Intake, digestibility, nitrogen efficiency, and animal performance of growing and finishing beef cattle fed warm-season legume (Stylosanthes capita...
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):. doi: 10.2527/jas.. Epub
2014 Aug 1.Intake, digestibility, nitrogen efficiency, and animal performance of growing and finishing beef cattle fed warm-season legume (Stylosanthes capitata plus Stylosanthes macrocephala) silage replacing corn silage.1, 2, 1, 1, 1.1Federal University of Vi?osa (Universidade Federal de Vi?osa), Department of Animal Science, , Vi?osa, MG, Brazil.2Federal University of Vi?osa (Universidade Federal de Vi?osa), Department of Animal Science, , Vi?osa, MG, Brazil odilon@ufv.br.AbstractIt was hypothesized that Stylosanthes cv. Campo Grande (ES) silage could be used as the single source of dietary forage for beef cattle and that performance on ES would be similar to corn silage (CS) at a 50:50 forage:concentrate. The objectives of this study were to evaluate intake, total and partial digestibility of nutrients, ruminal pH, ruminal ammonia, and productive performance in growing beef cattle fed diets with varying proportions of ES silage replacing CS. Treatments consisted of diets with ratios of 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0% ES:CS. Two experiments were conducted simultaneously. In the first experiment, 10 crossbred Holstein-Zebu bulls with an average initial weight of 272 ± 86 kg were used. The bulls were rumen and abomasums fistulated. An experimental design of two 5 × 5 Latin squares (Exp. 1) was used. The second experiment used 40 Nellore bulls with an average BW of 386 ± 30 kg in a completely randomized design (Exp. 2). Results showed a linear increase in CP intake (P & 0.05) in response to increased dietary ES. An increase in the proportion of ES in the diet had a negative linear effect on TDN. Apparent ruminal digestibility of CP increased linearly, and apparent intestinal digestibility of nonfibrous carbohydrates increased with the addition of ES to the diet (P & 0.05). Intestinal digestibility of DM exhibited a quadratic response (P & 0.05). Nitrogen balance, excretion of urinary urea, and plasma urea nitrogen did not respond to the inclusion of ES in the diet (P & 0.05). There was also no effect (P & 0.05) of ES inclusion on animal performance. Ruminal pH was not affected by an increased proportion of ES in the diet (P & 0.05), but ruminal pH was affected (P & 0.05) by the time of collection, for which a cubic model fit the data. There was an interaction (P & 0.05) between treatment and collection time for ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration. It can be concluded that ES silage can be used as a source of roughage in the diet of beef cattle during the growing and finishing phases at a proportion of 50% of DM in the total diet. Therefore, ES silage is a promising alternative dietary ingredient and the use of this alternative source of silage will depend on availability and economic factors. KEYWORDS:
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External link. Please review our .Research resource: RNA-Seq reveals unique features of the pancreatic β-cell transcriptome.
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2012 Aug 21.Research resource: RNA-Seq reveals unique features of the pancreatic β-cell transcriptome.1, , , , , , .1513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0534, San Francisco, California , USA.AbstractThe pancreatic β-cell is critical for the maintenance of glycemic control. Knowing the compendium of genes expressed in β-cells will further our understanding of this critical cell type and may allow the identification of future antidiabetes drug targets. Here, we report the use of next-generation sequencing to obtain nearly 1 billion reads from the polyadenylated RNA of islets and purified β-cells from mice. These data reveal novel examples of β-cell-specific splicing events, promoter usage, and over 1000 long intergenic noncoding RNA expressed in mouse β-cells. Many of these long intergenic noncoding RNA are β-cell specific, and we hypothesize that this large set of novel RNA may play important roles in β-cell function. Our data demonstrate unique features of the β-cell transcriptome.PMID:
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] mRNA-seq of mouse islets and primary mouse β-cells demonstrates β-cell-specific genes. A, A comparison of RT-qPCR quantification (y-axis) and mRNA-seq quantification (x-axis) of GPCR expression. Each point represents a single GPCR gene. RT-qPCR data were plotted with permission (). B, Log base 2-fold change in normalized read counts from β-cells vs. islets for the indicated genes. All were statistically significant with q value & 1 × 10-14. C, Identification of RefSeq genes enriched and depleted in β-cells. FPKM in β-cells (y-axis) is plotted vs. the FPKM in islets (x-axis). Red dots indicate a q value & 0.1. Black dots indicate q value & 0.1. The blue dashed oval is highly enriched for exocrine secreted enzymes (see text). D, Histogram of FPKM levels of RefSeq genes expressed in β-cells. E, Log base 10 ratio of β-cell FPKM to the average FPKM of all non-β tissues is plotted (β-cell specificity score) for β-cell-expressed genes. Green circles indicate genes statistically significantly increased in β-cells over all five non-β-cell tissues (q value & 0.1). F, FPKM values of the 16 genes with no detectable expression in any of the other five non-β-cell tissues examined. AU, Arbitrary units.Mol Endocrinol. ):.mRNA-seq identifies the β-cell Tph1 promoter. A, The short form of Tph1 is the dominant isoform expressed in β-cells. mRNA-seq reads from β-cells (top) are plotted with the exon structure of RefSeq transcripts for Tph1 locus (bottom). On the left is a heat map of expression level of each transcript in β-cells and skeletal muscle. B, RT-PCR with primers to the indicated exons was performed and run on an agarose gel. C, RT-qPCR targeting the indicated exons from islets isolated from pregnant (preg) and nonpregnant (non-preg) mice. Fold induction over nonpregnant levels is plotted with se (n = 2 mice from each condition). *, P value & 0.01 between pregnant and nonpregnant mice. D, The upstream region of exon 1b is sufficient to drive transcription in β-cells. The indicated constructs were transfected into MIN6 cells, and luciferase activity was determined. The se is plotted (n = 4). *, P & 0.0001 vs. no-promoter control.Mol Endocrinol. ):.Examples of β-cell-specific splicing events and alternative promoter use. A, Vps8: heat map showing expression of three major isoforms of Vps8 (left) and their transcript structures (bottom right). mRNA-seq reads mapping to the locus are shown for β-cell, liver, lung fibroblast (fibro), and neural progenitor cell (NPC) (top). The green box highlights a β-cell-specific exon 1 that is not present in other tissues. B, Rasgrf1: as in A, but Rasgrf1 is expressed only in brain and β-cells, so only these two tissues are listed. The green box highlights a β-cell-specific exon 2.Mol Endocrinol. ):.Identification of β-cell lincRNA. A, Filtering strategy for lincRNA identification (see text for details). B, Cumulative distribution plot of FPKM of lincRNA (red) and protein-coding (green) genes shows that most lincRNA are expressed at lower levels vs. protein-coding genes. C, β-Cell enrichment score (log base 10 ratio of β-cell FPKM over average non-β-cell FPKM) for lincRNA (black and red) and protein-coding genes (black and green). Colored circles indicate genes for which there is a statistically significant increase in β-cells over all six non-β-cell tissues examined. D, Histogram of maximum PhyloP score (placental mammals) of lincRNA (red), protein-coding genes (NM, blue), and repeat masked sequence (RPMSK, black) showing that most protein-coding genes show high conservation, whereas only a minority of lincRNA show equivalent conservation. E, mRNA-seq reads and predicted transcript structure of a novel potential lincRNA 5′ of the Nkx6-1 locus. F, mRNA-seq reads and predicted transcript structure of lying antisense to the Pdx1 locus. NPC, Ne sk muscl, skeletal muscle.Mol Endocrinol. ):.Publication TypesMeSH TermsSubstancesGrant SupportFull Text Sources
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External link. Please review our .High-frequency archives of manganese inputs to coastal waters (Bay of Seine, France) resolved by the LA-ICP-MS analysis of calcitic growth layers a...
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2008 Jan 1;42(1):86-92.High-frequency archives of manganese inputs to coastal waters (Bay of Seine, France) resolved by the LA-ICP-MS analysis of calcitic growth layers along scallop shells (Pecten maximus).1, , , , .1Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement, IPREM UMR 5254, CNRS-Universiti de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc Pau-Pyrénées, 2 avenue du President Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France.AbstractDuring their growth, bivalves are recognized to archive minor and trace elements within their shells which may reflect environmental conditions at the sediment-water interface (SWI). Shells from juvenile Great Scallops (Pecten maximus (L.)), which develop a daily calcite growth layer, were collected in the Bay of Seine (France) and examined by matrix-matched LaserAblation ICP-MS analysis for Mn concentrations along their growth period, from April to October (year 2004). The backdated Mn concentration profiles were compared with environmental variables (e.g., temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a, oxygen, etc.) measured continuously at monitoring stations in riverine, estuarine, and coastal waters. The objective was first to perform microanalyses of Mn composition along the shell reflecting episodic enrichment or depletion in such environment, and second, to depict Mn cycling and inputs at the SWI according to the measured profiles. Basically, Mn concentration profiles mostly depend on established estuarine and coastal biogeochemical processes that lead to an increase of dissolved Mn concentration available for shell uptake. Potential particulate Mn fluxes from the Seine River, that control both particulate and dissolved Mn input to the bay, are strongly correlated with shell Mn concentrations from April to July (?r = 0.95, n = 8, p & 0.05). In late summer, riverine inputs can not only provide an explanation for the shell Mn enrichments which suggest additional sources of Mn. During this period, two other processes also contribute to the release of dissolved Mn in coastal waters and the increase of shell Mn content: (1) successive redox oscillations within the high turbidity zone of the macrotidal Seine estuary and (2) postbloom reductive conditions developed at the SWI of the Seine Bay under periodic seasonal eutrophication. This study demonstrates that incremental Mn concentrations profiles in scallop shells are a relevant natural archive to evaluate the processes governing Mn inputs into coastal environments at a daily scale.PMID:
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External link. Please review our .Combinatorial signals by inflammatory cytokines and chemokines mediate leukocyte interactions with extracellular matrix.
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):885-92.Combinatorial signals by inflammatory cytokines and chemokines mediate leukocyte interactions with extracellular matrix.1, , , , , , , .1Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.AbstractOn their extravasation from the vascular system into inflamed tissues, leukocytes must maneuver through a complex insoluble network of molecules termed the extracellular matrix (ECM). Leukocytes navigate toward their target sites by adhering to ECM glycoproteins and secreting degradative enzymes, while constantly orienting themselves in response to specific signals in their surroundings. Cytokines and chemokines are key biological mediators that provide such signals for cell navigation. Although the individual effects of various cytokines have been well characterized, it is becoming increasingly evident that the mixture of cytokines encountered in the ECM provides important combinatorial signals that influence cell behavior. Herein, we present an overview of previous and ongoing studies that have examined how leukocytes integrate signals from different combinations of cytokines that they encounter either simultaneously or sequentially within the ECM, to dynamically alter their navigational activities. For example, we describe our findings that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha acts as an adhesion-strengthening and stop signal for T cells migrating toward stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha, while transforming growth factor-beta down-regulates TNF-alpha-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 secretion by monocytes. These findings indicate the importance of how one cytokine, such as TNF-alpha, can transmit diverse signals to different subsets of leukocytes, depending on its combination with other cytokines, its concentration, and its time and sequence of exposure. The combinatorial effects of multiple cytokines thus affect leukocytes in a step-by-step manner, whereby cells react to cytokine signals in their immediate vicinity by altering their adhesiveness, directional movement, and remodeling of the ECM.PMID:
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