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定语从句-形容词性从句
语法总复习之 ------ 定语从句（形容词性从句）
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&& &在句中修饰名词或代词的从句，因其修饰作用相当于形容词，故称形容词性从句，即通常所说的定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，区别定语从句和名词性从句的最简易的办法就是看从句前有无被修饰的先行词。引导定语从句的关系词既起着联系作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成分。这些关系词包括：
1）关系代词： 先行词为人：who, whom, that, whose
先行词为物：which, that, whose
2）关系副词：when, where, why （how）
注意：引导定语从句的关系词和引导名词性从句的连接词有许多是共用的，但它们在从句中的作用有所不同，注意区别。尤其要注意的是what只能引导名词性从句，不能引导定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在先行词后，但有时也被一个短语隔开。例如：
I was the only person in my office who was invited.
1．关系代词的用法：关系代词在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或表语等成分。
The comrade who visited our class yesterday is our new headmaster.（作主语）
He is no longer the man (that) he used to be. （作表语）
This is the book（that/which）I referred to in my talk. (作宾语)
Wei Fang is the student whose home caught fire last week. (作定语)
使用关系代词值得注意以下几点：
① that, which在从句中作主语时，不能省略；作宾语时，在口语和非正式语中经常省略。whom 也常可省略。例如：
He is the man (whom) you have been looking for. （作宾语）
② that, which在从句中作主语时，如果先行词前面有序数词、最高级以及有 the only，the very等修饰时，只能用that, 不能用which。如果先行词是all, everything, anything, nothing, none, few, little, much等不定代词；或是先行词被all, every, some, any, no, few, little等不定代词修饰时,一般要用that，但是something后面既可用that也可用which。例如：
Titanic is the best film that has been shown this year.
The second time that I visited The Summer Palace was in the fall of 1998.
The only thing that matters is to find our way home.
This is the very magazine that you are after.
I ‘ll do all that I can to help you.
Is there anything (that) I can do for you in town?
There is something that/which keeps worrying me. “有一件事一直令我不安。
③ 如果主句是由 who，which，what 引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，先行词后的引导词要用that，而不用who或which。例如：
Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there?
Which is the dictionary (that) you bought yesterday?
注意：当先行词是anyone, those, he, she等代词表“人”时，一般用who而不用that。同时要注意主谓一致的问题，即从句中谓语动词的数要由who所指代的“人”所决定.
Anyone who wants a ticket please sign your name here.
Those who want to go to the English party must be at the school gate by 7:30 p.m.
He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
④ whose在定语从句中置于名词之前，充当定语，既可指人，又可指物。whose xx = the xx of which（指物）/whom（指人）。例如：
Please pass me the dictionary whose cover is black. （指物）
=Please pass me the dictionary the cover of which is black.
The doctor, whose name was Johnson, lived in a small town in the north of England. （指人）
=The doctor, the name of whom was Johnson, lived in a small town in the north of England.
⑤介词+关系代词的用法
关系代词紧跟在介词后面时，不能用that，也不能省略，常用which或whom。
介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定； 也可结合句意，根据先行词确定。该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前，也可放在从句之尾。例如：
The man (who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University.
=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.
The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.
=The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.
The author with whom all of us are familiar will visit our company.
Last night I had a dream in which I became a Nobel Prize winner.
I need a pen with which I can write a letter.
但遇固定词组时，介词一般紧跟词组主体，不作前置。如：
Is this the book (which/that) you are looking for? ( 这里介词for一般不提前，因为look for是固定词组，意为“寻找”，介词for若被提前，单个的look意为“看”，句意不符。)
⑥先行词既有人又有物时，引导词只用that。例如：
They talked about the persons and things (that) they remembered in the school.
⑦先行词是the way时，其后的定语从句关系词有三种，例如：
I like the way （in which/that）the teacher gives his lessons.
Marx told us the way ____ we could learn a foreign language well.
A. why&& B. how*&& C. which&& D. when
2．关系副词的用法
关系副词when, where, why, 在从句中充当状语，分别可表时间、地点或原因。但要注意与先行词在从句中做主语或宾语的情况相区别。
I will never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.
This is the house where Lu Xun once lived.
Can you tell me the reason why you sold your new car?
Eg. I will remember the cottage ____ I built with my wife ten years ago.
&&& A. where&& B. that&&& C. in which&& D. in that&&
I will remember the cottage ____ I was shut with my wife ten years ago.
A. where&&& B. that&& C. which&& D. in that&&&
Eg. Have you asked her for the last reason _______ may explain her absence?
A. why&& B. that&& C. because that&& D. which&&&
&& It is for this reason ____ the clear sky over the mountain appears blue.
&&& A. for which&& B. why&& C. because& D. that&&
3．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句对先行词起限定作用，是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，去掉后主句意义就变得不明确，这种主句和从句的关系十分密切，主句与从句之间没有逗号分隔。例如：
This is a shop that sells personal computers.& //& The watch that I bought yesterday works well.
非限制性定语从句与主句之间的关系相对松散一些，它对先行词起补充说明作用，去掉后不影响主句意义。因此，一些具有区别意义的专有名词及一些表示“唯一”概念的人或物后面常用此类从句。这类从句与主句之间有逗号隔开。例如：
We are all proud of the Great Wall, which is one of the man-made wonders of the world.
My father, who is a doctor, often encourages me to work hard.
一种特殊的非限制性定语从句
在非限制性定语从句中，有时根据句子意思，常把some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either等词、分数或百分比与of whom或of which连用。同时要注意主谓一致的问题，即从句中谓语动词的数要由xx of whom或xx of which所指代的“人”或“物”所决定.
He has five children, two of whom are abroad.
(比较：He has five children, and two of them are abroad.)
We have tested three hundred types of boots, none of which is/are completely waterproof.
(比较：We have tested three hundred types of boots, but none of them is/are completely waterproof.)
4．定语从句中as的用法
1）as引导的限制性定语从句：
当先行词前有as, the same, such, so修饰时，关系代词常用as。例如：
As many members as were present agreed to the plan.
I’d like to have the same books as are used in your school.
He is not such a person as I expected.
2）as引导的非限制性定语从句与which引导的非限制性定语从句的异同
which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，有时可以互换：
Our team lost the game, as/which was reported in the newspaper.
She was terrified, as/which I could see from her eyes.
区别：as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在先行词后面或主句后面。例如：
As anybody can see, the elephant is like a snake.
=The elephant, as anybody can see, is like a snake.
=The elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see.
Mary was late again, which made the teacher angry.
as引导的从句有“正如”、“正像”之意，而which则无此意。常用句型有：
as we all know, as is known to all, as everybody can see, as is expected等。如：
As we all know, paper was first made in China.
as 引导的从句在意义上不能与主句相抵触，而which不受此限制。试比较：
He did the experiment successfully, as had been expected.
He failed in the experiment, which was unexpected.
5．巩固练习：
1. I have many friends,&&&&&& &some are businessmen. （2005全国卷一二）
&&&&&& A．of them &&&&&&&&&&&& B．from which &&&&&&& C．who of &&&&&&&&&&&&& D．of whom
2. ― Why does she always ask you for help? （2005北京）
&& ― There is no one else _______ , is there?
&&&& A. who to turn to&&&& B. she can turn to&&& C. for whom to turn to& D. for her to turn
3. If a shop has chairs _________ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.
&& A. that&&&& B. which&&& C. when&&&& D. where（2005上海）
4. Last month, part of Southeast Asia was stuck by floods, from __ effects the people are still suffering.
& A. that&&&&&&&&&&&& B. whose&&&&&& C. those&&&&&&&& D. what（2005天津）
5. Mark was a student at this university from 1999to 2003, ______________he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students’ Union. （2005重庆）
&A．during which time&&& B．for which time&& C．during whose time&&& D．by that time
6. Her sister has become a lawyer, ___________she wanted to be. （2005湖北）
& A. who&& B. that&&&&& C. what&&&& D. which
7. Frank’s dream was to have his own shop___ to produce the workings of his own hands.
&A．that&&&&&&& B．in which&&&&&& C．by which&&&&& D．how （2005湖南）
8. The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs ______ they are being trained. （2005江西）
A．in that &&&&&B．for that&&&& C．in which&&&& D．for which
9. The way he did it was different __________we were used to. （2005江西）
A．in which&&& B．in what&&&&&& C．from what&&&&& D．from which
10. I walked in our garden, ___ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees. （2005辽宁）
A．which&&&&&&&&& B．when&&&&&&&& C．where&&&&&&&&&&&& D．that
11. ― Did Jack come back early last night? （2005福建）
― Yes. It was not yet eight o ’ clock________ he arrived home.
A．before&&&& B．when&&&&&&& C．that&&&&&&&& D．until
12. ― Is that the small town you often refer to? （2005福建）
― Right, just the one_________ you know I used to work for years.
&A．that&&&&&&&&&& B．which&&&&&&&&& C．where&&&&&&&&&&& D．what
13. He was educated at a local grammar school, __________ he went on to Cambridge. （2005山东）
&& A. from which&& B. after that&&&& C. after which&&&& D. from this
14. Jim passed the driving test, __________surprised everybody in the office. 2005浙江）
& A. which&&& B. that&&& C. this&&& D. it
15. _____ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next morning. 2005浙江）
&& A. When&&& B. after&&&& C. As&&&& D. Since
16. The place ___ the bridge is supposed to be built should be ___ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest.
&&& A. where&& B. which&& C. where&& D. in which（2005江苏）
17. Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes ________ people were eaten by the tiger. （2005广东）
&&& A. in which&& B. by which&& C. which&& D. that
18. Do you still remember the chicken farm &&&&&&&&&we visited three months ago? (2005北京春)
A. where&&&&&&&&&&&& B. when&&&&&&&&&& C. that&&&&&&&&&&&& D. what
19. ― Did Jack come back early last night? （2005福建）
― Yes. It was not yet eight o ’ clock________ he arrived home.
A．before&&&& B．when&&&&&&& C．that&&&&&&&& D．until
20.The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but ___ didn’t help.（2005全国三）
&A．it&&&&&&&&& B．she&&&&&&&&&&&&& C．which&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D．he
21. The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it running, ______ meant spending tens of thousands of pounds. ( 2006江苏卷)
&& A. who&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. that&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C. as&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. which
22. Look out! Don’t get too close to the house ______ roof is under repair. （2006福建卷）A. whose&&&&&&&& B. which&&&&&&&&&& C. of which&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. what
23. We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us, ________we gave some bells and glasses. （2006湖南）
A. to which&&&&&&&& B. to whom&&&&&&&& C. with whom &&&&&&&&&D. with which
24. I saw a woman running to ward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was，she had run back in the direction&________&&she had come. （2006重庆卷）　　A. of which&&&&&&&&&& B. by which&&& C. in which&&&&&&&&&& D. from which.
25. ――Do you have anything to say for yourselves? （2006江西卷）
――Yes，there’s one point ________ we must insist on&&&&&&&&&&&
&A．why&& &&&&&&&&&&&& &B．where&&&&&&&&&& C．how&& &&&&&&&&&& &D．/
26. Women _______ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ________ don’t. （2006北京卷）
&& A. 不填&&&&&&&&& B. 不填 ; who&&&&&&&&&&&&& C. who &&&&&&&&&&& D. 不填表; 不填
27. We’re just trying to teach a point ____ both sides will sit down together and talk. （2006山东卷）
A. where&& B. that&& C. when&& D. which
28. She as educated at Beijing University, ________She went on to have her advanced study abroad.
A. after which&&&& B. from which&& C. from that&&&&&& D. after that（2006陕西卷）
29. I was given three books on cooking, the first _______ I really enjoyed. ( 2006浙江卷)
&& A. of that&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. of which&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C. that&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. which
30. I was told that there were about 50 foreign students &&&&&&&&&&Chinese in the school, most &&&&&&&&&&were from Germany. ( 2006辽宁卷)
A. of whom&& &&&&& B. of them& C. of them&&&&&&&&&&&& D. of whom
31. The Beatles, &&&&many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. ( 2006天津卷)
A. what&&&&&&&& B. that&&&&&&&&&&& C. how&&&&&&&&&&&& D. as
32. You can find whatever you need at the shopping centre, ___ is always busy at the weekend.
A. that &&&&&&&&& &&&&&& B. where &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C. what &&&&&&& D. which( 2006上海春招)
2007高考题中出现的定语从句
1. His movie won several awards at the film festival, ___ was beyond his wildest dream. [2007 上海卷]
&&A. which&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. that&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C. where&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. it
2. ―Where did you get to know her?
―It was on the farm _________ we worked. [2007 山东卷]
A．that&&&&&&&&&&&&& B．there&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C．which&&&&&&&&&&&&& D．where
3. Last week, only two people came to look at the house, _______ wanted to buy it. [2007 安徽卷]
& A. none of them&&& & &&&B. both of them&&&&& &C. none of whom&& &&&&&& &&&D. neither of whom
4. We shouldn’t spent our money testing so many people,most of _____are healthy[2007 北京卷]
A. that&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.which&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C. what&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&D. whom
5. By serving others, a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself, ___________ can be very eye-opening and rewarding. [2007 湖南卷]
& A. who&&&&&&&&&& &&&&B. which&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&C. what&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. that
6. He was educated at the local high school, ______ he went on to Beijing University. [2007 江苏卷]
& A. after which&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. after that&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C. in which& &&&&&&&&&&& D. in that
7. After gradutation she reached a point in her careet&& she heeded to decion what to do. [2007 江西卷]
& A.that&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.what&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.which&&&& &&&&&&&&&&D.where
8. Some pre-school children go to a day care center, _______they learn simple games and songs.
& A. then&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. there&&&&&&&&& C. while&&&&&&& &D. where& [2007 全国卷I]
9. Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases &&&&&beginners of English fail to use the language properly.
A.which&&&&&&&&&&&& B.as&&&&&&& &&&&&&& C.why&&&&&&&&&&& &&& D.where&& [2007 陕西卷]
10. The thought of going back home was &&&&kept him happy while he was working abroad．
&&&&&& A．that&&& B．all that& C．all what& D．which& [2007 上海春]
11. It is reported that two schools，_______ are being built in my hometown，will open next year.& A．they both&&&& B．which both&&&&&& C．both of them&&&& D．both of which [2007 四川卷]
12. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity ___ sight matters more than hearing.
A. when& &&&&&&&& &&&&&&&B. whose&&& && C. which&&& &&&&&&& &&&D. where [2007 天津卷]
13. Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street, ______ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business.
& A. that&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. which &&&&&&&C. who&&&&&&&& D. where& [2007 浙江卷]
14. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree ______ they can be controlled on purpose. [2007 重庆卷]
A. with which &&&&&&&&& &&&B. to which&&&&& & C. of which&&&&&&& &&&&&&& D. for which
15. Eric received training in computer for one year, __ he found a job in a big company. [2007 辽宁卷]
A. after that&&&&&& &&&&&B. after which& &&&&&&&&&&&C. after it&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. after this
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版权所有：优朗教育&&网站备案号：&& 站点统计：Adobe Buying Guide: Creative Cloud (CC) or CS6 – Which to Get?
[UPDATE (Jan. 2017) & Adobe just stopped selling CS6 entirely – .]
in 2012, there came with it a new way to buy Adobe software that the world had not seen before: the .& Traditionally, most Adobe products had only been sold with “perpetual” licensing that doesn’t expire. The flip side is that these best-in-class tools often come with a steep
that is out of reach for many folks – though there have always been
when upgrading from recent older releases, plus much lower pricing for some market segments like …
When Creative Cloud first entered the scene, there was (and still is) some uncertainty about what it meant and where it was going…
But despite that skepticism, the Cloud has since gained
to become the company’s dominant product line with most customers choosing it over CS6, which Adobe still
for people who want it.&
With Creative Cloud you receive the newer
that succeeds CS6 as the latest and greatest toolset, and generally gets
from users.
Related: Compare Features –
Adobe CC is available only via a subscription model which, yes, is cloud-based in some ways – but the name has been called confusing and
because in fact the major applications are not online or web-based, but still run locally on your computer as before.&
What’s more, the company has been clear that powerful tools like Photoshop may add some online capabilities but will never run .
So at its core, this is primarily a
and using all the Adobe products you know and love (plus more).
Creative Cloud membership is served as an “all-you-can-eat buffet” of the best software out there for any creative purpose, for one
($29-$49/month standard in the US).
The central premise is you can continue to use the same applications and services you always have – plus many more available at your disposal – with a term-based membership that includes
and new feature additions over the period.
What’s in Creative Cloud?
Creative Cloud
new CC versions of all applications that were part of Creative Suite 6 (effectively the entire ), as well as others like , , , plus a host of professional
for getting your work out there.&
As noted, most of these components do not run over the network – they download and install on your system desktop just like normal, and only need to be connected to the Internet once
for annual membership revalidation.
That said, however, there is an online
envelop&ing it all which allows easy web-based file storage, sharing, browsing, and syncing between computers and devices.
For those who don’t have a paid subscription, there is a
that provides the same commu&nity features but with 2GB of free storage instead of 20GB…
The best part about this cloud storage is that your colleagues or clients do not need to have any of the actual Adobe tools installed to view or comment on the files you upload.
Special: Legally download dozens of
for a limited time!
CC or CS6 – Which Is Right for You?
So there have been a lot of changes in recent years – and with all these developments in mind, how do you decide which one to buy?& The answer depends to a large extent on how you use the software, with these questions to ask:
How long will you be using the products?
How frequently do you usually [like to] upgrade?
Which Adobe programs do you want or need to use now?
Which tools would you like to expand to using in the future?
How nice is it to always have the latest releases and best features?
Do you own a prior product you can upgrade from, or would you buy full?
What will your regular annual costs be when comparing the two different options?
How important is it for the software that you use to be supported long into the future?
Before we get to some cost comparisons, it’s important to note that it’s not just about price.
Adobe says they are supporting CS6 on the , but do not have plans to support it on the next releases coming out from Microsoft and Apple…
In other words, within less than a year it’s likely that CS6 will not be supported to run on newer operating systems.
By contrast, Creative Cloud is a service as much as a product and will always be supported and updated for the latest platforms, devices, and technologies.
is $US49.99/month for a yearly plan, or $74.99 when purchased month-to-month with the ability to turn it on and off as needed. It’s $29.99 per month for the first year for those upgrading from a prior Creative Suite product with Adobe’s , and $19.99/month for current . Doing the math that’s about $600/year for regular customers, $360 for CS upgraders, and $240 for education customers…
In sum it’s around $1-$2 a day.
So when you look at these plans versus the tradi&tional
your current tools, which is more attractive?
Well, if you’re a solid user of Creative Suite and a happy upgrader, then the Creative Cloud could be a good deal for you. The CS6 Master suite, for example,
$2,600 full, or $1,050 to upgrade from CS5 – and that is for an older static version that will never evolve or improve.& So paying $1,200 spread over two years for CC (and $240 less for upgraders) could work out well considering that all upgrades and future support are included, and you can run the latest releases of all the top tools Adobe makes.
says, “One benefit is not having to lay out $2,500 every few years. It would take more than four years of monthly $50 subscription fees to reach the cost of an all-at-once software purchase, and the programs will always be up-to-date.”
But what if you don’t want the complete package?
If you only use
(normally US$700-$1000 full, $200 upgrade) and
($150 full, $80 upgrade) and don’t see yourself ever growing into other tools like Illustrator, Premiere Pro, Muse, or Acrobat, then there’s another choice: the new
which includes both PS + LR for US$9.99 a month.&
And if you need any other single standalone application (like, say, After Effects CC), then see the next section below for a final possibility.
It goes without saying that the Cloud option is absolutely ideal for situa&tional and tempo&rary needs like project-based work, contract employment, freelancing, and so on – you .
It’s even possible to start out with a
if you want to see how you like it, after your 30-day
Single-App Membership – The Lesser-Known Option
If the complete Creative Cloud is too much, there’s an additional choice that many people aren’t aware of – Adobe also offers subscriptions for
like Photoshop, Illustrator, InDesign, Acrobat Pro, Premiere, and others for only , and that low pricing is available to everybody…
The sign-up and download is all online so you can get going right away – and , so you’re always running the latest version.
are available on an annual as well as month-to-month basis (start-and-stop) in all languages for both Windows and Mac together, so pretty flexible.
And if you happen to decide later that you want to upgrade to the complete Creative Cloud package to access all applications (at any time), then Adobe will credit back your account for the remaining amount due on your existing membership.
So when you compare that pricing of $19/month versus $1,000 to buy (say) After Effects CS6, it’s definitely worth considering – and you’ll find all the details here:
Creative Cloud vs. Creative Suite 6 – Pros & Cons
For a complete side-by-side analysis, check out our detailed
with all the pros and cons to consider for each option.
Do you have any further questions about the comparison or your decision?&
and we’ll get you answers fast!
about Creative Cloud
What are the differences between ?
(choose over 20 titles)
How to save 60% with the
: Get 10 high-quality Adobe Stock images
Don’t need full Cloud? Get
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