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＞＞＞—Mum, must I wash the dishes right now?—No, you ____.[ ]A...
—Mum, must I wash the dishes right now?—No, you ____.
A. shouldn’tB. wouldn’tC. mustn’tD. needn’t
题型：单选题难度：中档来源：北京中考真题
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据魔方格专家权威分析，试题“—Mum, must I wash the dishes right now?—No, you ____.[ ]A...”主要考查你对&&情态动词&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下：
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因为篇幅有限，只列出部分考点，详细请访问。
情态动词：是一种本身有一定的词义，表示说话人的情绪、态度或与语气的动词，但不能单独作谓语，只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。无人称和数的变化,情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 “not”。个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式，过去式用来表达更加客气，委婉的语气, 时态性不强,可用于过去，现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词，故没有被动语态。情态动词有四类： 　　&①只做情态动词：must, can(could),may(might)…… 　　&②可做情态动词又可做实义动词：need, dare 　　 ③具有情态动词特征：have(had, has) to, used to 　　&④情态动词表猜测 注：mustn't代表强烈禁止 must表示主观，have to表示客观。常用的有：can& may& could& must&& have& use& .情态动词特点:情态动词无人称和数的变化，情态动词后面跟的动词须用原形，否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 "not"。个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式，过去式用来表达更加客气，委婉的语气，时态性不强，可用于过去，现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词，故没有被动语态。He could be here soon.他很快就来。We can't carry the heavy box.我们搬不动那箱子。I'm sorry I can't help you.对不起，我帮不上你。基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是：基本助动词本身没有词义，而情态助动词则有自己的词义，能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法，或表示主观设想：What have you been doing since? （构成完成进行体，本身无词义）I am afraid I must be going. （一定要）You may have read some account of the matter. （或许已经）除此之外，情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征：1） 除ought和used以外，其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话，那么，所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式：We used to grow beautiful roses.我们过去常常种这种漂亮的玫瑰花I asked if he would come and repair my television set.我问他是否来修我的电视机2） 情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一：They need not have been punished so severely.3） 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候，没有词形变化，即其词尾无-s形式：She dare not say what she thinks.4） 情态动词没有非限定形式，即没有不定式和分词形式，也没有相应的动名词：Still,she needn't have run away.5）情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合，情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间：Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?She told him he ought not to have done it.6） 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的，即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词，但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用：You should have washed the wound.Well,you shouldn't be reading a novel.7）情态动词must一般疑问句否定回答用needn'tMust I read books every day、No,you needn't常见情态动词用法：1.can (could) 表示说话人能，可以，同意，准许，以及客观条件许可，could 为 can 的过去式。 2.Must 必须，应该，一定，准是，表示说话人认为有必要做某事，命令，要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。 must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时, 过去式可用 have to 的过去式代替。 must + have + 过去分词，表示现在对过去事物的推测。 must 和 have to 的区别：must 表示说话人的主观思想，have to 表示客观需要。 3.need 是一个情态动词，他的用法完全和其他情态动词一样，但 need 还可当作实义动词使用，这时 need 就象其他动词一样，有第三人称，单复数， 后面加带 to 的动词等特性。 needn't + have + 过去分词 表示过去做了没必要做的事情。 4.dare 除用作情态动词外,更多的是当实义动词使用, 用法同实义动词一样,要考虑人称,单复数,时态等。 5.ought 应当，应该。后面跟带有 to 的动词不定式。 ought + to have done 句型。指过去动作,表示一件事情该做而未做。 ought not to have done 句型。表示一件不该做的事情却做了。 6.will (would)决心,愿望。 would 为 will 的过去式, will, would用于疑问句表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问,用 would 比 will 更婉转,客气。 7.Shall、should 表示命令，警告，允诺，征求，劝告，建议，惊奇。 8.have to，不得不，必须，表示客观条件只能如此，而must 则表示主观思想。情态动词功能：助动词主要有两类：基本助动词和情态助动词。基本助动词有三个：do，have和be；情态助动词基本的有十四个：may, can, will, shall, must, need, dare, used to, ought to.had better 上述两类助动词的共同特征是，在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时，具有作用词的功能： 1） 构成否定式： He didn't go and neither did she. The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock. 2） 构成疑问式或附加疑问式： Must you leave right now? You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you? 3） 构成修辞倒装： Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister. Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 4） 代替限定动词词组： A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle? B: Tom can. A: Shall I write to him? B: Yes, do. 情态动词表推测的用法小结 　　 （一）情态动词表推测的三种句式 　　&1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定)，may（可能），might /can, could（也许，或许）。 　　 （1）He must/may/might know the answer to this question? 　　&&&&&&&&&&&他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。 　　 （2）It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating. 　　 &&&&&&&&& 屋里很冷，他们肯定把暖气关了。 　　&2. 否定句中用can’t / couldn’t(不可能), may not/might not (可能不)。 　　 （1）It can’t/couldn’t be the headmaster. He has gone to America.& 这不可能是校长，他去美国了。 　　 （2）He may not/might not know the scientist. 他也许不认识那位科学家。 　　 3. 疑问句中用can/could (能……?)。 　　&&（1）Could he have finished the task?&他可能把任务完成了吗？ 　　&&（2）Can he be at home now?& 他现在能在家吗？ 　　 注：以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might, could并非may, can的过去式，而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。 　　 （二）情态动词表推测的三种时态 　　 1. 对将来情况的推测，用“情态动词 + 动词原形”。 　　&（1）She must / may / might / could arrive before 5.& 5: 00 前她一定/可能/也许到。 　　&（2）She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone. 　　 &&&&&&&&&& 她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。 　　 2. 对现在或一般情况的推测，用“情态动词 + be”，“情态动词 +be doing”或 “情态动词 + 动词原形”。 　　&（1）He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。 　　 （2）He can’t ( couldn’t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time. 这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。 　　 （3）Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony ? 　　 &&&&&&&&& 布什先生一向准时，这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢？ 　　&3.对过去情况的推测，用“情态动词 + have +过去分词”。 　　 （1）It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet.& 地湿了，昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。 　　 （2）The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home . 门锁着，他不可能/可能不在家。 　　 （3）Can / Could he have gotten the book？ 难道他找到书了吗？ 　　&注：情态动词 should /ought to表推测时，意为“想必会，理应……”但与“have +过去 分词”连用时，则又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应该做某事却没做”。&例如： 　　 （4）It’s seven o’clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment. 　　 &&&& 现在七点钟了，杰克理应随时到达。（推测） 　　 （5）She should / ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look& after her mother in hospital. （虚拟） 　　 她本该出席你的生日晚会的，可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。 　　 （6）Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm.&& （虚拟） 　　 汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密，可是他并无恶意。
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与“—Mum, must I wash the dishes right now?—No, you ____.[ ]A...”考查相似的试题有：
8041013777426165883456105578286553英语完型“It's no use,mum,"said johnny."I'm just no good at dancing.""You've got to keep trying.tonight will be ___,dear.try a turn with that pretty Lisette." 这只是开头,谁看过这篇完型啊,
██雨亢██
“It’s no use,Mum,” said Johnny.“I’m just no good at dancing.”“You’ve got to keep trying.Tonight will be 36 ,dear.Try a turn with that pretty Lisette.” Johnny 37 Every Saturday night used to be the best of the week.He and his parents went to the 38 at the Club,where his hero,Alcide,played the accordion （手风琴） with the band.But lately everything had changed.Now that Johnny was older,he was 39 to dance with a girl!40 Johnny and his parents arrived at the Club,music had already started.Johnny got up his 41 to approach Lisette.“May I have this dance?” Johnny asked.“That’s all right,” said Lisette.Johnny struggled to keep up with Lisette’s 42 steps,but he was always one beat behind her.Then Johnny heard his friend Pierre say,“Look!Johnny has two left feet!” 43 burst from the crowd.Johnny 44 and ran outside,determined never to go to another dance.The next Saturday,Alcide 45 to Johnny’s house for some potatoes.He happened to hear Johnny playing the accordion.Alcide’s eyes 46 “Bring that accordion and play some songs tonight,” Alcide said.Then he drove off,leaving Johnny staring open- mouthed 47 him.At the Club,Johnny scanned the crowd for Lisette and 48 her.The band played for a long time before Alcide said,“Dear friends,I got a 49 for you tonight.Young Johnny is going to join us!” 50 ,Johnny stepped up on the platform,his eyes on the floor.He began to play,and the band 51 behind him.When the song ended,he heard cheers.Johnny kept playing until the dance was 52 “You did a fine job tonight.Play with us again next Saturday night,” Alcide said.“Yes,sir!” said Johnny.53 he went outside,Johnny saw Lisette and her friends near the door.Lisette stepped 54 ,smiling.“You played really good tonight!” she said.“Thank you,” Johnny blushed （脸红）.As he walked on,Pierre 55 moved out of the way for him to pass.Johnny patted e to think of it,in his whole life,he had never once seen Alcide out on the dance floor.36.A.difficult B.troublesome C.different D.terrible 37.A.answered B.sighed C.smiled D.laughed38.A.platform B.appointment C.meeting D.dance39.A.expected B.invited C.allowed D.chosen 40.A.If B.Since C.Though D.When41.A.spirits B.feelings C.courage D.strength42.A.smooth B.clumsy C.slow D.small 43.A.Shouts B.Laughter C.Applause D.Cheers 44.A.broke away B.went out C.broke up D.turned out45.A.ran B.walked C.drove D.cycled46.A.opened B.rolled C.sharpened D.widened47.A.off B.with C.after D.for 48.A.caught B.searched C.sought D.spotted 49.A.surprise B.puzzle C.story D.joke50.A.Struggling B.Trembling C.Wandering D.Whispering51.A.got round B.joined in C.turned around D.showed off 52.A.in B.out C.over D.on 53.A.As B.Because C.Until D.So 54.A.backward B.forward C.onward D.downward55.A.still B.even C.ever D.almost09湖南 CBDAD,CABAC,DCDAB,BCABB
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扫描下载二维码It was Sunday and Tom was staying home. After breakfast he went out into the garden and played quietly by himself. There were no kids around and he was used to playing alone quietly. He played with Bobby, the dog. He climbed up and down the trees. Sometimes a bird would come down to perch（停歇）on top of the doghouse.
Then Tom would have the greatest fun by throwing a stone or something at it. Though he never made it, he did like doing this kind of things.
Now Tom had been in the garden for half an hour. Suddenly a crack（碎裂声）was heard and the little boy began crying.
“What’s the matter, Tom?” his mother looked through the kitchen window.
Tom ran into the kitchen.
“Mum,” he sobbed（抽泣）, “I broke Bobby’s plate. I didn’t know it was so fragile（易碎的）.”
His mother put her arms round him and said, “Don’t feel too bad, Tom. We have other plates for Bobby. But how did you break that one?”
“I throw this at a bird but missed, and it went straight to the plate.” In Tom’s hand was his father’s gold pocket watch.（金怀表）!
【小题1】When did the story happen?
A．On a Sunday afternoon. B．On a Sunday morning. &
C．At noon. D．In the evening.
【小题2】 When a bird perched on top of the doghouse, Tom ___.
A．would like to play with it
B．was very interested in it by throwing a stone at it.
C．would like to give it something to eat.
D．would smile
【小题3】 There were no kids around and he was used to playing alone quietly. Here “kids” means ___ A．men B．dogs C．children D．birds
【小题4】 How long had Tom been in the garden when his mother heard him cry?
A．An hour B．A day C．Two hours D．Half an hour
【小题5】“Though he never made it” means “___” & & & &
A．Though he couldn’t hit a bird with a stone or something. &
B．Though he couldn’t catch the bird.
C．Though he couldn’t have fun from the bird.
D．Though he couldn’t eat the bird.
【小题1】B
【小题2】 B
【小题3】C
【小题4】D
【小题5】A &当前位置：
＞＞＞动词填空1. He ________(wash) the dishes in the kitchen when..
1. He ________(wash) the dishes in the kitchen when I saw him yesterday evening.2. Some old people are happy _________(be)with the young ones.3. Tom says he _________(not watch)the video film tonight.4. How _______Bob ______(go)to school every day except weekends?5. —"Mum, I saw a new kind of bike. It_____(cost) only two hundred and fifty yuan,"&&&&&&&& —"Oh, really?"6. Can she _______(run) as fast as Helen ?7. We________(visit) the Great Wall next week.8. Don’t _______(talk) now.9. Let’s try our best _________(finish) the work in an hour.10. She often_______ (visit) her aunt’s house last year.
题型：填空题难度：中档来源：同步题
1.was washing&&& 2. to be&&& 3. doesn’t watch&&& 4. does go&&& 5. costs&&& 6. run&&& 7. will visit&&& 8. talk&&& 9. to finish&&& 10. visits
马上分享给同学
据魔方格专家权威分析，试题“动词填空1. He ________(wash) the dishes in the kitchen when..”主要考查你对&&一般现在时，实义动词，助动词，不定式，过去进行时&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下：
现在没空？点击收藏，以后再看。
因为篇幅有限，只列出部分考点，详细请访问。
一般现在时实义动词助动词不定式过去进行时
一般现在时::表示通常性、规律性、习惯性的状态或者动作（有时间规律发生的事件）的一种时间状态。 一般现在时的具体用法:1. 表示经常的或习惯性的动作，常与表示频率的时间状语连用。　 　　 e.g.& I leave home for school at 7:00 every morning.　 2. 表示客观事实和普遍真理。　 　　 e.g.& The earth moves around the sun. 3. 表示现在发生的具体动作或存在的状态　 e.g. He lives in Beijing now. 4. 习惯性的爱好或行为 e.g. I like dancing while she likes singing. 5. 表示预先计划或安排好的行为。　 e.g.& Our class begins at 7:45. 6. 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时代替将来时。　 e.g.& If you come, we will wait for you. 7. 表示格言或警句中。　 e.g.& Pride goes before a fall.　骄者必败。　 8.表示主语具备的性格、能力、特征和状态。　e.g. I don't want so much.　Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.　　　I am doing my homework now.9.在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时代替将来时。　10.小说故事用一般现在时代替一般过去时。新闻报道类的内容，为了体现其“新鲜”性，也用一般现在时来表示过去发生的事情。　11.有些表示状态和感觉的动词表示现在发生的具体行为时，只用一般现在时，而不用进行时态。　注意★：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。　例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.. 第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。一般现在时与现在进行时的区别:一、两种时态的主要含义：一般现在时1.表示事物的本质特性或客观存在，没有时限性。The table ____ soft。（feels) 表特性特征。Japan ___ in the east of China。　(lives) 表客观事实2.现阶段经常性、习惯性的行为，可带频率时间。The shop closes at 7:30 p.m.Father doesn’t smoke. （习惯）3.表说话时的状态，感觉或结果，一般用状态动词，如：It doesn’t matter. Does it hurt? （感觉结果）4.特殊用法：－在条件、时间、让步从句中用现在时代替将来。－If you go there,I’ll help you.—用在begin,come,go,leave,return,open,close 等短暂谓语动词表规定计划。The plane takes off at 11:30. （不受主观支配的计划）－在剧本、解说、标题或there(here）开头的句中表进行There goes the bell/Here comes Mr.Wang.I declare the meeting opens.（正在宣布）He meets the ball and hits back to No.2 （正在发生）现在进行时1.说话时正在发生，进行的动作Look! Dark clouds are gathering . （正在发生）2.表现阶段正在进行，但此刻不一定正在进行的事。He usually gets up at 6:00,but this week he is getting up at 7:00. （现阶段正在进行，但说话时不一定在起床）3.现在进行时的特殊意义－表示主观打算常用于 go,come,leave,start,begin 等，位移、趋向动词。How long are you staying here （准备停留）－表示眼前刚过去的语意即“话音刚落”，适用于tell,say,talk,discussYou don’t believe it You know I’m telling the truth.－表示安慰、关心、喜欢、讨厌等感情色彩。He is always making noises in class. （讨厌）－在条件、时间、让步状语从句中表示将来正在进行。Don’t bother him if he is reading this time tomorrow.二、严格区分进行时与一般时的语义1. 持续动词的一般时表持续情况，经常性，习惯性行为或客观存在的事实，进行时表暂时性或有限时刻的持续。2.短暂动词的一般时叙述事实，特征，能力而短暂动作进行时描述反复发生，即将发生或刚开始行为。3.短暂动词和静态动词一般时表示实际情况客观状态、结果、特征、特性，进行时表未完成含开始或渐进之意。The bus stops. （车停了－事实）The bus is stopping. （渐渐停下来）I love the job. （静态事实）I am loving the job. ( 渐渐爱上了）<e,go,leave,start,return,move,reach,sail,fall 等一般时态表客观规定计划，进行时表主观打算推测。Flight 254 leaves at 5:30. （表主观打算）The plane is taking off an hour later.（主观判断）5.现在进行时带always,often,usually,sometimes，等频率副词表感情色彩，一般现在时则没有此用法。一般现在时的句子转换：（1）当句子中有be动词或情态动词时，则把be动词或情态动词(can,could等等)提到主语的前面变成疑问句;在be动词或情态动词后面加not变成否定句.例：①陈述句：She is a student.疑问句→ Is she a student? 否定句→ She is not a student.②陈述句：I can swim.疑问句→ Can you swim否定句→ I can not swim.（2）当句子中即没有be动词，也没有情态动词时，则在主语前加助动词do (you,以及复数),does（单数she,he,it）变成问句；在主语后谓语动词前加助动词don’t（I,you,以及复数), doesn’t（单数she,he,it）变成否定句，助动词后的动词要变成动词原形。例：①陈述句：We get up at 7:00 every morning.疑问句→Do you get up at 7:00 every morning?否定句→We don’t get up at 7:00 every morning.②陈述句：She has a little brother.疑问句→ Does she have a little brother?否定句→ She doesn’t have a little brother.
一般现在时的表达方法：主要通过谓语动词的变化和用时间词语来表示，其中最主要的是谓语动词的变化。现在一般时动词变化的规则是：1.如果主语是名词复数和第一人称I、 we ，谓语动词不用做任何变化，即仍然用动词原形表示：We usually go to school at 7:30. 我们通常7:30上学去。[go]My parents give ten yuan to my sister every week.我父母每星期给我妹妹十元钱。[give]
2.主语是任何一个单数名词或者是第三人称单数，谓语动词要进行必要的变化。特别提一点：不可数名词也算作单数处理。3.谓语动词的变化规律是：第三人称单数的构成见下表：
第三人称单数
work(工作)stop(停止)
worksstops
以-ch, -sh, s, x, o结尾
teach(教)wash(洗)dress(装扮)fix(安装)go(去)
teacheswashesdressesfixesgoes
以“辅音字母+y”结尾
变y为i，再加es
fly(飞翔)try(尝试)
fliestries
特殊变化的词：be （是） - am,is,areI amshe/he/it，名词单数都用 iswe,you,they，名词复数都用arehave （有） - have,hasI,we,you,they，名词复数都用haveshe/he/it is，名词单数都用 has助动词，不论单复数、不论什么人称都没有变化，都用 can,may,must,need,ought to 等。而且，句子中有了助动词，谓语动词就不需要有任何变化了，即用动词原形表示。例：We have six classes every day. 我们每天上六节课。I often get up at 6:30. 我经常6:30起床。Jack likes Chinese food very much.杰克很喜欢中国饮食。We can see some pictures on the wall. 我们能看到墙上的画。4.一般现在时常用的时间词语常用于一般现在时的词语有 sometimes/usually/often/every day(week,year)/ now/always 等。这些时间词语只是辅助作用，这些词语也可用于其它的时态，所以谓语动词变化才是最关键的。注意：当表现强烈的感情色彩时，尽管有如 always/never/seldom 等频率副词，但一般在频率副词前加上be动词，后面变为动词的现在分词形式。例：My father lose his key again. He is always losing his key.一般现在时的基本结构:
一般现在时中当主语为第三人称单数的时，动词上要改为第三人称单数形式。实意动词：即行为动词，表示动作的动词。实义动词与系动词是相对的，能独立用作谓语。它分为及物动词和不及物动词两种：及物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语的动词；不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词。实意动词使用方法：及物动词后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词，叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如：I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问：“这本书我可以借多久?”Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。不及物动词本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词，叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如：Birds fly.鸟会飞。It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。My watch stopped.我的表停了。She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。兼作及物动词和不及物动词英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，意义不变。试比较：Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的？(leave 作及物动词)They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，有时意义不尽相同。如：Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?英汉实意动词用法比较：与汉语的比较，有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法，与汉语的用法不一样，请注意下列两种情况：a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词，而汉语则可用作及物动词，如arrive到达，agree同意，listen听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如：We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)(比较：We reached the railway station at noon.)Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)(比较：We all heard the lecture.)Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词，而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词，如serve为…服务。Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务用于be动词之后，实义动词之前。&实意动词的用法：肯定句：主语+动词过去式+其它否定句：主语+助动词didn‘t+动词原型+其他一般过去式：Did+主语+动词原型+其他助动词：协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词。助动词是语法功能词，自身没有词义，不可单独使用，只能和别的动词一起构成谓语，表示时态、语态、语气等，或表示疑问或否定。常用的助动词有：be,do,does,did,have,has,shall,will,would等。常见助动词用法：have的用法：have作助动词形式：主要变化形式：have，has，had动名词/现在分词：having1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态，例：He has left for London.　他已去了伦敦。By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.上月末为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时（现在完成时），例：I have been studying English for ten years.我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。3）have+been +过去分词，构成完成时态的被动语态，例：English has been taught in China for many years.中国教英语已经多年。do的用法：形式主要变化形式：do,did，done动名词/现在分词：doing1） 构成一般疑问句，例如：Do you want to pass the CET?你想通过大学英语测试吗？Did you study German?　你们学过德语吗？2）do + not 构成否定句，例如：I do not want to be criticized.我不想挨批评。He doesn't like to study.他不想学习。In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。3) 构成否定祈使句，例如：Don't go there.　不要去那里。Don't be so absent-minded.　不要这么心不在焉。说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do，。4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，例如：Do come to my birthday party please.请一定来参加我的生日宴会。I did go there.　我确实去那儿了。I do miss you.　我确实想你。我真想你了！5）用于倒装句，例如：Never did I hear of such a thing.我从未听说过这样的事情。Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。6）用作代替动词，例如：Do you like Beijing?　你喜欢北京吗？Yes，I do.是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）He knows how to drive a car， doesn't he?他知道如何开车，对吧？may和can：1) may用来表示许可2）may用于所有人称的现在时及将来时句子中。3）might用于所有人称的过去时及条件句中。否定形式：may not/mayn't，might not/mightn't疑问式：may I？might I？等否定疑问式：may I not？/mayn't I?等表示许可的may的其他形式可用allow，be allowed的相应形式代替。4）may后面接不带to的不定式（即动词原形）。5）can用来表示许可6）can用于所有人称的现在时及将来时的句子中。7）could用于所有人称的过去时及条件句中。否定式：can not/can't,could not/could't疑问式：can I？could I？等。否定疑问式：can I not？/can't I？could I not？/couldn't I？等。表示许可的can的其他形式可用于allow，be allowde的相应形式代替。can与不带to的不定式连用。shall和will的用法：1）shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时，例如：I shall study harder at English.我将更加努力地学习英语。He will go to Shanghai.　他要去上海。说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:He shall come.他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）He will come.他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）2）shall在疑问句中，用于第一，第三人称，征求对方意愿shall I turn on the light?要开灯吗?( 我把灯打开好吗?)shall he come to see you?他要不要来看你(比较: will he come to see you? 他会不会来看你)3）shall 用在陈述句，与第二第三人称连用，变为情态动词，表示允诺，命令，警告，和说话人的决心等。should，would的用法：1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称，例如：I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。比较："What shall I do next week?"　I asked."我下周干什么？"我问道。（可以说，shall变成直接引语时，变成了should。）2）would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称，例如：He said he would come.他说他要来。比较："I will go," he said. 他说："我要去那儿。"变成间接引语，就成了：He said he would come.原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。过去式从原来的go变为came。基本助动词只有三个：be， do，have，他们没有词汇意义，只有语法作用，如协助构成进行体，完成体，被动态，否定句，疑问句等。 例如：He is giving a lecture. 他在作报告He has made a plan. 他已经订了计划The small animals are kept in the cages. 小动物都关在笼子里。助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用：a. 表示时态，例如：He is singing. 他在唱歌。He has got married. 他已结婚。b. 表示语态，例如：He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。c. 构成疑问句，例如：Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗？d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如：I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。e. 加强语气，例如：Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。动词不定式：指由to加上动词原形（而且只能是动词原形）所构成的一种非限定性动词，但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。动词不定式可以作以上各种成分，但它毕竟是动词，所以有动词的属性。动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语，虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语，但它表达的意义是动作，这一动作一定由使动者发出。这一使动者我们称之为逻辑主语，其形式如下：
(not) to do
(not)&to be done
(not) to have done
(not) to have been done
(not) to be doing
完成进行式
(not) to have been doing
&不定式的用法:1、不定式作主语 例如：To remember this is very important. 注意：为了避免头重脚轻，在许多情况下，通常都将作主语的不定式置于句子后部，而在句首主语位置使用形式主语it。 例如：It is very important to remember this. 2、不定式作表语例如：He seems to be ill. 注意：不定式作表语主要有三种情况，一是用于seem, appear, prove等系动词之后的不 定式（尤其是to be），二是像My job is to sweep the floor. 这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形，三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等，如：&You are to come when I call. 3、不定式作宾语 例如：I can not afford to buy a car. 注意：①不定式不仅用作动词的宾语，还可用作个别介词（but, except）的宾语。 例如：I had no choice but to wait. ②当作宾语的不定式后跟有宾语补足语时，通常要用形式宾语it代替不定式，并将真正的宾语不定式置于宾语补足语之后 例如：I find it difficult to learn Japanese well. 4、不定式作宾语补足语 例如：Who taught you to drive? 5、不定式作定语 例如：I have a question to ask you. 注意：有的名词（如way, chance, right等）后用作不定式可换成of doing sth. 如：It is the best way to do (of doing) it. 但是以下名词后接不定式作定语时通常不能换成of doing sth. attempt& courage& decision& effort& fortune& failure& invitation& wish 6、不定式作状语 例如：I went to France to learn French. 过去进行时：表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。其形式为was/were+V-ing。常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如：last night，last Saturday等；或者与when,while,as引导的过去时间状语连用。过去进行时的结构：1. 过去进行时由“主语+was/were + 现在分词”构成eg: We were having supper when the phone rang. 我们正在吃晚饭时电话响了。2. 过去进行时的否定式由“主语+was/were not +现在分词”构成eg: This time yesterday Jack was not watching TV. He was repairing his bike. 昨天这个时候，杰克不是在看电视，而是在修理自行车。3. 过去进行时的疑问式由“was/were +主语+ 现在分词”组成eg: Were you playing basketball at four yesterday afternoon? 你们在干什么昨天下午的时间啊& 回答我啊?过去进行时和一般过去时的区别：一、二者概念理解一般过去时叙述旧事，过去进行时描述背景。A、一般过去时1.过去状态、动作或事件 He went to Beijing the other day.（带具体时间）2.过去的习惯a would ,used to与过去时 would 表间断性不规则的习惯，常带频率时间 used to 表一贯性有规律的习惯They used to meet and would sometimes exchange one or two words. He smoked a lot two years ago. （过去行为）bWould 用于文中不用于句首，只表过去习惯。 Used to 表今昔对比的含义，叙述习惯动作可与would 换用。When he was a boy , he would often go there . （叙述过去） She isn't what she used to be. (今昔对比)c 表示状态时一般只用used to Tom used to be fat /There used to stand a tree there. (状态)dwas (were) used to +ving表示“合适于，适应于…..” He used to work at night . (“习惯”表经常) He was used to working at night. (习惯表适应)3.过去的经历，平行动作，依此事件用一般过去时。 He sat there and listened to the radio.(依此发生)4.客气委婉的语气，用于情态动词，助动词和want , wonder , hope 等 How did you like the film? / Could you help me?
B. 过去进行时1.在过去某阶段或某一时刻正在发生 What were you doing at 8:30 last night? (过去某时刻正在发生)2.性动词用过去进行时表示按计划、打算 During that time he was going with us.(表示打算)3.lways ,often ,usually 等连用表喜爱，讨厌等感情色彩。 He was always Changing his mind.
二、区别A. 进行时表某一行为的“片断”一般时表示行为的“整体”和存在的状态。 I was reading the book at that time. (未读完，“读”的片段) I read the book yesterday. (已读完，表整个“读”)B、一般持续时间状语多与进行时连用 It was raining all night.(优先用was raining ,rained 为持续动词，故也可使用) He was writing a letter the whole of afternoon. (短暂动词与持续时间连用，表反复，连续发生，不可用一般过去时)C、while 时间状语从句中用短暂动词时只能用进行时。 例：He broke a chair while he was jumping up and down.D、While 所在主从句动作大致持续相等时主从句一般都用进行时，但若是持续动词可都用一般过去时，两个动作一长一短时短的用一般时，长的用进行时。 I was cooking the dinner while he was playing the piano.(平行) I cooked the dinner while he played the piano. I saw him while I was walking to the station.过去进行时的基本用法:过去进行时的基本用法主要表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。如：He fell asleep when he was reading. 他看书时睡着了。 　　 2. 用过去进行时表示现在主要是为了使语气委婉、客气。如：I was wondering if you could give me a lift. 我不知你能否让我搭一下车。 　　 【注】一般过去时也有类似用法，但比较而言，用过去进行时显得更客气，更不肯定。 　　 3. 过去进行时表示感情色彩与现在进行时相似，过去进行时也可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、&厌恶等感情色彩，也通常与 always, forever, continually等副词连用。如：They were always quarrelling. 他们老是吵架。 　　 4. 动词be的过去进行时动词be的进行时也可表示过去一时的表现或暂时的状态。 　　 比较：He was friendly. 他很友好。(指过去长期如此) 　　 && He was being friendly. 他当时显得很友好。(指当时一时的表现) 特殊用法1、当句子意思很清楚时，我们也可以把两个动词都换成一般过去时We listened carefully when the teacher read the text. 老师读课文时，我们都仔细地听着。2、表示按计划、安排过去将要发生的事。用于come,go,leave,start,arrive等表示位置转移的动词时，也可以用过去进行时表示过去将要发生的动作。如：He told me that he was going soon. 他告诉我他很快就要走了。3、表示故事发生的背景。It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front. 那支医疗小组往前线行进时，天正下着雪。4、表示一个新的动作刚刚开始。过去进行时可用来引出一个新的动作，这种用法颇有点儿像镜头转换。Five minutes later,he stood in the doorway smoking a cigarette. 5分钟后，他已站在门口抽着烟。5、过去进行时还可和when结构遥相呼应，含有意外之意。I was walking in the street when someone called me. 我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。6、用来陈述原因或用作借口。She went to the doctor yesterday. She was having a lot of trouble with her heart.她昨天去看病了。她患了很严重的心脏病。7、与always,constantly等词连用，表示感情色彩。The girl was always changing her mind. 这女孩老是改变主意。
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