英语改错题的，请帮帮忙？_百度知道请问 until 的用法中He lived in London until 1999.此句能否也可用过去完成事He had lived in London until 1999.
完成时表示过去发生影响现在,或持续一段时间.没看出你这句话影响什么,肯定也不是延续.
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其他类似问题
可以的吧!not until才不能用完成时态啊
不能，因为完成时态不能用在有具体的时间的句子中，这句话很显然是过去时态
until本身已经表明了动作的先后顺序，不必再用过去完成时态。当然用了也不算错。
扫描下载二维码正确教育旗下网站
题号：917458试题类型：改错题 知识点：零冠词,不定代词,关系副词,副词,并列连词,一般过去时&&更新日期：
短文改错。&&&&假定英语课上老师要求同桌交换修改作文, 请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有十处语言错误, 每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加, 删除, 或修改。 增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧),并在下面写出该加的词。删除:把多余的词用斜线( \ )划掉。 修改:在错的词下划一横线,在该词下面写出改正后的词。注意: 每处错误及修改均仅限一次;只允许修改10处, 多者从第11处起不计分。 &&&&One day I had happened to find a chatting room in my QQ, there people were chatting in English. I triedto chat with any of them. To my surprise, I found the oral English of some junior students were better thanme. I asked them for advice but they told me practise more on QQ. So every day after that I would spend onehour practise my oral English on QQ. Day by day I learned many useful words and expressions. With time went by, I found that I could even communicate with some college students free. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
难易度：中等
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零冠词的概念：
名词前没有定冠词、不定冠词、或任何限定词的现象。
零冠词的用法：
零冠词是指名词前面没有不定冠词、定冠词，也没有其他限定词的现象，零冠词的用法如下：1、表示抽象概括意义时，不可数名词和复数名词使用零冠词：例：Books are my best friends. 书是我的好朋友。&&&&&&& Water boils at 100℃. 水在摄氏100度沸腾。比较：The water in this river is undrinkable. 这条河的水不可饮用。 2、专有名词通常使用零冠词：例：Lu Xun is a great Chinese writer. 鲁迅是一位伟大的中国作家。 &&&&&&& London is the capital of England. 伦敦是英国的首都。 &&&&&& China is a developing socialist country. 中国是一个发展中的社会主义国家。 3、按照习惯下列各类名词使用零冠词： 1）季节、月份、星期以及节假日等名词：例：Summer begins in June in this part of the country. 这个地区夏天从六月份开始。 &&&&&&& We have no classes on Sunday. 星期日我们不上课。 &&&&&&& There are a lot of people shopping at Christmas. 在圣诞节有很多人购买东西。2）三餐饭菜的名词：例：have supper 吃晚饭 &&&&&&& come to dinner 去吃饭 3）语言、运动、游戏等名词：例：She speaks Chinese. 她说汉语。 &&&&&&& He plays football. 他踢足球。 &&&&&&& Let's have a game of chess. 咱俩下盘棋吧。4）在某些意义有改变的名词前要使用零冠词：例：He has gone to school. (tolearn) 他去上学了。 &&&&&&& They are in church just now. (to worship) 现在他们在做礼拜。同样，in hospital是“住院（治疗）”，in prison是“服刑”，等等。注意：如果在这类名词前加冠词，则表示去那里干与之无关的事：例：go to the school 可理解为去学校看望人，而不是“学习”。 4、在表示职位、头衔、身份等名词前：例：Professor Wang 王教授 &&&&&&& Doctor Tompson 汤普生医生 &&&&&&& President Lincoln 林肯总统 &&&&&&& Dean of the English Department 英语系主任
零冠词的特殊用法：
1、用于物质名词前。物质名词表示泛指或一般概念时，通常用零冠词： 如：Water boils at 100℃. 水在摄氏100度沸腾。 &&&&&&& Blood is thicker than water. 水浓于水(即亲人总比外人亲)。表示泛指或一般概念的物质名词前，即使有一描绘性修饰语，仍用零冠词： 如：Don't eat rotten food. 不要吃腐烂的食物。注：(1)若特指，物质名词前可用定冠词： 如：Is the water in the well fit to drink? 这井里的水能喝吗?&&&&&&&&&(2)表示一种、一杯、一场、一阵、一份等这样的概念时，可用不定冠词： 如：This is a very good wine. 这是一种很好的酒。 &&&&&&& A coffee, please. 请给我来杯咖啡。 &&&&&&& It was very cold and a heavy snow was falling. 当时天气很冷，正在下大雪。 2、用于抽象名词前。抽象名词表示泛指或一般概念时，通常用零冠词： 如：Do you like music? 你喜欢音乐吗? &&&&&&& Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。表示泛指或一般概念的抽象名词前，即使有一描绘性修饰语，仍用零冠词： 如：I like light music very much. 我非常喜欢轻音乐。注：(1)若特指，抽象名词前可用定冠词： 如：I like the music of Mozart. 我喜欢莫扎特的曲子。 &&&&&&& (2)若表示一种、一类、一方面、那种、这种等这之类的概念时，可用不定冠词： 如：He lives a happy life. 他过着幸福的生活。 &&&&&&& Physics is a science. 物理是一门科学。 &&&&&&& (3)表示动作的一次、一例、一番等时，可用不定冠词： 如：Let me have a look. 让我看一看。 &&&&&& (4)表示与抽象名词意义相关的具体的人或事，可用不定冠词： 如：The book is a delight to read. 这书读来很有趣。 3、用于专有名词前。在通常情况下，专有名词前用零冠词： 如：Smith lives in London. 史密斯住在伦敦。注：若特指，专有名词前有时也可用定冠词： 如：The Smith you're looking for no longer lives here. 你找的那个史密斯不住这儿了。& 4、用于复数名词前。复数名词表示类别时，通常用零冠词： 如：Teachers should be respected. 教师应该受到尊重。泛指不定量的人或物，也用零冠词： 如：We are students of ClassFive. 我们是五班的学生。注：若特指，复数名词前应用定冠词： 如：The teachers should attend the meeting 教师应参加会议。 5、用于单数可数名词前。单数可数名词前用零冠词，主要有以下情况： (1)用于表示家庭成员或nurse, cook, teacher等名词前： 如：Mother is not at home.妈妈不在家。 &&&&&&& Ask nurse to put the child to bed& 叫保姆孩子抱到床上去睡觉。 &&&&&&& Teacher was satisfied with our work. 老师对我们的工作很满意。 (2)用于动词turn(变成)，go(变成)后作表语的名词通常用零冠词： 如：He was a teacher before he turned writer. 他在成为作家之前是教师。&&&&&&& He has gone socialist. 他成了社会主义者。 (3)在让步状语从句的倒装句式中，单数可数名词通常用零冠词： 如：Child as he is, he knows a lot. 他虽然是个孩子，但已经很懂事了。 &&&&&&& Teacher though he is, he can't knowe verything. 他虽然是老师，但也不可能什么都懂。 (4)单数可数名词用作呼语，通常用零冠词： 如：How is she, doctor? 医生，她怎么样? &&&&&&& Can you drive me to the station, driver? 司机，请送我去车站，好吗?(5)在某些独立结构中通常用零冠词： 如：The teacher came in, book in hand. 老师走进教室，手里拿着书。 &&&&&&& He was sitting in the chair, pipe in mouth. 他坐在椅子里，嘴里叼着烟斗。 (6)在“kind[sort]of＋名词”这一结构中，名词通常用零冠词： 如：This kind of book is very interesting. 这种书很有趣。 &&&&&&& He is the sort of person I really dislike. 他这种人我真不喜欢。注：注意以下两句在含义上的差别：&& && Whatkindofcarisit?这是什么牌子的车? &&&&& Whatkindofacarisit?这种车质量如何? (7)当单数可数名词含义抽象化具有形容词意味时，通常用零冠词： 如：The man was more animal than man. 那个人与其说是人，不如说是畜生。&&&&&&&&&I was fool enough to accep this offer. 我接受他的提议真是太傻了。 &&&&&& Are you man enough for this dangerous job? 你有勇气敢做这项危险的工作吗?
零冠词用法口诀：
下列情况应免冠，代词限定名词前；专有名词不可数，学科球类三餐饭；复数名词表泛指，两节星期月份前；颜色语种和国名，称呼习语及头衔。 以上口诀主要概括了一般应“免冠”的几种情况，即： ①名词前已有作定语用的this、that、some、any、my等限定词。 ②专有名词和不可数名词前。 ③表示学科的（如：maths、Chinese、physics）名词前。 ④球类活动的名词前及三餐总称前。 ⑤复数名词表示泛指（一类人或事）时。 ⑥节日、季节、星期、月份前。 ⑦表示颜色（如：It's red/yellow.）、语种（如：speak English/Japanese）和国家的非全称名词（如：We live in China. They come from America.）。 ⑧在称呼或表示头衔的名词前。 ⑨某些习惯短语中（如：inbed、go to school 等）。
零冠词知识体系：
零冠词用法拓展：
(1)节假日、星期、月份、季节等通常用零冠词： 如：We had a good time on Christmas Day. 我们在圣诞节过得很愉快。 &&&&&&& Monday comes before Tuesday. 星期二在星期一之后。 &&&&&&& He was born in September, 1988. 他出生在1988年9月。注：①我国用Festival构成的传统节日通常用定冠词：如：the Spring Festival春节&&&&&&& the Mid-autumn Festival [theMoonFestival]中秋节&&&&&&&&&②若表示特指或心目中的专指，星期、月份、季节等名词前可用定冠词：&&如：He went abroad in the September of 1988. 他于1988年9月出国。&&&&&&&& &He came on the Sunday and went away on the Monday. 他星期日来，星期一就走了。 &&&&&&& ③表示“某一个”或受描绘性定语修饰表示“某种”这样的意义时，节日、星期、月份、季节等名词也可用不定冠词：&如：My birthday happened to be on a Saturday. 我的生日碰巧是星期六。&&&&&&&&&She came round to see me on a sunny Sunday. 她在一晴朗的星期日来看了我。&&&&&&&&&We had a nice Christmas. 我们过了一个愉快的圣诞节。 &&&&&&& ④当季节名词不强调时间而强调季节的内涵时，通常用 the：&如：Winter is coming. 冬天要来了。(单纯指冬天的时间)&&&&&&&&The winter is coming. 冬天要来了。(暗示寒冷) (2)某些表示自然界时间变化现象的名词，与某些介词(如at, after, before, till, until, towards, from等) 构成短语时，通常用零冠词： &如：at day-break 在天亮时&&&&&&&& before&dawn 在天亮前 &&&&&&& &at dusk 在黄昏时&&&&&&& &after sunset 在日落后 &&&&&&&& after sunrise 在日出前&&&&&&&& until sundown 直到日落 &&&&&&& &towards dark 天快黑时&&&&&&&& at midnight 在半夜 &&&&&&& &from dawn till dusk 从早到晚当day, night, evening, morning, afternoon 等表示抽象的时间概念时，通常用零冠词： 如：Night fell. 天黑了。 &&&&&&& Evening came on. 夜幕来临。 &&&&&&& It was late afternoon before he reached home. 傍晚时候他才到家。 (3)球类、三餐、茶点等名词前，通常用零冠词： 如：We play basketball in the afternoon. 我们下午打篮球。 &&&&&&& What do you have for breakfast? 你早餐吃什么? &&&&&&& They were at tea when I called. 我来访时他们正在喝茶(吃茶点)。注：①球类名词若不是作为一项体育活动看待，而是作为一个实实在在的东西来看待，则可以用冠词： 如：The basketball is mine. 这个篮球是我的。 &&&&&&& He bought a basketball. 他买了一个蓝球。 &&&&&&& ②三餐饭被特指可用定冠词，若受形容词修饰且非特指，可用不定冠词： 如：The supper she cooked was delicious. 她做的晚餐很可口。 &&&&&&& We had a good lunch at Uncle's. 我们在叔叔家吃了顿丰盛的午餐。 (4)当名词后接有数词表示顺序时，名词前通常用零冠词： 如：Lesson10 is more interesting than Lesson11. 第10课比第11课更有趣。 &&&&&&& There's a picture of a ship on page15. 在第15页有张一艘船的照片。(5)公园、广场、学校、语言等名词前通常用零冠词： 如：Hyde Park 海德公园&&&&&&& Central Park(纽约) 中内公园 &&&&&&& Zhong shan Park中山公园&&&&&&& Tian AnMen Square天安门广场 &&&&&&& speak English 说英语&&&&&&& Beijing University 北京大学注：当语言名词表特指意义或指某一语言中的对应词时，通常用定冠词： 如：the English spoken in America and Canada 在美国和加拿大讲的英语 &&&&&& What's the English for this? 这个东西用英语怎么说? 另外，在语言名词后加上language一词时，也要用冠词：the English language。 (6)表示学习、生活、娱乐等的单数名词，若表示相关的活动时，通常用零冠词： 如：go to school (bed, church, town, class, college, etc)去上学 (睡觉，做礼拜，进城，上课，上大学，等) &&&&&&& in bed (school, class, college, church, prison, hospital,etc) 在睡觉 (上学，上课，上大学，做礼拜，坐牢，住院，等) &&&&&&& be sent to hospital (prison) 被送往医院住院或治疗(关进监狱) &&&&&&& School is over at twelve. 12点放学。注：①若不是指活动，而是指具体的实物，则要用冠词。比较： 如：go to the bed到床边去 (侧重指“床”这个实体) &&&&&&& go to bed 上床睡觉(侧重指与“床”有关的活动，即睡觉)&&&&&&& be in the school 在这所学校里 (侧重指“学校”这个地点)&&&&&&& be in school 在上学(侧重指与“学校”有关的活动，即读书) &&&&&&& ②但是cinema, theatre是例外，它们表示相关活动时，其前要用定冠词：如：He often goes to the cinema (theatre). 他经常去看电影(看戏)。 &&&&&&& I prefer the cinema to the theatre. 我喜欢看电影，不喜欢看戏。 ③有时定冠词和零冠词的选择与英美英语的不同习惯有关： 如：in hosptital (英) 住院&&&&&&& in the hospital (美) 住院 &&&&&&& go to university (英)上大学&&&&&&& go to the university (美)上大学 &&&&&&& at table (英)在吃饭&&&&&&& at the table(美)在吃饭 (7)某些用介词by构成的方式的短语通常用零冠词： ①表示乘坐交通工具： 如：by bus 乘公共汽车&&&&&&& by bike(bicycle) 骑自行车 &&&&&&& by plane/byair乘飞机&&&&&&& by ship(boat) 坐船 &&&&&&& by land 走陆路&&&&&&& by sea 从海路 ②表示用通讯或通信等方式： 如：by phone 用电话&&&&&&& by telegram 用电报 &&&&&&& by letter 用信件&&&&&&& by post 用邮寄 &&&&&&& by radio 用无线电&&&&&&& by hand 用手工 (8)表示正式的或独一无二的头衔或职位等，在用作宾语、表语、补语或同位语时，通常用零冠词： 如：John is captain of the team. 约翰是足球队的队长。 &&&&&&& He is head of the foreign languages department. 他是外语系主任。注：尽管有时也有用定冠词的现象，但以零冠词为普通。 (9)单数可数名词紧密联系的平行结构，通常用零冠词： 如：They are brother and sister. 他们是兄妹。 &&&&&&& Please pass me pencil and paper. 请把纸笔递给我。 &&&&&&& Boy and girl came up to me together. 一个男孩和女孩一起向我走来。 (10)有些短语用零冠词和定冠词均可，只是含义不同： 如：out of question 毫无疑问&&&&&&& out of the question 不可能，不值得考虑的 &&&&&&& keep house 料理家务&&&&&&& keep the house 呆在家里不外出 &&&&&&& in charge of 负责，管理，主管&&&&&&& in the charge of 在…的管理(负责)之下 (11)许多习语用零冠词： 如：catch fire 着火&&&&&&& give way 让路&&&&&&& lose heart 灰心 &&&&&&& move hosue 搬家&&&&&&& send word 捎信&&&&&&&&take place 发生 &&&&&&& by chance 偶然&&&&&&& catch sight of 看见&&&&&&& make use of 利用
不定代词概说：
英语的不定代词有all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no, few, little, both, enough, every等，以及由some,any,no和every构成的合成代词（即somebody, anyone, nothing等）。在这些不定代词中，多数都能作主语、宾语、表语或定语，但是代词none以及由some, any, no和every构成的合成代词只能作主语、宾语或表语，不能作定语，而no和every则只用作定语。
不定代词用法对比：
1、so little与such little的区别：用so little还是such little取决于little的意思：若表示数量方面的“少”，则用so little；若表示形状体积的“小”，则用such little：&如：He has so little time for reading. 他读书的时间少得可怜。&&I've never seen such little boxes. 我从未见过那样小的盒子。 2、some与any的用法区别：一般说来，some用于肯定句中，any用于否定句和疑问句中。但是，在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中，通常要用some而不用any： 如：Would you like some cake? 吃点蛋糕吗？ &&&&&&& Why not buy some bread? 为什么不买些面包呢？ &&&&&&& Shall I get some chalk for you? 要我帮你拿些粉笔来吗？注：any有时也用于肯定句中，此时表示“任何”： 如：Any colour will do. 任何颜色都行。 &&&&&&& Come any day you like. 随便哪天来都可以。 3、many与much的用法区别：两者都表示“许多”，但many修饰或代替可数名词(复数)，与few(少数)相对；而much用来修饰或代替不可数名词（单数），与little（少量）相对。在口语中两者主要用于非肯定句中：&如：Did you see many people there? 你在那儿看见许多人了吗? &&&&&&& We don't have much time. 我们没有许多时间。在肯定句中，一般用a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等代之。但在正式文体中有时也用于肯定句中；另外，若用作主语或主语的定语，或其前有how, too, as, so, a good, a great等修饰，也可用于肯定句中： 如：Many of us left early. 我们有许多人离开得很早。 &&&&&&& Much work has been done. 许多工作都已经做了。 &&&&&&& You've given me too much. 你已给我太多了。 &&&&&&& Take as many(much) as you want. 你要多少拿多少。&&&&&&&&&I asked her a great many questions. 我问了她许多问题。 4、few, a few与little, a little的用法区别： （1）few和a few后接可数名词的复数形式。few表示数量很少或几乎没有，强调“少”，含有否定意义；a few表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有，强调“有”，含有肯定意义： 如：It is very difficult, and few people understand it. 它很难，没有几个人能懂。 &&&&&&& It is very difficult, but a few people understand it. 他虽难，但是有些人懂。 （2）little和alittle之后接不可数名词，其区别跟few和a few之间的区别相似： 如：Unfortunately, I had little money on me. 很不巧，我身上没带什么钱。 &&&&&&& Fortunately, I had a little money on me. 幸好我身上带着一点钱。 5、other, the other, another与others的用法区别：这些不定代词不仅在含义上有单复数之分，而且在用法上有泛指（无the）和特指（有the）之别。其用法区别可归纳如下：&（1）指单数时，若泛指用another，若特指用the other： 如：Give me another(one). 另外给我一个。&&&&&&&&&Shut the other eye, please. 请把另一只眼睛也闭上。 （2）指复数时，若泛指用other（后接复数名词），若特指用the other（后接复数名词）： 如：There are other ways of doing it. 做这事还有其他的办法。 &&&&&& Where have the other students gone? 其他学生都到哪里去了？ （3）others永远表示复数意义（且其后不能再接名词）。其用法大致相当于“other+复数名词”，同样地the others大致相当于“the other＋复数名词”： 如：Other people[Others] may not think that way. 别的人可能不这样想。 &&&&&&& He is cleverer than the others[the other students] in her class. 他比班上其他学生聪明。 （4）another一般只能表单数，且其后接名词也只能接单数名词。但是若其后有数词或few修饰时，则也可接复数名词： 如：We need another few chairs. 我们还需要几把椅子。 &&&&&&& In another two weeks it'll be finished. 再过两个星期就可做完了。 （5）与some对比使用时，用others（此时与some同义）： 如：Some say yes, and others say no. 有人说对，有人说不对。
不定代词用法点拨：
1、指两者和三者的不定代词：有些不定代词用于指两者(如both, either, neither)，有的不定代词用于指三者(如all, any, none, every)，注意不要弄混： 如：Both of my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是医生。 &&&&&&& All of the students are interested in it. 所有的学生对此都很感兴趣。 &&&&&&& There are trees on any side of the square. 广场的每一边都种有树。 &&&&&&& He has two sons, neither of whom is rich. 他有两个儿子，都不富有。 &&&&&&& He has three sons, none of whom is rich. 他有三个儿子，都不富有。注：each可用于两者、三者或三者以上，而every只用于三者或三者以上，因此用于两者时只能用each，不能用every。2、复合不定代词的用法特点：复合不定代词包括something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, noone, everything, everybody, everyone等。它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语，但不能用作定语。something, someone等和anything, anyone等的区别与some和any的区别一样，前者一般用于肯定句，后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。具体使用时应注意以下几点： （1）复合不定代词受定语修饰时，定语应放在它们后面： 如：There is nothing wrong with the radio. 这收音机没有毛病。 &&&&&&& Have you seen anyone[anybody] famous? 你见过名人吗?（2）指人的复合不定代词若用作主语，其谓语动词一般用单数，相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数he, him, his(不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词they, them, their： 如：Everyone knows this, doesn't he[don't they]? 人人都知道这一点，不是吗? &&&&&&& If anybody[anyone] comes, ask him[them] to wait. 要是有人来，让他等着。 （3）指事物的复合不定代词若用作主语，谓语动词只能用单数，相应的人称代词也只能用it，而不用they： 如：Everything is ready, isn't it? 一切都准备好了，是吗?（4）anyone, everyone等只能指人，不能指物，且其后一般不接of 短语。若是指物或后接of 短语，可用any one, every one(分开写)： 如：any one of the boys(books) 孩子们(书)当中的任何一个(本)&&&&&&& every one of the students(schools) 每一个学生(一所学校) 3、是any not还是not any：按英语习惯，any以及含有any的复合不定代词用于否定句时，它只能出现在否定词之后，而不能在否定词之前：误：Anyone doesn't know how to do it. 正：No one knows how to do it.任何人都不知道如何做它。误：Anybody[Anyone] can not do it. 正：Nobody[Noone] can do it.这事谁也干不了。误：Anything can not prevent me from going. 正：Nothing can prevent me from going. 什么也不能阻挡我去。 4、不定代词与部分否定：不定代词all, both, every等与not连用时构成部分否定；若要表示完全否定，则需换用none, neither, no one等。比较：All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。&&&&&&&&&&&&&Not all of the students like the novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。 &&&&&&&&&&& All of the students don't like the&novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。 &&&&&&&&&&& None of the students like the novel. 这些学生当中没有一个喜欢这本小说。 5、all, both, each等用作同位语：若用作主语同位语，主语可以是名词或代词；若用作宾语等其他成分的同位语，则宾语等成分必须是人称代词，而不能是名词： 如：We have all read it. 我们都读过他。(all修饰的主语是代词) &&&&&&& The villages have all been destroyed. 村庄都被毁了。(all修饰的主语是名词) &&&&&&& They told us all to wait there. 他叫我们都在那儿等。(all修饰的宾语是代词) 但不能说：They told the men all to wait there. (all修饰的宾语是名词不是代词)
不定代词知识体系：
不定代词与语境考题：
不定代词是高考的常考考点，有的不定代词考题出得比较灵活，不能死套规则，要注意结合语境来理解： 例1：—Is____here?&&&&&&& —No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave. A. anybodyB. everybodyC. somebodyD. nobody 解析：若只是从表面来看，填空句是个疑问句，可能会误选A。但其实此题最佳答案应选B，因为下文的答句说“只有Bob和Tim请假了”，这说明问句是在查人数，故用Is everybody here? (大家都到齐了吗？) 例2：I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with_____. A. everythingB. anythingC. somethingD. nothing 解析：此句若从表面看，有可能误选B，因为填空句为否定句。但实际上最佳答案为A，因为上文说“我同意他说的大部分内容”，这与下文的but I don't agree with everything (但并不是同意他说的所有内容)完全相符。 例3：—Doyouhave_____athomenow,Mary?&&&&&&&&& —No, we still have to get some fruit and tea.A. somethingB. anythingC. everythingD. nothing 解析：答案：C，句意为“玛丽，现在家里东西都准备齐了吗？”“还没有，我们还要买些水果和茶。”
例4：—If you want a necklace, I'll buy one for you at once.&&&&&&&&& —Oh, no. A necklace is not_____that I need most. A. anythingB. somethingC. nothingD. everything 解析：此题容易误选A，机械地认为：something用于肯定句，anything用于否定句或疑问句。但是，此题的最佳答案是B，something在此的意思不是“某种东西”，而是指“那种东西”或“这种东西”，即心中最想要的那种东西(相当于the thing)。
关系副词的概念：
关系副词兼有副词与连接词两种作用，在不及物动词的连接中要求用关系副词。关系副词有when, where, why。
关系副词的特点：关于副词用于引出定语从句，主要有when, where, why： 如：Sunday is the day when very few people go to work. 星期日是没什么人上班的日子。&&&&&&&&&That's the reason why he dislikes me. 这就是他不喜欢我的原因。&&&&&&&&&Do you know a shop where I can find sandals? 你知道哪家商店我能找到凉鞋吗？注：关系副词用于引出定语从句，且在从句中用作状语。关系副词when表示时间，where表示地点，why表示原因。使用关系副词应注意的几点：（1）how不能用作关系副词，不要想当然地将how用作关系副词置于theway后表示方式：他说话就是那个样子。误：This is the way how he spoke. 正：This is how he spoke./ This is the way（that, in which）he spoke. （2）关系副词when和where既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，但why只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句（若引导非限制性定语从句，可用for which reason）。 （3）引导定语从句时，when的先行词为时间，where的先行词为地点，why的先行词为原因（主要是the reason），但是反过来却不一定： 如：Don't forget the time(that) I've toldyou.不要忘记我告诉你的时间。 &&&&&&& Do you know the house(that) he bought recently? 你知道他最近买的那座房子吗？ &&&&&&& Please tell me there as on(that) you know. 请告诉我你所知道的原因吧。
关系副词的用法：
关系副词有when, where, why，作用有三个：1、连接主句与从句；2、代替先行词；3、在从句中作状语，不可省略。When和where既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。Why只能引导限制性定语从句。这些关系副词在意义上都相当于一定得“介词+which”结构。 1）when=at/in/on/during，在定语从句中作时间状语。例如：Tell me the time when(at which) the train leaves. 注意：①当表示时间的先行词在从句中中作主语或宾语时，不能用when。例如：I will never forget the days I spent with your family.&②It/This/That+be+the first/second/last time that…句型中，that是习惯用法，不能用 when代替，that还可以省略。从句中使用与“be动词”呼应的完成形式。例如：It is the first time that I have been to the Great Wall. 2）where表地点，只能跟在表示地点的名词后，它在定语从句中作地点状语。例如：This is the second school where I used to teach. 注意：①引导词where可用that替换，并经常可以省略。例如：That's the place(where/that) we went before. ②当表示地点的先行词在句中作主语或宾语时，不用where，用关系代词that或which。例如：The factory that/which we visited yesterday was built last year. ③where可与from连用。例如：His head soon appeared out of the second story windows, from where he could see nothing but rees. 3）why表原因，引导的从句修饰名词reason。Why可用that或forwhich替换或省略。例如：I don't know the reason(why/for which/that) he left here.
副词的概念：
副词是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词，用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、介词短语、非谓语动词乃至整个句子，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。
副词的位置： 1）在动词之前。 2）在be动词、助动词之后。 3）多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。注意： a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。 如：We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. b. 方式副词well，badly糟、坏，hard等只放在句尾。 如：He speaks English well.
副词的排列顺序： 1）时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。 2）方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。 如：Please write slowly and carefully. 3）多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。注意：副词very可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。改错：（错）I very like English.&&&&&&&&&&& （对）I like English very much. 注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。 如：I don't know him well enough.&&&&&&&& There is enough food for everyone to eat. &&&&&&& There is food enough for everyone to eat.
兼有两种形式的副词：
1）close与closely：&&&& &close意思是“近”；closely意思是“仔细地”。&&&&& 如： He is sitting close to me. &&&&&&&&&&&&&& Watch him closely.2）late与lately： &&&&& late意思是"晚"；lately意思是“最近” 。&&&&& 如：You have come too late.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&What have you been doing lately? 3）deep与deeply： &&&&& deep意思是“深”，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，“深深地”&。&&&&& 如：He pushed the stick deep into the mud.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Even father was deeply moved by the film. 4）high与highly：&&&& &high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much。 &&&&& 如：The plane was flying high. &&&&&&&&&&&&& I think highly of your opinion.5）wide与widely：&&&& &wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是“广泛地”，“在许多地方”。 &&&&& 如：He opened the door wide. &&&&&&&&&&&&& English is widely used in the world. 6）free与freely：&&&& &free的意思是“免费”；freely的意思是“无限制地”。&&&&& 如：You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.&&&&&&&&&&&&&& You may speak freely, say what you like.
副词知识体系：
并列连词的概念：
连词是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both...and, notonly...butalso, either...or, neither...nor, (and)then 等等。
并列连词与并列结构：
并列连词引导两个并列的句子。 1）and与or：判断改错： (错) They sat down and talk about something. (错) They started to dance and sang. (错) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there. (对) They sat down and talked about something.(对) They started to dance and sing.(对) I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there. 解析：第一句：and连接两个并列的谓语，所以talk应改为talked。&&&&&&&&&&& 第二句：and连接两个并列的动词不定式，第二个不定式往往省略to，因此sang应改为sing。&&&&&&&&&&& 第三句：and连接感观动词saw后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构，因此whisper应改为whispering。注意：and还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。（or也有此用法） 如：Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.=If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance. &&&&&&& One more effort, and you'll succeed.=If you make one more effort, you'll succeed. 2）both...and 两者都 如：She plays(both) the piano and the guitar. 3）not only...but(also), as well as 不但…而且 如：She plays not only the piano, but(also) the guitar. 注意：not only…but also关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not而必须倒装。 如：Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some. 4）neither...nor 意思为“既不……也不……”谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致。 如：Neither you nor he is to blame.
比较so和such ：
so与such的用法由不同词性决定。such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much，little连用，形成固定搭配。 构成：so+adj. &&&&&&&&&&& such+a(n)+n. &&&&&&&&&&& so+adj.+a(n)+n. &&&&&&&&&&& such+n.(pl.) &&&&&&&&&&& so+adj.+n.(pl.) &&&&&&&&&&& such+n.(pl.) &&&&&&&&&&& so+adj.+n.[不可数]&&&&&&&&&&&&&such+n.[不可数] 如：so foolish&&&&&&& &such a fool&&&&&&&&&&so nice a flower& &&&&&&& such a nice flower& &&&&&&& so many/few flowers& &&&&&&& such nice flowers&&&&&&& &so much/ little money. &&&&&&& such rapid progress &&&&&&& so many people &&&&&&& such a lot of people 注：so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于many，但a lot of为名词性的，只能用such搭配。 so...that与such...that之间的转换既为so与such之间的转换。
并列连词用法点拨：
1、表示并列关系： 1）or意思为“否则”。 如：I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam. 2）either...or意思为“或者……或者……”。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。 如：Either you or I am right. 2、表示转折或对比关系： 1）but表示转折，while表示对比。 如：Some people love cats, while others hate them. 典型例题：—Would you like to come to dinner tonight? —I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy. &&& A. and&&& B. so&&& C. as&&&&D. but 答案：D。but与前面形成转折，符合语意。而表并列的and，结果的so，原因的as都不符合句意。 2）not...but...意思为“不是……而是……” not和but后面的用词要遵循一致原则。 如：They were not the bones of an animal, but(the bones) of a human being. 3、表示原因关系： 1）for 判断改错： （错）For he is ill, he is absent today. （对）He is absent today, for he is ill.& for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。
并列连词知识体系：
比较and和or的用法：
1）并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。 2）但有时and也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点： 如：There is no air or water in the moon. &&&&&&& There is no air and no water on the moon. 在否定中并列结构用or连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。典型例题： —I don't like chicken___fish. —I don't like chicken, ___I like fish very much. A. and；andB. and；butC. or；butD. or；and 答案：C。否定句中表并列用or,but表转折。判断改错： （错）We will die without air and water. （错）We can't live without air or water. （对）We will die without air or water. （对）We can't live without air and water.
一般过去时的概念：
一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为；过去主语所具备的能力和性格。
一般过去时的用法：　　
1、表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示过去时间的副词如：yesterday，last week，two hours ago等连用。　　如：My family moved here five years ago. 我家五年前搬到了这里。　　&&&&&&&&I was born in 1973. 我生于1973年。　　2、表示过去一段时间经常或反复发生的动作。这时可与频度副词如：often，usually，always等连用。　　如：He always worked in tonight those days. 那些日子他总是工作到深夜。　　&&&&&&& I often left on business in 年我经常出差。　　注：表示“过去经常，而今不再”时，要用usedto.如：I used to read newspaper after breakfast. 我过去经常早饭后看报纸。（意指现在已不是这样）　　& The children often swam in this river. 孩子们过去经常在这条河里游泳。　　3、表示过去发生的一连串动作。　　如：He put down the heavy box, took out the keys, and opened the door. 他放下这沉重的箱子，掏出钥匙开了房门。　　注：过去发生的一连串动作，若用and，or，but等并列连词连接，则一律用过去式。　　如：They moved the chairs to the table, sat down and began to have& supper. 他们把椅子搬到桌边，坐下开始吃饭。　　4、在时间和条件状语从句中，用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。　　如：He said that he would let me know as soon as he got the information. 他说他一得到消息就立即让我知道。　　&&&&&&& Mary told me that she would stay at home if it rained. 玛丽告诉我如果下雨她就呆在家里。
一般过去时的特别用法：
1、句型：It is time for sb. to do sth　"到……时间了"　"该……了"。例如：It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。　&&&&&&&&&&&&&It is time that sb.did sth. "时间已迟了"　"早该……了"。例如：It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。　　 2、would（had）rather sb.did sth.　表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow. 还是明天来吧。 3、wish, wonder, think, hope等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。）　　 &&&&&&&&&&& Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）　　 &&&&&&&&&&& Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）　　&&&& &&&&&&&&&&& Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。 1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend等。例如：Did you want any thing else? 您还要些什么吗？　　　&&&&&&&&&&& I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。 2）情态动词could, would。例如：Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？
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10、 Preparing for the Next Job MarketThe latest spike in the unemployment rate is being felt across the board ?in 98 percent of metropolitan areas, in high-wage and low-wage jobs, among young and old, women and men, but especially men．This landscape means that young Americans who are trying to plan their futures right now have some hard choices．Do they go to college and take on debt without hope of getting a job? And what about high school students? Do they have any chance of securing a job without a college degree? Perhaps the education system needs to react to this rapidly moving economic crisis．In our current economic collapse, the connection between education and employment could not be more different than it was during the Depression．Education must now hold center stage, not because of an enemy abroad but because of the global economy．The jobs of the future will demand levels of education, particularly skills in mathematics, technology and science, which exceed those now taught in high school．A healthy society should strive for full employment．In our times, that goal cannot be realized, or even approximated by creating jobs for the unskilled．The long-term prospect for economic recovery depends on the extent to which we improve our educational system．And this is where America is now at its weakest．##Our high schools produce graduates who do not write well enough, have limited reasoning skills and are unable to use the tools of mathematics．Their command of science is far inferior to that of their counterparts in other nations．And all too many young people drop out．We may still have the best university system, but it benefits only a minority．We will need more engineers, scientists and service providers, particularly in the health professions, with a quality of education that cannot be obtained in the current system．Radical change, not reform, is called for．What should be done? First, high school should be cut short and end when students are 16．Second, a new generation of two-year college programs tied to a wide range of specific skills that the economy needs should be created．Third, access to four-year colleges should be expanded, giving more Americans the chance to acquire the deep learning that makes breakthroughs in technology possible．Fourth, we need to recruit more public school teachers and train them better, particularly in physics, chemistry, biology and mathematics, so that our children can be prepared to compete．1、Nowadays, students graduating from high school____．A．write well enoughB．have limitless reasoning skillsC．can't use the tools of mathematicsD．command science as much as their counterparts in other nations2、What should we do to improve the quality of education?A．Students shouldn't study in high school until 16．B．We should create a new generation of two-year college programs tied to a wide range of specific skills the economy needs．C．We should limit access to four-year colleges．D．We ought to recruit more private school teachers and train them better．3、What does the word "collapse" in the third paragraph mean?A．successB．failureC．developmentD．booming4、Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A．Young Americans planning their futures have difficult choices．B．Education must hold center stage due to the global economy．C．The best university system benefits a majority．D．A health society should struggle for full employment．
11、 The food we eat seems to have great effects on our health. Although science has made great steps in making food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to diet as well. Different cultures are subject to certain illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures. That food is related to illness is not a new discovery. In 1945, government researchers realized that nitrates(硝酸盐) and nitrites(亚硝酸盐), commonly used to keep color in meats, and other food additives, caused cancer. Yet, these additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels(标签) of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to cows and chick and because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cows. Sometimes similar drugs are given to animals not for medicinal purposes, but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to get a higher price on the market. Although the FDA has tried repeatedly to control these, the practices continue.1、How has science done a bad service to mankind?A．Diseases caused by food have been done away with.B．It has caused a lack of information about the value of food.C．Some harmful materials have been added to our food.D．Scientists have made food more expensive to eat.2、What are nitrates used for?A．They help process packaged food.B．They keep the color in meats.C．They cure diseases of cows and chickens. D．They cause the animals to become fatter.3、Which of the following statements is NOT true?A．You can find out harmful additives on the packaging labels of food.B．Drugs given to animals are not all for medical reasons.C．Researchers knew about the harm of food additives about 60 years ago.D．Food may cause forty percent of cancer in the world.4、According to the passage, the FDA might be _________.A．an organization which controls the safety of food B．a producer which makes additivesC．a factory which processes foodD．a hospital which cures cancer
12、 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。During the first half of the nineteenth century in the United States, Christmas was a very different kind of holiday than it is today. There was no set of way of celebrating the day,which was not yet an official holiday.
71 Some observed Christmas as an important Christian religious day honoring the birth of Jesus.Others celebrated the day with parties,music,drinking and eating.
.Calvinist Christians banned the celebration of Christmas.But groups such as Episcopaliansand Moravians honored the day with religious services and seasonal decorations.By mid-century,Christian groups began to ignore their religious diffrences over the meaning of Christmas and honored the day in special ways.Christmas became an important time for families to celebrate at home. More and more Christians Americans also began to follow the European traditions of Christmas trees and giving gifts.Christians believed that the tree represented Jesus and was also a sign of new beginnings. German immigrants brought their tradion of putting lights,sweets and toys on the branches of evergreen trees placed in their homes.This tradition of setting up a Christmas tree soon spread to many American homes.
74 As these traditions increased in popularity,the modern trade and business linked to Christmas also grew.As Christmas became more popular,some states declared the day a state holiday.Louisiana was the first state to make the move in eighteen thirty-seven.
.It was not until eighteen seventy that President Ulysses Grant made Christmas a federal holiday.A．So did the practice of giving people presents.B．By eighteen sixty,fourteen other states had followed.C．And,some communities did not celebrate the day at all.D．Americans seldom gave each other presents on Christmas Day.E. But many new American Christmas songs started to become popular.F. Religion played a big role in how an American might celebrate the holiday.G. Communities around the country honored the day in different ways.
13、 _________, I guess, and you can make it.A．If you make more effortsB．Making more effortsC．A bit more effortsD．To have made more efforts
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15、 In Europe people hold the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right throughout the meal, a system that is generally agreed to be more efficient than the American zigzag（曲折的）method. Americans hold both the fork and the knife in their right hands throughout the meal, so they continually change their forks to the left hand when they have to cut their meat. It seems to be funny for the Europeans to see Americans busy changing their dinner sets, making a lot of noises. A few explanations for this American style are as follows:(1)Americans are practical and efficient. Since most of us are right-handed, it is reasonable to keep our working tools at all times in the right hand that can use them most efficiently.?(2)Americans, the master of the New World are rebels（叛逆者）.They use the zigzag method to break the rules in the Old World and in this way they are thumbing their nose at Mother England. Americans are a restless kind. They do not like to sit in one spot for very long when dining.(3)Forced to do so, they respond by “playing” with the silver.?Whatever the reason for the practice, it is now certainly as American as apple pie. Europeans recognize this and are quick to attack it as evidence of American innocence（无知）of form. Arguments against the zigzag method rest not only on grounds of efficiency but also on those of tradition. In Old World dining, the knife is held in the right hand continually because it can serve as an instant defense against the uninvited intruders（入侵者）.However, such alertness（警觉） is out of place in the New World, as every American believes that this is the home of the brave. Americans juggle their silverware, perhaps, to show that they are not afraid and that one of them holding a fork is worth any number of them holding blades（刀）.?1、Americans use _______ to hold their fork to pick up the salad.?A．the right handB．the left hand?C．both handsD．either of the two hands?2、As the masters of the New World, Americans use a different cutting method from that in the Old World to _______.?A．show their independence of Mother England?B．show their disrespect to Mother England?C．add a new tradition to those in Mother England?D．show off their creativeness to Mother England?3、In the sentence, the word “juggle” probably means _______.?A．holdB．play withC．pick upD．lay down??4、Which of the following statements is NOT true? ?A．European people hold the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right hand.B．The zigzag eating method is related to American characteristics.?C．The zigzag eating method has become an American feature.?D．European people will use the American method because of its efficiency.
16、 In the 1960s, medical researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed a checklist of stressful events. They found out that any major change can be stressful. Negative events like “serious illness of a family member” were high on the list, but so were some positive life-changing events, like marriage. When you take the Holmes-Rahe test you must remember that the score does not show how you deal with stress—it only shows how much you have to deal with. And we now know that the way you deal with these events has a great effect on your chances of staying healthy.By the early 1970s, hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe. And millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports. Somehow, the research got boiled down to a memorable message. Women's magazines ran headlines like “Stress causes illnesses”.If you want to stay physically and mentally healthy, the articles said, avoid stressful events. But such simplistic advice is impossible to follow. even if stressful events are dangerous, many—like the death of a loved one—are impossible to avoid. Moreover, any warning to avoid all stressful events is a prescription(处方) for staying away from opportunities as well as trouble. Since any change can be stressful, a person who wanted to be completely free of stress would never marry, have a child, take a new job or move.?The idea that all stress makes you sick also takes no notice of what we know about people. It is supposed that we're all weak and passive in the face of difficulty. But many come through periods of stress with more physical and mental strength than they had before. We also know that a long time without change or challenge can lead to boredom, and physical and mental damage.1、The result of Holmes-Rahe’s medical research tells us _______.?A．what should be done to avoid stress?B．the way of dealing with major events may cause stress?C．what kind of event would cause stress?D．how to deal with sudden changes in life?2、The studies on stress in the early 1970's led to_______.?A．great fear about the mental problems it could cause?B．widespread worry over its harmful effects?C．a deep research into illnesses connected with stress?D．popular avoidance of stressful jobs?3、According to the passage people who have experienced ups and downs may become___.A．discouraged when faced with difficultyB．physically and mentally weak?C．more experienced in the face of difficultyD．uninterested in what happens to them4、What’s the purpose of writing the text? ?A．To tell people the discoveries about stress.?B．To tell people how to keep healthy.?C．To help people avoid stressful events.?D．To help people view stress properly.
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