推荐这篇日记的豆列
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&(6人关注)求高手翻译这一段文字，请不要用软件翻的，谢谢！！
求高手翻译这一段文字，请不要用软件翻的，谢谢！！
如果能直接找到英文原文更好，就是关于目的论的发展阶段的。
答案好的继续追加分数！
目的论最初是由德国功能派翻译理论家汉斯•威密尔提出的。它的形成和发展经历了三个阶段.
第一阶段，凯瑟.琳娜•雷斯的研究。。雷斯认为：“译者应该优先考虑译文的功能特征，而不是对等原则。在整个翻译过程中的“参照系不应是对等的，而应该是译文在译语文化环境中所预期达到的一种或几种交际功能。”因此，翻译批评不能仅仅依赖对原语特征的分析，而应考虑译文在功能上是否达到了预期的效果。由此可见，雷斯的研究为翻译目的论的诞生打下了基础。
第二阶段，雷斯的学生威密尔继承了她的一些思想，他认为，翻译是一种交际语言和非语言符号从一种语言向另一种语言的转换，因此，翻译是人的一种行为。目的论的核心概念是：翻译方法和翻译策略必须由译文预期目的或功能决定。威密尔提出“翻译是一种人类行为”，而“任何行为都具有目的”，翻译是一种目的性行为”。因此，翻译是“在目的语情景中为某种目的及目的受众而生产的语篇”。
第三阶段，贾斯塔•赫兹•曼塔利进一步发展了功能翻译理论，建立了行为翻译理论，视翻译为一项为实现特定目的的复杂活动，着重分析了参与者各自的作用以及参与者行为发生的语境条件。诺德作为第二代目的论的代表继承和发展了第一代目的论者的理论。他全面系统地整理归纳了功能派的各种学术思想，对功能派翻译理论自形成以来受到的各种批评一一做了解答。针对不足，提出了“功能加忠诚”原则。
&Skopostheorie& or &Skopos Theory& (目的论), a functionalist translation theory, was first presented by Hans J. Vermeer (汉斯•威密尔), a German language scholar. The formation and development of this theory has gone through three stages.
The first stage came to prominence with the works of Katharina Reiss (凯瑟琳娜•雷斯).
Reiss considers that translators should place emphasis on the functional characteristics of the text types rather than the equivalence principle. Throughout the translation process, translators should not be bounded by the frame of reference, and text should be translated in the target text's cultural environment so that one or several communicative functions can be achieved. Therefore, translation criticism cannot rely on merely the analysis of the original text's characteristics, and should consider if the text has been produced to serve the given intended purpose. Thus, the works of Reiss have laid the foundation for the formation of Skopostheorie.
At the second stage, Hans J. Vermeer (汉斯•威密尔), Reiss’ student went further in exploring this theory. The basis of his theory is the theory of action, which says that any action is intentional. Vermeer considered translation to be a human action, a type of transfer where communicative verbal and non-verbal signs were transferred from one language to another. The basic concept of Skopostheorie is that translation approach and strategies are to be determined by the purpose or function of the target text. As Vermeer points out, &translation is a human activity&, &all activities are purposeful&, and &translation activities are purposeful acts&. Therefore, to translate means to “produce a text in a target setting for a target purpose and target addressees in target circumstances”. (Vermeer, 1987:29)
At the third stage, Justa Holz-Manttari (贾斯塔•赫兹•曼塔利) further extended the scope of Skopostheorie and put forward the concept of translational action. She places special emphasis on the actional aspects of the translation process, analyzing the roles of the participants and the situational conditions in which their activities take place.
Christiane Nord (克里丝汀•诺德), representative of the second-generation Skopos theorists, did a lot of refinement for the young theory and expands the space for its application. She reconciled the comments and criticisms on Skopostheorie systematically and comprehensively. She tackled these criticisms with her theoretical principles — Function plus Loyalty.
参考资料：
1. 目的论 Skopos Theory (/view/af8baf332948b.html)
2. zyk.irc./html/wxzl/xwlw/7.html
3. &His Dark Materials& in translation : A skopos-theoretical analysis of Hanna Lützen's Danish translation of Philip Pullman's fantasy trilogy (pure.au.dk/portal-asb-student/en/studentprojects/his-dark-materials-in-translation(ee-4ed6-ab20-29f89aa1b875).html)
4. The Application of Skopostheorie in News English Translation (目的论在新闻英语翻译中的应用)（廖莎）
5. The Goal of Advertisement Translation: With Reference to C-E/E-C Advertisements （Ying Cui）
6. 汉语字幕幽默翻译之分析——基于功能主义的研究 (/view/d15abe.html)
这可能是另一篇内容差不多的译文：
参考资料：rz01.net/news_view.asp?id=1362&classid=67&parentid=
The functionalist translation theory came into being in 1970s in Germany, and there have been three distinguished contributors to the formation of this theory: Katharine Reiss, Hans J. Vermeer and Christiane Nord.
In 1971, in her book Possibilities and Limits of Translation Criticism, Katharina Reiss put forward a model of translation criticism based on the functional relationship between source and target texts. However, her theory was firmly within equivalence principle. Yet Reiss is aware that there do exist situations “where equivalence is not possible and in some cases, not even desired” and there are “certain exceptions from the equivalence requirement”(Nord 2001: 9). One exception is when the target text has a different communicative function from the source text. “In such situations, she thinks that the functional perspective takes precedence over the normal standards of equivalence. Then translation critic can no longer rely on features derived from source-text analysis but has to judge whether the target is functional in terms of the translation context.”(Nord 1997: 9)
Hans J. Vermeer, the student of Reiss, gave up the source-text centered linguistic translation theory altogether. Based on action theory, Vermeer defined translation as a purposeful human activity that takes place in a given situation. And he made a breakthrough by putting forward his famous Skopostheorie which is regarded as the landmark of functional translation. Skopos is a Greek word for “purpose”, and Skopostheorie means the theory of purposeful action. Skopostheorie includes three principal rules: namely, the Skopos rule, the coherence rule (intratextual coherence) and fidelity rule (intertextual coherence). Vermeer explains the Skopos rule in this way:
Each text is produced for a given purpose which the text is intended to serve. The Skopos rule thus reads as follows: translate/ interpret/ speak/ write in a way that enables your text/ translation to function in the situation in which it is used and with the people who want to use it and precisely in the way they want it to function. (Vermeer 1989a: 20, cit. Nord, 1997)
Coherence rule specified that a translation should be acceptable in the sense that it is coherent with the receiver’s situation, that is, the target-text receivers should be able to understand the target text and interpret it as being sufficiently coherent with their own communicative situation and culture. At the same time, we have to note that since the target text is produced according to the formation offered in the source text, it is expected to bear some kind of relationship with the source text. This relationship is what we call “intertextual coherence” or“ fidelity”.
On the basis of Skopostheorie by Hans J. Vermeer, Nord summarized other academic thoughts and criticism to the functionalist translation theory. She put forward the loyalty rule, which is the supplement to Skopostheorie. The loyalty rule repaired the disadvantages and limitation of the skopos rule, eliminate the translation at random and avoid the tendency which thinks translation is just target text writing.
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相关问答：
恐怕没有很好的专业功底和学术素养这类的文章是翻译不要的
你好.我找到了这篇文章的原文,然而原文是一个中国人在2010年九月发表的.链接已经附上.(位于百度文库)
既然这段文字中已经表达了,这几个人是德国人,如果你想要德语原文的话请补充问题或者在&德语&分类发问,我也会尽力给你找的.
无论如何,你想要的英语原文是不存在的.因为这一段文字似乎从没有被翻译过去.至于这些学者的著作有没有被翻译成英文我可以尽力找一下.如果可以找到我会补充答案.
参考文献：/view/8762caaed524.html
The first stage, with her grace. she studies. grace ： &think the translator should be given priority to the translation of functional characteristics, and not equal. in the translation principle of& reference should not be equal, but rather is a translation in the receptor language cultural environment are expected to one or several of the communication function. therefore, translators criticism can't just rely on to the features of analysis and should be considered in the translation will achieve the desired effect. therefore, the grace下载作业帮安装包
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英语翻译哪个大虾帮帮忙翻译以下这段文字喔!英语课演讲用,用尽量简单的初中句式翻译,最好不用什么生僻词语."古希腊神话中有一位伟大的英雄阿基里斯,他有着超乎普通人的神力和刀枪不入的身体.但就在阿基里斯攻占特洛伊城奋勇作战之际,站在对手一边的太阳神阿波罗悄悄一箭射中了伟大的阿基里斯.原来这支箭射中了阿基里斯的脚后跟.在他还是婴儿的时候,他的母亲、海洋女神特提斯曾捏着他的右脚后跟,把他浸在神奇的斯提克斯河中,被河水浸过的身体变得刀枪不入,近乎于神.可那个被母亲捏着的脚后跟由于浸不到水,成了阿基里斯全身惟一的弱点.母亲造成的这惟一弱点要了儿子的命!"
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There is a great hero Argyris in the ancient Greek mythology,he has the supernatural power and health of achillean of ordinary people of exceeding.But just when Argyris captured Troy fought courageously,Sun god Apollo that stand by rival an arrow hit great Argyris silently.This arrow hit Argyris' foot heel originally.When he is still the baby,his mother,marine goddess specially carry the right foot heel that has been pinching him then,soak him in the river then of magical carrying then gram,the health soaked by the river makes the achillean,close to in the spirit.Can that piece because of soak water,become Argyris whole body only weakness foot heel that mother pinch.This only weakness that mother caused has killed son
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跪求啊～帮忙看看吧:(
把借了别人的钱、不被催著还钱当成是好事，把得到的便宜当成自己的私利；软弱的债主结果损失了自己的利益，（我）认为这是很冷酷无情的的事情。
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