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NOVOICE，NOTHEARD…Freedom；wasforfreedomofreligion.；Fromthelateeighteenthtow；Firsttherewasthestruggle；Startingatalmostthesamet；Inmoderntimestherearesti；WhenSamuelButlerwrotetwo；In177
Freedom fighters can be found everywhere, and they are of all times. Each age has its own struggle for rights. Between the sixteenth and the eighteenth centuries the strugglewas for freedom of religion. People struggled for the right to be free in their choice of which god to believe in.From the late eighteenth to well into the nineteenth century different groups of people struggled for their rights. These struggles started with the ideas of the French Revolution and the American War of Independence. There were famous books about the rights of man and later the rights of woman. The main ideas were that all people are brothers and sisters, and that all people should be treated equally. It was the beginning of a struggle of more than 200 years for unconditional rights of men and women of all races.First there was the struggle of black people in America who fought for their rights. After the American Civil War, slavery was abolished. Slaves were now free people, but the southern states did not want to give black people their fights. For more than a hundred years black people had to fight to be given the fights to vote, choose where to live, study and work. Nelson Mandela was a great freedom fighter, who fought for the fights of black people in South Africa.Starting at almost the same time were the international movements for the rights of women. There was a time when women had no right to vote, could not go to university or choose their jobs. In the nineteenth century, women all over the world started asking for equal rights. In 1893, New Zealand became the first country in the world to give women the right to vote. By 1920, women in the US, Canada and most European countries had the right to vote.In modern times there are still organisations that fight against prejudice and for equal rights of people. There are action groups that fight for the rights of black people, women, children, people with AIDS / HIV and prisoners. What all these groups have in common is that they ask to be treated with respect, share the right to work, good housing conditions and education, and be treated equally to other people, regardless of race, religion or sex.When Samuel Butler wrote two chapters about the rights of animals and the rights of vegetables in a novel in 1872, everybody thought that was ridiculous. But in the twentieth century organizations were formed to give a voice to groups that do not have a voice to speak for themselves. The largest is the animal rights movement. As a part of this movement there are now also action groups that struggle for the rights of plants, the oceans and the earth. There are already people wondering whether we should fight for the rights of robots and machines.
Unit 14 ：Freedom fighters - Integrating Skills 2
REPUBLIC OF
Discovered by Columbus in 1492, the island, or at least the western part of it now known as Haiti, was the scene of some of the most advanced political developments in the Western world in the late eighteenth century. From 1763 to 1791 the island had its Golden Age. As its richest colony, the island contributed more than 40% to the economy of France. Its success rested on the labour of half a million slaves.In 1772, slavery was abolished in England, which started a large public opinion movement. The news soon spread the world over and gave slaves in many countries hope. On the 14th of July, 1789, the citizens of Paris started the French Revolution, but the slaves in the French colonies were disappointed that slavery was not abolished. Coloured people were also angry, because they were not recognized as full citizens. They were still subject to a number of discriminating laws regarding choice of jobs, dress, and where they could sit in public places. So despite the French Revolution, they were not given the same rights as white people.On 22 of August 1791 a revolution broke out among the slaves and lower classes. Hundreds of miles of fields and crops went up in flames. The event is known as the &Night of Fire&.In order to continue the revolution, the slaves needed a leader. Toussaint L'Ouverture grew up as a slave. As Toussaint proved to be very intelligent, his owner, who was a good man, gave him the opportunity to learn to read and study, and in the end made him a free man. At the time of the Night of Fire, Toussaint was already 48 years old and he had a good life. He did not take part in the revolution. Instead, he saved the family of his former owner and helped them to leave the country. After that, he joined the slaves in their struggle for freedom, and soon became their leader.On April 4, 1792, the French government in Paris signed a law giving all people of colour and all free black people the same political fights as the white people in France. Toussaint quickly recognized that the new law did not improve the situation of the slaves. So he decided to continue the fight for the rights of the black slaves.With Toussaint as their leader, the black army defeated both the Spanish and the French armies. In 1801 they created an independent republic with Toussaint as their first president. The new society was different from the old. Black people were no longer slaves, but became free workers, who worked normal hours and were paid for all labour. Men who had once been slaves now held the highest positions in the country. The revolution had created a new, proud and confident race of men.Toussaint proved not only to be a great freedom fighter and soldier, but also a great statesman. He built up the state and the country, repairing roads, opening schools and restoring agriculture all over the island. He even built a monument to remember that slavery was abolished.Unit 15 ：Destinations (international travel)
DESTINATIONS
Every now and then, we get the itch to travel. This phenomenon, sometimes called wanderlust, may explain why people spend so much money on trips to interesting places.Should you feel the urge to pack your bags and explore what the world has to offer, you might want to consider one of the destinations below.
RIO DE JANEIRO
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil's second largest city, stretches itself lazily along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. It is a beautiful city. It has modern malls, theme parks and beautiful beaches. A trip to Rio will also give you a glimpse of the happy lifestyle of the cariocas -- the people of Rio -- who are known for their big hearts and friendliness.Downtown Rio is the city's cultural and historical heart. It is also the perfect place for a walk. Old buildings and churches stand next to stores and dance halls, and a walk through downtown Rio is a history lesson and an adventure. The many tall office buildings remind visitors that Rio is an important commercial city.The beach is never far away in Rio. Perhaps the most famous of all beaches, Copacabana, is only a few bus stops from downtown. Copacabana, also known as the &Princess of the Sea&, has just celebrated its one hundredth birthday and is more beautiful than ever. The beach is clean and over ten miles long. Visitors who get tired of the sand and the sun can cool off in one of the many cafés, shops and restaurants on Copacabana's main avenue.So what kind of fun can you have in Rio? Well, there is something for everyone here and few visitors leave Rio feeling disappointed. The best time to visit is in June or July, when the South American winter cools the city, but the biggest tourism season comes around March, when the cariocas celebrate the sun with a four-day festival. The festival, known as Carnival, is one of the world's most famous and attracts visitors from all over the world.
If you are looking for a winter adventure and want to try some of the finest and most challenging skiing in the world, then you should try a visit to Kitzbuhel. Located in southern Austria, Kitzbuhel is a paradise for skiers. Even though the altitude of the city and its surrounding Alps is not enough to guarantee snow, the good weather and breath-taking scenery make Kitzbuhel a world-class ski resort.Kitzbuhel is also home to one of the most challenging and exciting downhill slopes in the world. The world's best and fastest skiers gather here once a year to compete in the downhill race that everyone wants to win. But there is no need to worry if you have never skied before. There are plenty of easier slopes and Kitzbuhel is well known for its many ski schools.Skiing is not the only thing you can do in Kitzbuhel. The town offers many shops, cafés and a wide variety of entertainment. A walk around Kitzbuhel is a feast for the eyes -- a lively mix of old village culture and the excitement of an international tourist area. Should you have enough energy left after a day on the slopes, you can take a dip in the pool, work out at the gym or go dancing in one of the city's many hotels and clubs.
Unit 15： Destinations - Integrating Skills 1
THERE C TRAVEL
Going on a trip to a far-away destination can be expensive and difficult. Fortunately, there are things you can do to avoid some of the most common problems.
Finding out more about the destination you have chosen is not only a good way to save money and avoid problems, it can also be a lot of fun. When you read about your destination, you will learn more about the world and get ideas for places to visit and things to see. By comparing prices and offers, you can also make your travel budget last longer. Most hotels have websites where you can view rooms and rates and find answers to your questions.
TOURS , TICKETS
It is not enough to simply decide where you want to go. You must also consider when and how you want to travel. Travel agents can help you to find out about package trips that include hotel costs, tours and entrance tickets and to choose between different alternatives. Experienced travellers may prefer to make their own arrangements, but the advice of a travel agent can be helpful. The travel agent may also be able to help you with travel documents such as passports and visas.
Credit cards can be used in most countries, but you may also need to bring some cash. Try to use traveller's cheques if possible and avoid bringing too much money. Always keep your passport and money in a safe place and make photocopies of all important documents before you leave. If you need to buy foreign currency, it is usually cheaper to do so in your home country. If you must exchange money during your holiday, banks are usually better, cheaper and more reliable than hotels. Never change money on the street or with strangers.
Don’t try to do it all. Leave some time for rest and do not forget that a holiday should be fun. Choose the sights and attractions you are most interested in and give yourself enough time to enjoy them. Make a list of what you need before you start packing. Seasoned travellers have learnt what they must bring and what they can leave at home. Travel light if possible and take a smaller bag or backpack that you can use for short trips and hikes.
Unit 15 ：Destinations - Integrating Skills 2
A growing number of Chinese are beginning to spend their holidays in foreign countries. In addition to visiting traditional tourist spots in Europe and America, these travellers are also exploring new destinations closer to home. Vietnam is one of the countries that are becoming popular with many Chinese tourists. Located just south of Yunnan and Guangxi, Vietnam is within easy reach and offers exciting adventures at a reasonable price.
HO CHI MINH
Ho Chi Minh City lies in the south of the country and is sometimes called &the heart and soul of Vietnam&. Despite its size and modern look, Ho Chi Minh City has still kept its old traditions and culture. Visitors can learn about the art, history and culture of the country in the many museums of the city. There are also parks, gardens and temples where tourists and locals alike can find shade from the hot sun and a moment's rest from the busy city.For a change of pace, head north to Hanoi, one of Asia's most romantic cities. The capital of Vietnam is a pleasant city with beautiful lakes, buildings and many small streets. The famous Old Quarter with its long history is a must-see for tourists, as are the modern skyscrapers in the city. While you are there, keep an eye out for the turtles ! No, not the living ones, but the images of turtles that can be found almost everywhere.
One of the most beautiful places in Vietnam is Halong Bay in the northeast of the country. It is made up of three thousand islands spread out in the clear green waters of the sea. The small islands all have wonderful beaches and there are also mysterious caves to explore. The bay got its name from a story about a dragon that created the bay and islands with its tail. The best way to experience Halong Bay is to take a boat tour. After exploring the islands, you can relax and enjoy a good meal in one of the many restaurants in Halong City.THINGS
DO Wherever you go, there are plenty of activities to choose from. If you visit a city, you can go on city tours to enjoy the sights and learn about its history and culture. You can also taste the local food and explore the lively nightlife. If you prefer the beach, you can swim in the ocean, dive down among the fish, play football on the sand or simply relax with your favourite book. If you are interested in adventure travel, you can try hiking in the mountains or rafting on the mighty Mekong River. GETTING
There is no such thing as a bad time to go to Vietnam. If it is raining in one part of the country, the sun will be shining somewhere else. It is easy to get around and the hotelsare cheap and comfortable. Getting there is easy. There are flights from many major cities in China and there is also a train from Beijing to Hanoi that leaves twice a week. You need a passport and a visa to visit Vietnam, so don't forget to make the necessary arrangements.Once considered a difficult and even dangerous place to visit, Vietnam is now a friendly destination that welcomes tourists of all ages. There is much to discover and the beauty and magic of an ancient culture is waiting for you. Vietnam treats visitors to all the colours of the rainbow: white beaches, blue seas, green hills, and mountains painted red by the setting sun. Whatever your favourite colour, you are sure to have a good time south of the border.Unit 16： The United States of America (the USA)
Ever since the Civil War, the South has struggled to find ways to deal with its troubled past. The history of the South is one of suffering: the suffering of the Native Americanswho were killed or driven off their land by E the pains of slaves brought from Africa by
the death and poverty of the Civil W the hardships of unemployment and civil unrest in the post-war years and the Great D the many sacrifices of the Civil Rights Movement. The wounds are slow to heal and the scars run deep. Even today, the South is far behind the rest of the United States in areas such as education and economic development.But the story of the South is also one of hope and success. There are signs that a new, different South is coming out of its dark past. Atlanta, Georgia, is a good example. Like many of its sister cities in the South, Atlanta was burnt down in the Civil War. The city was destroyed and there was no money for reconstruction. In fact, when the new mayor of Atlanta started working in 1864, the city had only $1.64. The post-war years were hard and the people of Atlanta struggled to rebuild the city and create a new South where former slaves and slave-owners could live together.Atlanta quickly recovered from the destruction caused by the Civil War. In only five years, most of the city had been rebuilt and Atlanta began to grow again. Despite the hardships of the post-war years and the Great Depression, the people of Atlanta continued to develop the area, both economically and socially. There were signs that the new Atlanta would be different: Atlanta's African-American community grew and black businesses became more successful.It was also in Atlanta that one of the great leaders of the Civil Rights Movement, Dr Martin Luther King, Jr.was born. Dr King grew up in a city where nearly half the population was black, but where segregation took away many of their fights. The injustices in the city and in the South led Dr King to organise non-violent demonstrations aimed at ending segregation. The city saw a series of fierce fights between blacks and whites in the 1960s and Dr King was shot and killed in 1968. His funeral was shown on television and millions of Americans watched as people marched through Atlanta in honour of Dr King. Dr King's efforts were not in vain, however. Segregation eventually disappeared and a new dawn seemed to arrive. Slowly but surely, Atlanta was becoming a successful city proud of its cultural diversity.In 1996, the city was the host of the Olympic Games, an honour the city shares with great cities such as Sydney and Beijing. During the Olympic Games, the eyes of the world were on Atlanta and the city was proud to display its new' image. Modern Atlanta is a booming business centre and the home of some of the largest and most successful companies in America. Like many other Southern cities, Atlanta is representative of the new South, a place where hope and faith have replaced fear and doubt.The South still has many problems to deal with, but the people there are determined to make a new beginning. Today, the South is known for its friendly atmosphere, and Atlanta, Birmingham, Miami, and Little Rock are once again becoming commercial and cultural centres of the nation. Unit 16 ：The United States of America C Integrating THE
The first settlers on the plains of America were Native Americans. They arrived more than 30,000 years ago by crossing a land bridge from Asia to America. The NativeAmericans lived by gathering roots, nuts and wild fruit and hunting wild animals.They hunted bison, a type of wild animals which used to exist in huge numbers on the plains of America. The bison grows to a shoulder-height of 1.5 metres and can weigh 1,100 kilogrammes. It was an important part of Native Americans' life. Bison were killed for their meat, while their fur provided warm clothing during cold winters. The Native Americans made tents and water containers from the skins and tools from the bones. The teeth were used to make necklaces.From about 1830 onwards in the USA, European settlers began to move westwards. Large groups of Native Americans were forced to move away from their old hunting grounds. When they resisted, they were killed. There were many fierce wars between Native Americans and European settlers. The American government made agreements with Native American chiefs but always broke them afterwards. In this way, Native Americans were forced onto poor land that the settlers did not want.The settlers built railways across the plains and began to hunt even more bison. While early settlers had killed bison for food, now the killing became more widespread. They killed the bison, cut off the skins and left the bodies behind to rot. The bison skins were sent by rail to cities to be sold. Between 1850 and 1910 the bison population is thought to have fallen from 60 million to just a few hundred.The killing of the bison changed the whole wildlife of the plains. With fewer bison, grass shoots were not eaten, so grass did not grow as strongly. Bison waste no longer fell on the ground to improve the soil, which as a result became less good for growing plants. The ground supported fewer plants , and the insects which lived on these plants died out. There was less food for birds and also for the prairie dog, a kind of animal which lives in holes in the ground. This in turn had an effect on the food supply for wolves. Thus one simple fact, a change in the number of bison, had an effect on the whole wildlife chain of the plains.
Unit 16： The United States of America C Integrating
For thousands of years, Native Americans lived as hunters in North America. There were millions of people, with many different cultures, religions and languages. In 1492, Columbus arrived in America and soon after the first European settlers followed. Native Americans were either killed or driven off their land and many died of diseases that the newcomers brought to the continent. Over the next three hundred years, ninety percent of America's original population was killed by wars, diseases or starvation.The white settlers wanted their land, and the Native Americans could not protect their homes and farms. From around 1790 to 1830, Native American tribes tried to solve the problem with the US government. Several agreements were reached, but the government broke its promises almost every time. Finally, by the 1830s, the government decided to remove the Native Americans from their own land to make room for European settlers. One by one, the Native American tribes were moved west. Indians who resisted were killed.One of the best-known examples of the hardships suffered by the Native Americans is the sad story of the Cherokee tribe. The Cherokees lived in the southeast of the United States. They lived by farming, hunting and fishing and had been able to adapt to modern society. The Cherokees had built homes and farms, developed a written language and made their own laws. Despite their hard work, the Cherokees were not treated fairly. When the government began driving the Native Americans away, the Cherokees were among the last to go. In 1838, the government began putting Cherokee men, women and children in camps and made them walk a thousand miles. The winter was cold and there was not much food. About 4,000 Cherokees died during the march, which became known as the &Trail of Tears& or &the trail where they cried&.In the years that followed, Native Americans lived through one of the darkest times in their history. By the end of the nineteenth century, only some 250,000 Native Americans had survived. Their culture and way of life had been destroyed, their land had been taken away from them, and they were not given the rights most other Americans enjoyed. Most of the Native Americans were forced to live in special places, called &reservations&, often in poor areas with few resources, given to them by the government. Few Native Americans were able to get an education and many lived in poverty.In the twentieth century, Native Americans began to gather strength again. The Civil Rights Movement was succeeding and some of the basic rights were given to Native Americans for the first time in history. Their culture and history were included in school history books and some of the languages began to be taught again. Much had been lost and destroyed over the past 300 years, but the spirit of the Native Americans had not been broken. Today, Native Americans are beginning to receive the respect they deserve and their culture is recognized as an important part of American history. In 2004, a National Museum was opened to honor the first Americans and to remind us all not only of the pain and suffering caused by the Trail of Tears and other sad times, but also of the joy, beauty and strength of Native American culture and history.The Trail of Tears has not been forgotten. In fact, the terrible march has created a beautiful story, that of the Cherokee Rose. According to the story, the tears of the Cherokee mothers turned into flowers as they fell to the ground. The flower, a rose, is white as the tears and has a gold center, representing the gold that was taken from the Cherokee lands. The rose has seven leaves, one for each group of Cherokees that marched on the Trail of Tears. The flower still grows along the trail and it is now the state flower of Georgia.
Unit 17 ：Disabilities (disabilities) Speaking Work in pairs. Imagine you are disabled. Choose two of the situations below and discuss how you would deal with them. What would you not be able to do? What would be difficult? What could you do to overcome the difficulties?You are blind. You want to visit a friend who lives on the other side of town. You have to go there by bus and you must change buses once. You are deaf. You are a very good football player and you want to join your school’s football team. You would also like to learn English. You are in a wheelchair. You and your froends have planned to go chopping, eat at a fast food restaurant and then go to a cinema. The shops you want to visit are in abuilding with several floors. - Reading DISABLES?
&I know people are trying to help, but I wish they wouldn't treat me as if I were a child.& Zhong Xiaowen is sixteen and a middle school student in Northern China. She is oneof the best students in her class and she won an award for young scientists last year. Sitting in the classroom, Xiaowen looks just like all her classmates. But when class is over and her classmates get up to move around, it becomes obvious that Xiaowen's life is different. Xiaowen was born without the ability to use her legs and she has no feeling below the waist. She uses a wheelchair to get around and it often takes her a little longer to do everyday things, such as getting out of bed, getting dressed and going to class.Xiaowen's favourite subject is computer science. She has already created many programmes and one of them received an award at her province's science fair. People like Xiaowen and many other disabled people in our country have taught us the importance of giving everybody a chance to receive education. We know that we cannot let physical disabilities limit a person's life. Today there are more opportunities for disabled people to develop their potential, live a rich life and make a contribution to society.The best way to help is often simply a matter of opening doors and offering guidance. The Beijing Union University has launched a special education college where gifted disabled students receive the help they need to succeed. One-third of the students are blind and the rest are deaf or have no disability. For the students without disabilities,studying together with their disabled classmates is both challenging and rewarding. They not only lean how to assist disabled people, but also learn the importance of cooperating to reach their goals in life. One of the teachers at the special education college says that their aim is to help disabled students understand that they can play a valuable role within society. &They need recognition, more than sympathy and help.&Like all of us, disabled people also need inspiration and encouragement. The magazine Literature of Chinese Blind Children was started by Xu Bailun in 1985, when he decided that there should be a magazine for blind people in China. Blind children all over China read the magazine and it has inspired many of them to believe that they can realize their dreams. The articles in the magazine are often about disabled people who have overcome difficulties and learnt to live a meaningful and productive life.About one-third of the articles in Literature of Chinese Blind Children are written by disabled authors and blind children. One of the magazine's best-known readers is Ye Zijie who is now a teacher in Huhhot. In the year 2000, he was invited to study in London and became the first visually impaired Chinese to study abroad. Zijie says he was inspired and motivated by the magazine: &It is very important for us to know that someone far away is also struggling as we are.&Living with disability is frustrating and challenging. Everyday activities are more difficult than they are for others. It is also often disappointing to find that other people do not feel comfortable together with someone who is disabled. Perhaps we should all listen to Xiaowen's advice. &Sometimes I wonder why they call me disabled,& she says. &I have learnt to live with my body as it is and adjusted my way of life. Maybe it is time for the rest of society to accept me as I am and get used to the fact that while I may not be able to walk, there are many other great things I can do.&
Unit 17： Disabilities - Integrating Skills 1
Every four years, mentally disabled athletes come together to take part in the Special Olympics. Just like the regular Olympic Games, it is surrounded by ceremony and competition is fierce, but there is also a strong sense of unity and friendship. Each athlete has had to train for many years and overcome fear and hardships to reach the games. For many of the Special Olympic athletes, simply taking part in the games is a victory. It often seems as if the Olympic spirit is stronger at the Special Olympics than at the regular one: winning is not about being the first one across the finish line or scoring the most goals, but it is about being the best you can be.Athletes at the Special Olympics are fighters in more than one way. Living with a mental disability is perhaps the most difficult challenge a human being can face in life. The disability makes everyday life difficult and society often fails to treat the mentally disabled with dignity and respect. For a long time, mental disability was considered shameful and the mentally disabled received little treatment or encouragement. Fortunately, we have now realized that there is much that can be done to help. The Special Olympics is one example of how society can improve the quality of life for all its citizens.By preparing for and participating in the Special Olympics, mentally disabled children and adults can develop their ability to move, improve their health and gain greater self-confidence. The Special Olympics is also a good way to make friends. The first Special Olympics was held in Chicago in 1968. One thousand participants from Canada and the United States competed in three events. Since then, the Special Olympics has grown. At the 2003 Special Olympics in Ireland, more than 6,500 athletes from over 150 countries took part and there were 21 different sports. Interest in the Special Olympics has spread across the world and cities are now competing for the honour to host the event. In 2007, the Special Olympics will be held in Shanghai. Chinese athletes, their friends, parents and the audience will be proud to welcome Special Olympians to China.
Grammar A Paralympic champion is telling his story. Change the underlined parts into the Active Voice. Pay attention to the Direct Object and Indirect Object in each sentence.The story of a paralympic championMy life completely changed in the year when I lost one arm in a car accident. I was only 16 and did not know how to go on with my life. One day, (5) excited about the idea of my job and went to Beijing, where I prepared for the Games with the help of a professional coach. DYou’ll never know what you can do and achieve until you try.‖ ―my dear motherland. To me, participating in the Games means much more than winning medals. I may be disabled, but there is no reason why my life shouldn’t be beautiful and meaningful. Unit 17 ：Disabilities - Integrating Skills 2-Reading
EQUAL ACCESS
Every member of society has the right to education, employment and a reasonable quality of life. As society develops, we have both the opportunity and responsibility tomake sure that people with disabilities can live productive and meaningful lives. That means that we must make sure that our streets and public buildings, such as government offices, schools, hospitals, cinemas and libraries, are safe and accessible to all of us.
The streets in our cities should be clean, in good repair and safe. To make sure that blind people can find their way around our cities, we must provide street stones and markers that help them get where they are going. Special stones can be used to show paths and crossings. For those who are in wheelchairs, we should provide level streets and easy access to sidewalks and stores. The ground should be even and hard, and there should be no unmarked holes or other dangers. Signs and traffic lights must be well-placed and easy to read and use.
Public buildings must also be accessible and safe. There must be enough room for wheelchairs, and all parts of the building must be accessible. It is important to make sure that doors and entrances are easy to reach from the street. The path should be flat and even, and if there are any steps, they should be covered with a board so that wheelchairs can enter the building. Doors should be at least 80 cm wide and there should be enough space so that the door can be opened by a person sitting in a wheelchair, Public telephones, buttons for elevators and other facilities should be placed so that they can be reached from a wheelchair. Entrances should be easy to find and well-lighted for people who do not see very well. Glass doors should be marked at eye level to prevent accidents. It is also important that the shape of the room is easy to recognise and that there are not any objects that may confuse people. For example, the colour or shade of walls, floors and doors should be different enough so that the shape of the room is clear. There should be no large mirrors or windows letting in sunlight that may make it harder to see. It is also important that any special places, such as bathrooms or entrances for disabled persons, are conveniently located, clearly marked and made to look as pleasant as possible.
When we design buildings, we should keep in mind that there should be apartments that are suitable for disabled persons. All entrances and public areas in apartment buildings must be accessible and there should be parking spaces near the entrances. Apartments for people in wheelchairs should be on the ground floor unless
if there is an elevator, it should be large enough and easy to operate.The interior of the apartments should also be designed properly. Light switches, electrical outlets, door handles, sinks and other fixtures should be placed at a convenient height so that someone in a wheelchair can reach them. Bathrooms, kitchens and hallways should be large and wide enough so that a wheelchair can be turned around. Special features, such as doorbells that use light rather than sound, must be used in apartments for people with hearing difficulty, and there should be wiring that makes it possible for people to use text- telephones and other aids.Perhaps most important, we must provide equal &intellectual access& for disabled people. That means that every one, disabled or not, should have equal access to schools, universities, jobs and political organisations. Providing equal access requires thought, work and money and may seem expensive. We must remember, however, that the cost of not providing equal access is far greater.Unit 18 ：Inventions (inventions)
Throughout history, great thinkers have used their creativity and imagination to change the world . How do they come up with ideas for new inventions? Thinkers who havechanged the world do not seem to have much in common. They come from different cultures and have different backgrounds, and only some of them did well at school. Creativity is not about getting high test scores, having a high IQ or being smart. Instead, it seems that creative thinking, which is one of the most highly valued skills in society, is a matter of habits. By thinking about the way we think and practising good thinking strategies, we can become more creative.
Knowledge and learning are important if we want to be successful, but we must also realize that what we know and what we have learnt may also limit our thinking. To &think outside the box& is to try new ways to solve a problem. Inventors often rephrase a problem to allow for creative solutions and also try &impossible& or &crazy& solutions. If we look only for the correct answer and reject ideas that do not provide a complete answer, we may get stuck. Partial solutions, and even failures, give us more information and clues that help us move towards a better solution. Creative thinking is a conscious effort to break away from old thought patterns in order to explore new possibilities.
Good solutions and new ideas are often the result of a change in perception. By looking at a problem in as many ways as possible, creative thinkers can find solutions that would otherwise remain invisible. As with thinking outside the box, the process includes a series of different attempts and several false starts. Each new way of looking at a situation improves our understanding and makes it easier to discover new possibilities. Great thinkers also like to make their ideas visible. A drawing or a model will help you see things that may otherwise remain hidden.
CONNECTIONS
Every new thought or idea has to be connected to what we already know. Unfortunately, it is easy to limit the possibilities of a new idea by connecting it to only one area of our previous knowledge. Great thinkers are aware of this and try to combine new and old ideas in as many different ways as possible. They also try to make connections that may seem strange at first. By comparing and connecting ideas and objects in new ways, creative thinkers are able to think of new applications and solutions. Many of the things that we use every day were invented by someone who saw similarities between his or her ideas and objects or systems in the world.
Good ideas are no accident. They are the result of a long process of trial and error. Most famous scientists and thinkers are very productive and studies have shown that our most respected scientists produce not only some of the best ideas, but also a great many bad ones. Some of the greatest inventors forced themselves to develop new ideas even when they were tired or did not feel inspired. They all knew that for each new invention that works, there are at least ten that do not.If we want to develop our creativity, we can try using some of the thinking strategies of the great and famous. We may not be interested in becoming inventors, but we probably all want to find new ways to improve our life. Who knows, perhaps your next thought will be a new idea that changes the world.It is certainly true that computers, cellphones and digital cameras have become part of our everyday life. Anywhere we go, we can hear the ringing of a cell phone , the tapping of a keyboard or the clicking of a mouse. We are said to be living in the &Information Age&, a time of new discoveries and great changes. But is it really true that we are living in the &Information Age&? Has our life changed that much? Many of the things we do with computers, such as typing and sending mail, are things that we also did before. Has anything really changed except the tools we use?When we describe or talk about new inventions, we use words and ideas that we already know. For example, when we want to explain how a computer works, we use words like &memory&, &store& and &cut and paste&. The words are useful, but they are not quite true. A computer's &memory& is similar to human memory in some ways, but it is also very different. A computer does keep information in its memory, but that is clearly different from other kinds of storage. We do cut and paste, but we don't use scissors or glue. Using familiar words makes it easier for us to understand and use a new tool, but it may also make it more difficult for us to use the new invention in the best way. After all, what makes a new invention such a wonderful thing is that it allows us to do something we could not do before.Science is not just about ele it is also about how we think about the world. Now that we are developing new technology at such a high pace, the true challenge is to find new ways of using it. How will we use computers in the future? How will we use the Internet? The real function will only be known once we discover new ways of thinking about the technology. Unit 18： Inventions - Integrating Skills 2
INVENTIONS
Computers that use light instead of electricity, &smart& clothes that can make phone calls and play music, house paints that change colour with the seasons, e-paper and adsthat speak to you -- the list of amazing new inventions that seem to be just around the comer is long and inspiring. How many of these new technologies will actually become reality remains to be seen, but it is clear that the next fifty years will be exciting. Here is a look at some of the new ideas that may shape our future.
Researchers in Japan have invented a kind of paint that makes things invisible. It may sound incredible, but the new paint reflects light in such a way that the human eye is fooled. The technology behind the paint is fairly simple: instead of letting the light rays bounce back in the normal way, the paint sends the light back to the source. It is as if a basketball backboard was made so that a ball thrown at an angle would bounce right back at the person throwing it. The paint does not really make things disappear, but by changing the way the light bounces it does make it possible to &see through& objects. The technology has many potential uses. The paint could be used to make interesting clothes and to help doctors see through the skin of a patient and thus be able to work better. It may also be used to hide things that we do not want others to see.
Most of us probably hope that we will never have to face major surgery. Even though doctors are well-trained and modern technology makes it possible to save lives, many operations are still dangerous and painful. Now, however, scientists believe that they might be able to help doctors to cure patients with less risk. A new and very small robot has been invented. This robot can enter the human body through a small hole so that it is no longer necessary to cut the patient. Instead of using knives and other large tools, doctors can use a computer to move the tiny robot around. If the technology can be used on human beings, operations will be safer and less painful.
The most exciting inventions are always the ones that have not yet been made. The true challenge for any inventor is to dare to dream and believe that what seems impossible today may one day become possible. Among the many inventions that are being discussed by some scientists are several that may seem ridiculous to us. For example, one scientist is trying to build a device that will allow information to enter the human body. In early experiments, the scientist was able to send sound into humans and dolphins, with some success. He is now working on sending visual information to the brain, so that blind people could be able to &see&. The scientist believes that it may be possible to &learn& by sending information to the brain.Other inventors are trying to make something out of nothing. One group of scientists think that it may be possible to make energy from space itself. According to their theories, what we think of as empty space does in fact contain energy in the form of movement. They describe space as true &perpetual motion&, that is, movement that never stops. They claim that there are energy fields everywhere -- because of the laws of physics, there are always small movements everywhere. For hundreds of years, people have tried to build machines that never stop, but the laws of physics show that it cannot be done. The &space motion &, however, could turn out to be endless. The scientists working on the programme believe that these fields of energy can be put to work. If they are successful, a new and cheap energy source will become available to us.It should be said that most scientists think that these inventions will never work. Perhaps they are right, but we would do well to keep in mind that many inventions that we now take for granted were greeted with doubt. People laughed at Benjamin Franklin's early discoveries and many other great scientists had to wait many years before their ideas were accepted. It is also important to remember that new inventions do not always work well in the beginning -- a good example is the first airplane, which only flew a very short distance.Unit 19： The Merchant of Venice (classic literature: a play)
THE MERCHANT
VENICE(1)D: Duke
S: Shylock
B: Bassanio
A: Antonio
P: PortiaD: Shylock, the world thinks -- and I think so too -- that you are playing a cruel game, but we all believe that you will give it up in the end. Have mercy on Antonio, Shylock. Be reasonable.S: I've promised to take my pound of flesh. If you won't let me have it, that will be a sign of weakness and no one will trust your laws any more. The greatness of Venice will soon be lost. Antonio is my enemy, and I hate him.B: Do all men kill the things they do not love?A: It's useless trying to argue with Shylock. You might as well go stand upon the beach and argue with the sea. Don't wait any longer. Pass judgement on me and give Shylock what he wants.B: I'll pay you six thousand ducats for the three thousand ducats that Antonio borrowed.S: If you offered me six times what you have just offered, I would still take my pound of flesh. Give me my pound of flesh!D: Let us be calm, gentlemen. Shylock, how can you hope for mercy yourself when you show none?S: I have done nothing wrong and I fear no judgement. I desire my pound of flesh.(Enter Portia, dressed as the judge.)D: Greetings, learned judge! I do not envy you your job. This is a most troublesome case.P: Greetings! Please be seated. Are you Antonio, and is this your agreement with Shylock? What are you accused of?A: Shylock does not accuse me of anything. My fate is a consequence of bad fortune.P: Then Shylock must be merciful. He must have mercy on Antonio.S: Why must I have mercy on him? Tell me that! I've kept my side of the bargain and I expect him to keep his.P: Mercy brings good. Mercy falls like the gentle rain from the sky upon the earth. It is twice blessed:It blesses those who give it, and those who receive it. It's the highest of the highest. We should learn to show mercy to others. Do you still ask for this pound of flesh?S: I ask for my legal right.B: I offer ten times the money that Antonio has borrowed. Please change the law a little. To do a great right, do a little wrong and in that way we can save Antonio.P: That's impossible, sir! We cannot change a law. If one law is changed, then people will later want to change other laws.S: Oh, wise young judge!P: Let me see this agreement, this promise of Antonio to you.S: Here it is.P: I see. According to the law, Shylock may have a pound of flesh to be cut off nearest to Antonio's heart. (to Shylock) Be merciful! Take more than three times your money and let me tear up this paper.S: I have sworn to heaven to have my pound of flesh. I must have it!P: It must be so. Antonio, get ready and offer up your breast. And Shylock, take your knife and prepare to do the deed. Have you brought something to weigh the flesh? A balance?S: Yes. I have everything ready here.P: Did you bring a surgeon, Shylock, to take care of Antonio's wounds and make sure that he doesn't bleed to death?S: That's not a requirement. There's nothing about that in the agreement.P: Do you wish to say anything, Antonio?A: Only a little. I am ready for it. Farewell Bassanio. Don't be sad for me. Tell your wife about me and let her be the judge of my character. If Shylock cuts deep enough, I'll pay him back with all my heart.B: Let me take you in my arms and say goodbye. I love you more than my own life, more than my wife, and more than all the world. (He cries.)P: Your wife would not be pleased to hear you say that.S: We are wasting time. Learned judge, pass your judgement!P: Take your pound of flesh! I declare the court allows it and the law gives it to you.
Grammar Change the following passage into dialogues.Bassanio told Antonio that he was in love with Portia, a rich and beautiful lady, and that she also loved him. He also told Antonio that he could not ask Portia to marry him because he had no money. He asked Antonio if he could lend him three thousand ducats. Antonio told him that all his ships were at sea and he had no money at present.They went to Shylock to borrow the money. Shylock didn’t like Antonio, who had many times told others about his greed and cruelty. However, he agreed to lend Antonio the money on one condition. He would have the right to have a pound of Antonio’s flesh to be cut off from any part of his body if he did not pay the money back at the end of three months. Antonio said that he would accept these terms. Bassanio tried to keep Antonio from accepting them, but Antonio treated them as a joke and said he would not refuse Shylock’s offer and would sign the agreement.Unit 19 ：The Merchant of Venice - Integrating Skill
THE MERCHANT
VENICE (2)
(Shylock advances towards Antonio and prepares to use his knife.)P: Wait! There is something else. Antonio has promised to give you a pound of his flesh. But he has not promised to give you any of his blood. If you let one drop of his blood fall, you will lose all your land and all your money.S: Is that the law?P: That is the law. You wanted justice, so you shall get justice, more than you wanted. Unit 18： Inventions - Integrating Skills 1
SCIENTIFIC
METAPHORSS: I will take the money. Give me three times more than Antonio borrowed from me.B: Here it is. (He cries full of happiness.)P: Wait! Shylock would not take the money earlier. All he wanted was justice. That is all he can have now. You must cut off one pound of flesh, no more, no less. And not one drop of blood must fall.(Shylock turns and starts to leave the court.)P: Wait, Shylock. The law of Venice says that if anyone tries to kill or murder any citizen of Venice, everything that he owns shall be taken away from him. One half of his money and his goods shall be given to the city of Venice and the other half shall be given to the person he has tried to kill. His life shall be at the mercy of the Duke. Therefore, go down on your knees and beg the Duke for mercy.S: Good sir, I beg for mercy. Please forgive me for all I've said and done.D: Although you've not shown yourself worthy of our kindness, you will see the difference of our spirit. I shall not have you killed but as your punishment, half of your money is now Antonio's.You must give the other half to the city of Venice.S: Take my life too. My money and goods are as dear to me as life itself. They are my only comfort. When you take those away from me, you also take my life.A: I shall be happy to give up my part of Shylock's money. Shylock must promise to leave the money upon his death to his daughter and her husband.S: I promise. Let me go home now. I am not well.
Writing There was once a young but very wise king. One day, two women came to him for help. Both women had babies. But during the night, one of the babies died. When the mother whose baby had died woke up and found her baby dead, she seitched babies in the night. The next morning the other mother woke up and found a dead baby beside her. When she looked at the baby. She knew it wasn’t her baby. She understood immediately that the other woman had switched the babies!They told the king the whole story. Each mother argued that the baby that was still alive was her baby. But who was right? How could the king know who was telling the truth? He ordered a soldier to bring a sword. He said that he was going to cut the baby ing half and give each woman half of the baby. One mother said, DYes! Let’s cut the baby in two pieces.‖ The other mother shouted, DNo! No! Don’t hurt the baby. Please, give the baby to the other woman.‖Who do you think was the real mother? Unit 19： The Merchant of
Venice - Talking
Read the following situation and act out the dialogue.Before Bassanio and Portia got married, Portia gave him a ring and made him promise to keep it all his life. Losing it, selling it or giving it away would be the end of her love for him. After the court case between Antonio and Shylock, Bassanio gives the lawyer this ring ...B: Bassanio
A: Antonio
B: Sir, to thank you for your help, please take the 3,000 ducats that Shylock must pay to Antonio.P: Oh no, I can't take that money. Shylock has learnt his lesson, and I am glad that I could help you and save Antonio. Goodbye.B: But Sir, can't we give you something small by which you can remember us?P: Well, OK then, since you insist. Antonio, I will take your gloves and Bassanio, I will take this ring of yours. Don't draw back your hand.B: But Sir, I can't give you this ring. It isn't of much value.P: That doesn't matter. I like it, and it is the only thing I want from you.B: I'm sorry, I can't do that. I will give you the most expensive ring in Venice, but not this one. It has a special value for me.P: I can see you make promises as easy as you break them.B: Good Sir, this ring was given to me by my wife and she made me promise that I should neither sell nor give nor lose it.P: That's a bad excuse. I've heard it many times. If your wife knew how well I deserve it, she would no longer be angry with you for giving it to me. Farewell.A: Bassanio, give him the ring. He deserves it, and for the sake of my love, forget what promise you made to your wife.B: All fight, I will do it for you. Please, give it to him.
Grammar The following text is a summary of Shakespeare’s famous play King Lear. Change the underlined parts into dialogues between King Lear and his three daughters. Then act them out in class.King Lear had three daughters named Goneril, Regan and Cordelia. One day, be told them that he had decided to retire and spend the rest of his life in quiet peace. In order to divide his kingdom among his daughters, he asked each of them how much they loved him.First he asked his eldest daughter, Goneril. She answered at once that she loved her father more than she could say, as much as her own life: in fact as much as any daughter could possibly love her father. The old king was very pleased with her reply, and promised to give her one third of his land.The second daughter, Regan, said to her father that she loved him quite as much as Goneril and even more and that all her happiness lay in loving him and nothing else. Hearing this, the king was very happy and promised to give her a third of his kingdom.Now it came to the turn of Cordelia, the youngest. She knew that her sisters had lied to their father, and did not love him. Cordelia loved her father truly and deeply, and she was his favourite child. When her father turned to her and asked what she would say, she answered that she had nothing to say. To her, words did not show real love at all. The king was surprised at her answer. He said angrily that nothing would come out of nothing and asked her to change her speech. But Cordelia only said that she loved him with all the love that she could give him, no more and no less. She also told her father that she obeyed him, loved him, and honoured him, but she could not say, like Goneril and Regan, that she would always love him more than anyone else, because that was not true.King Lear became so angry at his daughter’s words that he scolded her for being so heartless, saying that he could no longer count her a daughter of his and that he would divide the third part of his hingdom between Goneril and Regan. Unit 19 ：The Merchant of Venice - Integrating Skill
SHAKESPEARE’S
One of the most famous young women from Shakespeare' s plays is Juliet, in Romeo and Juliet. A fight between their two families makes it impossible for Romeo and Juliet toget married. However, they marry each other in secret. The only way to be together is to move to another city. To do so, Juliet has a plan. First, she takes a drug that makes her appear to be dead. When she wakes, a friend will help her escape from the tomb. Unfortunately, not only her family believe that she is dead, Romeo thinks so too. He is so sad that he kills himself. When Juliet wakes up and finds Romeo dead, she kills herself too.At the beginning of the play Juliet is just a little girl. Meeting with the handsome, intelligent and charming Romeo, she immediately falls in love with him. Neither Romeo nor Juliet is interested in any of the violence between their families. To them love is the most important thing. Loving Romeo, Juliet grows up showing amazing courage. From being a girl guided by duty, she becomes a loyal young woman of strength and self-determination.Portia, in The Merchant of Venice, is a woman quite different from Juliet. While Juliet can be seen as a character of passion and imagination, Portia stands out for her intelligence. It is her sharp mind and debating skills that make Portia the heroine of the play.Portia is intelligent, rich and beautiful. Handling the court case gives her the opportunity to show that she can be creative. Not only does she know the rules of the law very well, she can also apply them in new ways and play with the meaning of words. Anybody can break the rules, but few people have Portia's skills to make the law work for her.
Although there are many more women in Shakespeare's plays who deserve to be admired, there is one who should never be forgotten. She is not known for her passion, nor for her intelligence. Instead, she is known for the goodness of her heart, her feelings of love and caring.In King Lear, Cordelia is Lear' s youngest and favourite daughter. Lear, the old king of Britain, decides to divide his country among his three daughters. First, however, he puts them through a test, asking each to tell him how much she loves him. The two oldest daughters are dishonest. They use beautiful words to win their father's trust. But Cordelia remains silent, saying that she has no words to describe how much she loves her father. This makes Lear very angry with her. Only towards the end of the play does King Lear learn who is his truest daughter.Being honest with her father has made her lose his love, her part of the country and a lot of money, but Cordelia does not care for all that. She remains loyal to her father despite his cruelty towards her, and can even forgive him. Her main characteristics are devotion, kindness and honesty. Although Cordelia' s role in the play is rather small, she shines as the heroine of goodness and wisdom, and has earned a place in the hearts of all readers of King Lear.Unit 20： Archaeology (archaeology)
C Speaking
Work with your partner and practice the following dialogue . Student A talks about a topic he or she is interested in, while Student B gives suggestions.EXAMPLE:
I'd like to know more about life as it was two hundred years ago.B:
Well. You can read some books about that. Why?A:
I wonder what life was like in small towns in our province.B:
Hmm. You could visit a local museum and study what archaeologists found.A:
No, I'm not interested in broken pots and vases. I'd love to know what people talked about and how they really lived.B:
That may be difficult to find out.A:
What I'd really like to find out is whether people would sometimes want to go on a holiday, as we do. That sort of thing.Unit 20： Archaeology C Reading
STONEHENGE
On May 3, 2002, archaeologists in England found a grave of a man dating back to around 2300 BC. When he died, the man was about 40 years old. He was buried on his leftside with his face to the north. The tests on his teeth show that he spent his youth in central Europe, perhaps Germany. Buried with him were the tools of a hunter or warrior.
Some of the objects found in the grave give us an idea of how he was dressed when he was buried. There was a bone pin that may have been from a piece of clothing such as a leather coat. He carried a copper knife on his breast. The most amazing find was two gold earrings. That would have made him a man of distinction.Only a few centimetres from his head were two pots made of clay, tools and materials to make arrows, a bow and a dozen arrows for hunting and a second, smaller copper knife. Next to them lay a cushion stone, upon which the man could work metal. Everything found in the man's grave was probably given to him for his use in the next life. It was all that a person would need to survive --clothing, tools, weapons, pottery and spare materials to make new tools.The discovery is important for a variety of reasons. His grave is the richest of any found from that period. This was a time when the first metals were brought to Britain, and this man was buried with two gold earrings which are the oldest gold ever found in Britain (dating back to 2470 BC).He was important for another reason: he was buried three miles from Stonehenge at the time when the great stones were being brought to Salisbury to build it. Archaeologists tend to believe that this man was a member of a powerful class that may well have organised the construction of Stonehenge.For these reasons, this man has been called the King of Stonehenge.Stonehenge was begun around 3000 BC. In about 2300 BC the huge stone circles were built. The biggest stones weigh approximately 20 tons and came from a place not very far. But the smaller blue stones, still weighing four tons on average, came from west Wales. It is not yet known how these were conveyed over a distance of 380 kilometres. It is also a mystery how early man was able to construct Stonehenge without the use of modem construction machines and lorries. It is possible that the King of Stonehenge was linked to the stones: he may have had a hand in planning the monument, or in helping transport and pull up the stones.Perhaps the most important fact about the King of Stonehenge is that his homeland was somewhere in Central Europe. He is an example of people who brought culture and new techniques from the European mainland to Britain. In terms of technical development, people were going from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age. In the Stone Age most tools包含各类专业文献、中学教育、行业资料、幼儿教育、小学教育、专业论文、生活休闲娱乐、应用写作文书、文学作品欣赏、16高二英语课文等内容。　
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