作用的其他东西),后面这个名词对前面的名词或代词作进一步的解释,说明它指的是谁或是什么等,后面的名词就被叫做前面的名词或代词的同位语。如果是一个从句作同位语,这个从句就被称为同位语从句。
一、第一招:学会引导同位语从句的连词和连接副词的基本用法
能够引导同位语从句的词不多,这不像主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句的引导那样复杂,主要有连词that以及连接副词when\where\how\why.等。
连词that引导同位语从句
(1)The fact that Great Britain is composed of three countres is still unknown to many people.
That在从句中不作任何成分,没有任何意思,但不能省略。That引导的同位语从句对名词fact进行解释说明。
大不列颠本土由三个国家组成,这一事实许多人还不知道。
(2)the idea that England stands for Fish & Chips,Speakers’ Corner ,Big Ben and the tower of London is past.
That在从句中不作任何成分,没有任何意思,但不能省略。That引导的同位语从句对名词idea进行解释说明。
认为炸鱼、土豆条、演讲角、大本钟和伦敦塔象征英国的想法已经过去了。
指点迷津:
1、that引导的同位语从句在高考中出现频率极高,几乎年年考查,要高度重视。
2、并非每个词后都可以跟同位语从句,这些名词往往是抽象名词,主要有:
Advice.建议,忠告;belief.信心、信任、相信、信仰;
Desire.愿望、心愿、要求;doubt.怀疑、疑问、疑惑
Fact.事实、实际、真相;fear.担心,恐惧;hope.希望、信心
Idea.主意、想法、意见、观念。News.消息、新闻;plan.计划。
Problem问题,难题。
Promoise.许诺,诺言,答应,允诺;
Suggestion.提议,建议,意见。
Thought.思想,想法。
Thuth.实事、真相、真理。
3、That引导的同位语一般紧跟在fact\news\thuth\idea等抽相名词后面,这点儿像定语从句。它们的本质区别是:
That引导的同位语从句是对它前面的名词起解释说明作用的,或表示前面的名词的具体内容。That没有实在意思,在从句中不作句子成分,且不能省略。
That引导定语从句是对它前面的先行词(名词或代词)起修饰限制的作用的。That 没有实在意思,但是在从句中作主语、宾语或表语,偶尔也可作状语。在限制性定语从句中作宾语的that可以省略。
因此,that 在从句中作不作句子成分是区分同位语从句和定语从句的显著标志。
比较下列句子:
(1)the news that spread the airport was that the planes couldn’t take off on schedule because of a terrible storm.传遍机场的消息是由于风暴飞机不能按时起飞。
该句中,that指代先行词the news.,指“事物”,在定语从句“…spread the airport”中作主语,用which也可以。该从句对the news起的作用是修饰限制,即“传遍机场的消息”。消息的具体内容则由后面的that引导的表语从句来表示。
(2)the news spread the airport that the planes couldn’t take off on schedule because of a terrible storm.由于风暴飞机不能按时起飞的消息传遍了机场。
该句中,that在从句中不作任何成分,从句结构完整、句意清楚,表示的是名词the news的具体内容,即“由于风暴飞机不能按时起飞”。因此that引导的是同位语从句。由于名词the news所带的同位语从句过长,把该从句放在了句子的后部,以免头重脚轻。同位语从句翻译时,有点定语从句的味道,带有“….的”。之意思,它与定语从句本质上的不同在于它是 解释或说明前面的名词(该名词也可以称为“先行词”),而不是修饰或限制。
当堂小结:用连词引导同位语从句主要是掌握一个词的用法,即that.其他连词很少或几乎不用来引导同位语从句。并且高考重点考查的也是连词that的用法。
当然,也有其他连词如whether引导的同位语从句。
He has to answere the question whether he can do the work or not.
他必须回答这个问题:他是否能够做这项工作。
从句whether he can do the work or not.表示名词“问题”的具体内容。
(二)连接副词when\where\how\why.等的用法特点。
连接副词when\where\how\why.等可以引导名词性从句,它们在名词性从句所表达的意思以及担任的句子成分都是相同的。学会了主语从句和宾语从句的连接副词的用法,就学会了表语从句和同位语从句的的的连接副词的用法。-名词性从句的连接副词的用法最具有共性!
连接副词when\where\how\why.等引导同位语从句也是那老一套:
它们在同位语从句中都有实在意思:when(什么时候)、where(哪里)、how(怎么、如何)、why(为什么);在从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语、方式状语、原因状语,并且都不能省略。究竟该用哪一个连接副词引导从句,要根据它们本身的意思确定。
体会when\where\how\why等在从句中的用法:
连接副词when\where\how\hwy等引导同位语从句。
(1)we have no idea when we will hold the sports meet.
When在从句中作时间状语,意思是“什么时候”。
我们不知道我们什么时候将句型运动会。
(2)there is no chance where they can buy such a cheap flat as this.
Where在从句中作地点状语,意思是“什么地方、哪里”。
他们不可能在什么地方能买到像这样一套便宜的房子。
(3)A doubt was raised how he could earn& so much money in a month.
How.在从句中作方式状语,意思“怎么,如何”。
一个疑问提出来了:他怎么能够在一个月内挣这么多钱。
(4)i have a question why she is always wearing the same jacket.
Why在从句中作原因状语,意思“为什么”。
我有一个疑问:她为什么总是穿着同一件夹克。
指点迷津:
引导同位语从句的连接副词when\where\how\why等在从句中都作状语,不需要记住有哪些连接副词可以引导同位语从句,只需要见到这类连接副词时知道它们的词义,知道它们是作状语就可以了。
另外,引导同位语从句的连接副词Why在从句中作原因状语,意思是“为什么“。有时候,why引导的定语从句与同位语搞混,一招不会出错。
Why 引导定语从句时,它的先行词比较单一,时常就是一个“reason”。此时,why起连接句子的作用,作原因状语,但是不翻译出来。
Why引导同位语从句时,它所解释或说明的名词不知有reason.此时,why不仅起连接句子的作用,作原因状语,还要翻译出来。意思是“为什么”。
(1)i don’t know the reason (why she always refuses to give me a hand)。我不知道她总是拒绝帮助我的原因。
该句中,why引导的是定语从句,修饰现行词the reason.在从句中作原因状语。
(2)i have no idea why she always refuses to give me a hand.我不知道为什么她总是拒绝帮助我。
该句中,Why引导的是同位语从句,解释说明”先行词“idea的具体内容,在从句中作原因状语,意思是“为什么”。
小结:连接副词when\where\why\how.等选择的诀窍:根据他们本身的词义。
二、第二招:学会解决同位语从句应该注意的特殊问题
1、不能使用的引导词。
If 不能引导同位语从句。表示“是否”之意时,记住用Whether。不过,whether引导的同位语从句不太常见。
名词suggestion(建议)、advice(建议)、order(命令)、requirement(要求、命令)、Demand(要求、需要)等后的同位语从句中,谓语动词常用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气形式,should可以省略。如:
(1)the teacher gave us advice that we should check our houmework before we hand it in .老师给我们提出建议:我们应该检查完作业之后再上交。
(2)their order came that no other languages but german should be taught in these areas.他们的命令传来,除了德语其他别的语言不能在这些地区教授。
3、同位语从句与定语从句的引导词的区别。
(1)that与which.
引导词同位语从句时,that在从句中不作成分,没有实在意思,不能省略;which在从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语,有实在意思,即“哪一个、哪一些”。
引导定语从句时,that在从句中作主语、宾语或表语,没有任何意思,在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略;which和that指“事物”时;用法基本一样,多数情况下可以通用。
(2)who、whom和whose.
引导同位语从句时,Who、whom、whose在从句中分别作主语(或宾语)、宾语、定语,有实在意思,即“谁、谁的”,都不能省略。同位语从句解释说明的名词时fact\news\truth\idea等抽象名词。
引导定于从句时,who\whom\whose在从句中分别作主语(或宾语)、宾语、定语,没有任何意思,在限制性定于从中作宾语时Who或whom可以省略。定语从句修饰的先行词都是表示“人”的词。
(4)when、where和why.引导同位语从句时,when\where\why在从句中都作状语,分别表示时间、地点、原因,都有实在意思,即“什么时候、哪里、为什么”。都不能省略。同位语从句解释说明的名词依然时Fact、news、truth、idea等抽相名词。
引导定语从句时,when\where\why.在从句中也都作状语,分别表示时间、地点、原因,但是都没有实在意思,不翻译出来,一般都不能省略。定语从句修饰的先行词仅限于时间、地点、原因的名词,不能是其他抽相名词。
(4)引导词的误区.引导定语从句的词that\which\who\whom\whose以及when\where\why都能用来引导同位语从句。(只有as不能)
引导同位语从句的词比较多,其中what\whether等以及how等不能用来引导定语从句,尤其是what和how,不能用来引导定语从句。
4、语序。名词性从句全部采用陈述句语序,即“主语在前,谓语随后”。同位语从句当然也不例外。
5、同位语从句的经典句型
(1)these is much chance that….
(2)there is no doubt /need that
(3)i have no idea whether/when/where/how…..
(4)it is no wonder that…..
(三)巩固性练习
1、information has been put forward that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
同位语从句中不缺主语和宾语,结构完整、句意清楚,that不作任何成分,没有任何意思。
更多的总学毕业生将被大学录取。这一消息已经公布了,不存在任何疑问。
2、Doris’ success lies in the fact that she is co-operative and eager to learn from others.that引导的同位语从句说明fact的具体内容“她善于合作,热心向别人学习”。
3、the question came up at the meeting whether. we had enough money for our research.
同位语从句中不缺主语、宾语或表语。既然这是一个“问题”,肯定就有疑问,即“是否有足够的钱来搞 研究”
会议上出现的问题是我们是否有足够的钱来做调查
4、you have no idea how worried I was at that time.
Worried是形容词。由此可以判断应该用一个副词修饰它。How引导同位语从句。How在从句中作状语。
你不知道我是多么担心当时
5、there’s a feeling in me that we will never know what a UFO is & not ever.
同位语从句中不缺主语和宾语,结构完整、句意清楚,that不作任何成分,没有任何意思。That从句是对feeling的具体说明或解释,即“我们永远不会知道UFO是什么”。这一feeling.
我有一种感觉,就是我们将永远不知道UFO到底是什么。
in me只是做补充成分而已,说明是我的感觉,观点
6、do you have an idea how it is that electricity plays such an important part in our daily life/
分析句子结构可知同位语从句中套用了强调句型,分析同位语从句的意思可知,应该用how.引导该从句。How在从句中作方式状语,句意是“电究竟是如何在我们的日常生活中发挥如此重要作用的。
7、there is a common belief among them that rubbish can and should be put to good use.同位语从句中不缺主语和宾语,结构完整、句意清楚,that不作任何成分、没有任何意思。That从句是对common belief的具体说明或解释,即“垃圾能够并且应该好好利用”,这是他们的共同看法。
8、the doubt was whether he would& visit me this coming Chrismas.
同位语从句总不缺主语和宾语。主句中的”doubt”说明从句是不肯定的。即“他是否会在这个即将到来的圣诞节看望我”。Whether虽然不作句子成分,但是表示“是否”之意,与doubt相吻合。
怀疑他是否会来拜访我今年圣诞节
9、word came that a group of New Zealand guests will come to visit our school next Tuesday.
同位语从句中不缺主语和宾语,结构完整、句意清楚,that不作任何成分,没有任何意思。That从句是对Word(消息)的具体说明或解释。
即“一群新西兰游客下周二要来参观我们学校“这一消息。
10、the decision has not been made when their factory will be moved out to the suburb.
既然是没有确定下来的事情,就不能用that引导该同位语从句。If 不能引导同位语从句。When在从句中作时间状语,即“他们的工厂什么时候将要搬到郊区”。没有确定下来的是“搬迁的时间”,而不是“搬迁的原因”。
第二部分 考查要点归纳 经典真题选析
一、连词的用法。
连词选择的诀窍是:将连词置于它所引导的从句中,根据它所充当的句子成分和它本身的词义确定。
如果连词本身没有词义,主要根据它是否充当句子成分决定。如What和that的选择:what引导名词性从句时,有时虽然没有实在意义,但在从句中充当句子成分;that在各种名词性从句中均不作成分,也无实在意义,但不能省略(宾语从句除外)。
What makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services.只有what没有实在意义,在主语从句中作主语。该句的意思是“使这家商店与众不同的是它提供更多的人性化服务”。其他三个连词都有一定的意思,填入空白后,句子的意思不通顺或不合乎逻辑。
It is generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants.
该句中,wants为及物动词,其后缺宾语,需要连接代词引导该从句。However和whenever为连接副词,在此不能引导宾语从句。
Whichever(无论哪一个,任何一个);指一定范围内的选择;
Whatever(无论什么,凡是…).则指“任何…的事或物”。相当于anything that.孩子想要什么就给他(她)什么,这一般被认为是不明智的做法“。。
二、连接副词的用法
连接副词选择的诀窍是:将连接副词置于它所引导的从句中,根据它所充当的句子成分和它本身的词义确定。
每个连接副词都有一定的词义,因此,选择时多数依据词义而定,句子成分起辅助作用。
Mary wrote an article on why the team had faild to win the game.
What和that均无实意,但是what作一定的句子成分,that则不作任何成分。若选what,句意不合逻辑;若选that,句意不完整。
Why和who均无实意,并且作句子成分。但是。若选who.句意不合逻辑。
玛丽写文章是为了说明该队失败的原因,根据连接词的词义。
Please remind me when he said he was going I may be in time to see him off.
考查宾语从句的连接副词。第二句中的关键信息“be in time to see him off”暗示,“记住提醒我他什么时候走,以便我及时为他送行”。
I drove to ZHuhai for the air show last week/
Is that why you had a few days off?
考查表语从句的连接副词。根据对话语境“请假到珠海是为了观看air show”可知,该表语从句询问的是原因。
三、名词性从句的语序。
名词性从句的语序全部都是陈述句语序,该部分主要考查宾语从句的语序。但是,表达“….怎么了,….出什么毛病了“的两个句型”what’s the matter with…?””what’s wrong with…”
作宾语从句时,仍用原来的语序。
No one can be sure what man will look like in a million years.
本提考查宾语从句的语序。所有的名词性从句都用陈述句语序,what作为宾语从句的连接代词应置于从举举手
四、名词性从句和其他从句的区别。
主要考查名词性从句和定语从句的引导词的用法区别,尤其是which和that.引导名词性从句时,Which意为“哪一个、哪一些”。在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等;that无实在意义,在从句中不作任何句子成分,只起连接词作用,但不能省略(宾语从句除外)。引导定语从句时,which和that都可以指“事或物”,但无任何实在意义,在从句中作主语、宾语等。
Go and get your coat,it’s where you left it.
Where引导表语从句和引导定语从句的区别。Where引导表语从句,并且在从句中作地点状语。
去拿你的大衣 它就在你放的那个地方
What we can’t get seems better than what we have.
我们得不到的 看起来 总是 比我们拥有的要好
第三部分 高阶演练 运用自如
1、 we haven’t settled the question of whether it is necessary for him to study abroad.
介词of后跟的是宾语从句.主句中的have’t settled “说明后面的从句表示疑问之意。句中有地点状语abroad.不能用where引导。
我们还没有解决是否有必要让他出国留学的问题。
2、what did your parents think about your decision?
They always let me do what I think I should.
宾语从句用了省略形式,补充完整应该是I think I should do.其中I think为插入语。可现将插入语去掉,以简化句子结构。宾语从句中谓语动词do后缺少宾语。What在此没有实在意思。
你父母怎样看待你这个决定的?--他们总是让我做我自己认为应该做的(事情)
3、see the flags on top of the building?that was what we did this morning.表语从句中谓语动词did后缺少宾语。What没有实在意思,仅有“所…的”之意
看到那些建筑上的旗帜了吗?那是我们早上做的。
4、there is much chance that Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.
同位语从句不缺主语和宾语,结构完整、句意清楚,that没有任何意思,只起连接作用,该从句对名词chance起解释说明。
比尔能够及时从那次比赛中的伤愈是很有可能的
5、it is thirty years since we last met.
But I still remember the story ,believe it or not,that
We got lost on a rainy night.
距我们上次见面有30年了
&&&& 但我仍然记得上次的一切,那时我们在一个雨夜迷了路. story是指我们遇见时的情形
6、a warm thought suddenly came to me that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.
该同位语从句表示thought的具体内容,即“我可以用零用钱为母亲的生日买一些花”的这一“想法”。
一个温暖的想法突然显现在我脑海里,那就是用我的零用钱来买一些花作为母亲的生日礼物
7、he spoke proudly of his part in the game ,without mentioning what his teammates& had done.
宾语从句中谓语动词had done后缺少宾语。What没有实在意思,仅有“所…的”之意。
他自豪地谈到他在比赛的一部分,而不提他的队友做了。
他说他很骄傲加入这场游戏,没有提醒他的对友做了什么
8、could you do me a favor/
It depends on what it is.宾语从句中缺少表语,根据句意“那要看帮什么忙了”。What在从句中作表语,意思是“什么”。
9、one advantage of playing the guitar is that it can give you a great deal of pleasure.表语从句中不缺主语和宾语,结构完整、句意清楚,that没有任何意思,不作任何成分。
10、the road is covered with snow I can’t understand why they insist on going by motorbike.
宾语从句中缺少状语,根据前句“路被学覆盖”可以推知“我不明白他们为什么坚持骑摩托车去”。
11、Air is to us what water is to fish.表语从句中缺少表语,无实在意思。A is to B WHAT C is to D.
句意是:空气对于我们就像水对于鱼一样重要。
12、what she couldn’t understand was why fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.
分析句子结构可知,前者为主语从句,后者为表语从句。主语从句中,谓语动词understand后缺少宾语,用What。表语从句中,不缺主语和宾语,而是状语。根据“she couldn’t understand “可推知表语从句表示原因,即”为什么越来越少的学生对她的课感兴趣“。用Why。
13、Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class that he had to meet his uncle in the airport.
同位语从句总不缺任何成分,结构完整、句意清楚。That从句陈述his reason的具体内容,没有任何疑问之意。即“他缺课的原因是他不得不在机场接他的叔叔“。如果认为why引导定语从句,其先行词应该是the reason.并且定语从句要紧跟在the reason后面。
14、could you tell me whether you are getting on well with your boss?
宾语从句中不缺主语和宾语,即“你能否告诉我你跟老板的关系是否融洽“。看清从句中副词Well。
15、how different life is today from what it used to be ten years ago?
分析句子结构可知,前者为主语从句,后者为宾语从句。主语从句中,缺少修饰形容词different 的状语,应该填写how,宾语从句中,to be后缺少表语,应该填what.综上所述。
句意:今天,生活与10年前有多么的不同啊!
16、Have you made a decision which tape-recorder you are going to buy.?同位语从句中Tape-recorder.前缺少定语。“你决定买哪一种磁带录音机了吗”。
17、do you know what the matter is
Oh it’s a toy bear.
弄清楚matter的词义。当The matter表示“麻烦事”,用于“what’s the matter with….?句型中作宾语从句时,不能改变现在的语序。从答语it’s a boy bear.可知matter表示”东西、物质“。不受上述句型的限制。宾语从句该用陈述语序。句意是:-你知道那东西是什么吗?-哦,是一个玩具熊。
18、who do you suggest be sent to work there?
Do you suggest为插入语,宾语从句中缺主语。一个宾语从句只用一个引导词。(who和that同时出现,只能用其中一个)。在do you suggest/think/suppose/guess/say.等结构后跟的宾语从句中,引导词如果是表示疑问的代词、副词。这些连接代、副词要放在do you suggest等结构的前面,这是习惯用法。
你建议派谁去那里工作?
19、you are saying that everyone should be equal,and this is where I disagree.表语从句中谓语动词disagree是不及物动词,其后不能跟宾语,即不缺宾语。前半句的句意是“你说每个人都应该平等”,在你说的这一点上我不敢苟同“。应该把”这一点“看作一个”地点“。误认为what作disagree的宾语。这主要是没有看清disagree是不及物动词所致。
20、we cann’t figure out why quite a number of insects,birds,and animals are dying out.
宾语从句中不缺主语和宾语。As 不能引导宾语从句,既然是“不理解(cann’t figure out),肯定是“为什么”大量的昆虫、鸟和动物在逐渐绝种。
21、a modern city has been set up in what was a wasteland ten years ago.
宾语从句中缺少主语。What在从句中作主语,没有实在意思。句意是:一座现代化的城市已经在10年前曾经是荒地的地方建起来了。宾语从句中缺少不是地点状语,而是主语。
22、parents are taught to understand how important education is to their children’s future.
宾语从句中缺少修饰形容词important.的状语。
父母应学会去理解教育对于孩子们的未来是多么重要
23、Elephants have their own way to tell the shape of an object and&&& it is rough or smooth.宾语从句中不缺主语和宾语。It is rough or smooth是一个句子。不能省略引导词。该从句中含有“是否之意“。再者”whether….or“搭配也是一个暗示,即大象能够判断物体是粗糙还是光滑。大象用它们自己的方式来分辨物体的形状与是否粗糙或平滑
24、the other day,my brother drove his car down the street at& I thought was a dangerous speed.宾语从句中缺少主语,引导词不需要有任何意思。What在从句中作主语,没有实在意思。I thought.为插入语,起了一定的干扰作用。考查“介词+关系代词“。At which引导定语从句,但我找不到它所修饰的先行词。
那一天,我兄弟开着他的车以一个我认为危险的速度从街上驶过
25、she explained to her doctor how her shaking had begun a year before and,& how only because of this ,she had to give up her job.
第一空 半年前这种颤抖是怎么开始的
第二空 那时候,就因为这个,她被迫放弃工作。
该题有两个宾语从句。均作explained的宾语。第一从句中。A year before.暗示不缺时间状语。她向医生解释一年前她的手颤抖是怎么开始,因此用how.第二个从句中,已经有原因状语because of this.不能用why.引导。前面已经提到时间状语a year before.,第二个从句总也不缺时间状语。经过综合分析。
26、A story goes that Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.
故事发生在英国女王伊丽莎白一世还只是喜欢在宫廷里被一群聪明高贵的贵族簇拥的时候。同位语从句中不缺主语、宾语或表语,结构完整、句意清楚,只需要一个起连接作用的连词引导该从句。That从句解释story.的具体内容。
27、After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling& the earth ,what our astronauts desire to do is walk in space.
主语从句中动词to do 后缺少宾语。What没有实在意思。
杨利伟成功地环绕地球飞行之后,我们的宇航员所渴望做的事情是在太空中行走。
28、what made the school proud was that more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities..
分析句子结构可知,前者为主语从句,后者为表语从句。主语从句中,缺少主语,因此填what.表语从句中,结构完整、句意清楚,不缺任何成分。。因此填that.
令这所学校骄傲的是90%的学生都被重点大学录取了
29、what the doctors really doubt is whether my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.根据主语中的“doubt”可以推断表语从句中含有“是否”之意,即“医生们真正怀疑的是我母亲不久是否会从这场严重的疾病中恢复出来”。
30、whatever David says sounds right to Helen,that’s& why she has made up her mind not to leave him whatever happens.分析句子结构可知,前者为主语从句,后者为表语从句。主语从句中,谓语动词says后缺少宾语。由于what和whatever都可以作宾语,why引导表语从句。表语从句中whatever happens(不管发生什么事情)暗示主语从句中也应该有“不管或无论什么”。之意思。
经过综合分析可知。句意:在海伦看,不管戴维说什么听起来都是对的,这就是为什么她决定不管发生什么事她都不离开他的原因。
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