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The anchoring heuristic refers to the strong influence of the starting point or first approximation on the final estimate.The prevailing situation and the information available at the time determine the first approximation.Limited or incorrect data will skew the starting point, jeopardizing the path to a correct conclusion. Unfortunately,many murder cases first appear to be something other than what they are.Tunnel vision (or incrementalism)develops from a narrow focus on a limited range of alternatives. “It results in the[police] officer becoming so focused upon an individual or incident that no other person or incident registers in the officer’s thoughts. Thus, tunnel vision can result in the elimination of other suspects who should be investigated. Equally, events that could lead to other suspects are eliminated from the officer’s thinking.”16 Satisficing is the selection of the first alternative that appears good enough.These heuristics might work well for simple errands, such as buying a hammer, but they are ill suited to the task of solving complex investigations.23-year-old female whose 2-year-old son was the only witness can illustrate these hazards. Detectives received a tip regarding a man who, for the next year, became their investigative focus. After a covert operation to obtain further incriminating information, they finally arrested him. At the trial, the judge quickly threw out most of the prosecution’s evidence,calling the covert operation misconceived. The charges were withdrawn, and the man was released. One detective later commented, “Maybe the team got an idée fixe. Maybe they got stuck thinking it had to be [him]. No one dared to challenge that thinking until it got to the judge. But, it’s a terrible mess.”18 Several years later, enhanced DNA from the victim’s clothing pointed toward a psychopath now detained indefinitely in a secure hospital.
The anchoring heuristic refers to the strong influence of the starting point or first approximation on the final estimate. 锚固启发式指的是强大的影响力,起点或第一近似于最终的估计。 The prevailing situation and the information available at the time determine the first approximation. 流行的情况和信息可以在时间确定第一个近似。 Limited or incorrect data will skew the starting point, jeopardizing the path to a correct conclusion. 有限的或不正确的数据将斜起点,危及到一个正确的结论的路径。 Unfortunately,many murder cases first appear to be something other than what they are. 不幸的是,许多谋杀案第一似乎比他们的其他东西。 Tunnel vision (or incrementalism)develops from a narrow focus on a limited range of alternatives. 视野狭窄(或渐进主义)的发展从一个窄专注于一个有限的范围的替代品。 “It results in the[police] officer becoming so focused upon an individual or incident that no other person or incident registers in the officer’s thoughts. “它的结果(警察)官员变得如此专注于个人或事件,没有其它人或事件注册在军官的想法。 Thus, tunnel vision can result in the elimination of other suspects who should be investigated. 因此,隧道视野能够消除其他嫌疑人应当受到调查。 Equally, events that could lead to other suspects are eliminated from the officer’s thinking. 同样,事件可能导致其他嫌疑犯都消灭了军官的思考。 ”16 Satisficing is the selection of the first alternative that appears good enough. “16满意是选择的第一个选择看起来足够好。 These heuristics might work well for simple errands, such as buying a hammer, but they are ill suited to the task of solving complex investigations. 这些启发式可能适合简单的差事,比如买一把锤子,但他们生病适合这个任务解决复杂的调查。 23-year-old female whose 2-year-old son was the only witness can illustrate these hazards. 23岁的女性的两岁的儿子是唯一的证人可以说明这些危险。 Detectives received a tip regarding a man who, for the next year, became their investigative focus. 侦探们收到了一条关于一个人,在接下来的一年,成为他们的调查重点。 After a covert operation to obtain further incriminating information, they finally arrested him. 在一个隐蔽的操作来获取进一步归罪的信息,他们终于逮捕了他。 At the trial, the judge quickly threw out most of the prosecution’s evidence,calling the covert operation misconceived. 在审判中,法官迅速否决了大部分的起诉的证据,调用秘密操作错误。 The charges were withdrawn, and the man was released. 这些指控被撤销,那个人被释放。 One detective later commented, “Maybe the team got an idée fixe. 一个侦探后来评论说,“也许团队有一个思维定势。 Maybe they got stuck thinking it had to be [him]. 也许他们被困思维必须[他]。 No one dared to challenge that thinking until it got to the judge. 没有人敢于挑战,思考,直到它到达法官。 But, it’s a terrible mess. 但是,这是一个可怕的困境。 ”18 Several years later, enhanced DNA from the victim’s clothing pointed toward a psychopath now detained indefinitely in a secure hospital. “18几年后,增强的DNA从受害者的服装指向一个精神病患者现在被无限期的拘留在一个安全的医院。
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The prevailing situation and the information available at the time determine the first approximation. 流行的情况和信息可以在时间确定第一个近似。 Limited or incorrect data will skew the starting point, jeopardizing the path to a correct conclusion. 有限的或不正确的数据将斜起点,危及到一个正确的结论的路径。 Unfortunately,many murder cases first appear to be something other than what they are. 不幸的是,许多谋杀案第一似乎比他们的其他东西。 Tunnel vision (or incrementalism)develops from a narrow focus on a limited range of alternatives. 视野狭窄(或渐进主义)的发展从一个窄专注于一个有限的范围的替代品。 “It results in the[police] officer becoming so focused upon an individual or incident that no other person or incident registers in the officer’s thoughts. “它的结果(警察)官员变得如此专注于个人或事件,没有其它人或事件注册在军官的想法。 Thus, tunnel vision can result in the elimination of other suspects who should be investigated. 因此,隧道视野能够消除其他嫌疑人应当受到调查。 Equally, events that could lead to other suspects are eliminated from the officer’s thinking. 同样,事件可能导致其他嫌疑犯都消灭了军官的思考。 ”16 Satisficing is the selection of the first alternative that appears good enough. “16满意是选择的第一个选择看起来足够好。 These heuristics might work well for simple errands, such as buying a hammer, but they are ill suited to the task of solving complex investigations. 这些启发式可能适合简单的差事,比如买一把锤子,但他们生病适合这个任务解决复杂的调查。 23-year-old female whose 2-year-old son was the only witness can illustrate these hazards. 23岁的女性的两岁的儿子是唯一的证人可以说明这些危险。 Detectives received a tip regarding a man who, for the next year, became their investigative focus. 侦探们收到了一条关于一个人,在接下来的一年,成为他们的调查重点。 After a covert operation to obtain further incriminating information, they finally arrested him. 在一个隐蔽的操作来获取进一步归罪的信息,他们终于逮捕了他。 At the trial, the judge quickly threw out most of the prosecution’s evidence,calling the covert operation misconceived. 在审判中,法官迅速否决了大部分的起诉的证据,调用秘密操作错误。 The charges were withdrawn, and the man was released. 这些指控被撤销,那个人被释放。 One detective later commented, “Maybe the team got an idée fixe. 一个侦探后来评论说,“也许团队有一个思维定势。 Maybe they got stuck thinking it had to be [him]. 也许他们被困思维必须[他]。 No one dared to challenge that thinking until it got to the judge. 没有人敢于挑战,思考,直到它到达法官。 But, it’s a terrible mess. 但是,这是一个可怕的困境。 ”18 Several years later, enhanced DNA from the victim’s clothing pointed toward a psychopath now detained indefinitely in a secure hospital. “18几年后,增强的DNA从受害者的服装指向一个精神病患者现在被无限期的拘留在一个安全的医院。
锚固启发式指的是强大的影响力,起点或第一近似于最终的估计。流行的情况和信息可以在时间确定第一个近似。有限的或不正确的数据将斜起点,危及到一个正确的结论的路径。不幸的是,许多谋杀案第一似乎比他们的其他东西。视野狭窄(或渐进主义)的发展从一个窄专注于一个有限的范围的替代品。“它的结果(警察)官员变得如此专注于个人或事件,没有其它人或事件注册在军官的想法。因此,隧道视野能够消除其他嫌疑人应当受到调查。同样,事件可能导致其他嫌疑犯都消灭了军官的思考。“16满意是选择的第一个选择看起来足够好。这些启发式可能适合简单的差事,比如买一把锤子,但他们生病适合这个任务解决复杂的调查。23岁的女性的两岁的儿子是唯一的证人可以说明这些危险。侦探们收到了一条关于一个人,在接下来的一年,成为他们的调查重点。在一个隐蔽的操作来获取进一步归罪的信息,他们终于逮捕了他。在审判中,法官迅速否决了大部分的起诉的证据,调用秘密操作错误。这些指控被撤销,那个人被释放。一个侦探后来评论说,“也许团队有一个思维定势。也许他们被困思维必须[他]。没有人敢于挑战,思考,直到它到达法官。但是,这是一个可怕的困境。“18几年后,增强的DNA从受害者的服装指向一个精神病患者现在被无限期的拘留在一个安全的医院。
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系统组成及相关算法原理1.1系统组成三下采煤地表变形预计系统由数据管理、变形计算、图形处理、工作面设计、系统管理5个模块组成。数据管理模块主要实现工作面数据、计算参数、地表计算范围及计算结果的查询、添加、删除、修改、打印等功能,工作面数据提供了手工录入和数字化录入2种方式。变形计算模块的功能是选择工作面及地表计算范围进行沉陷预计,并以可视化方式显示计算结果,同时提供计算结果报表输出功能。图形处理模块的主要功能是根据变形计算结果绘制图形,包括等值线图、矢量图、表面图3种图形,并可以对图形进行编辑。工作面设计模块的主要功能是辅助工作面设计,在工作面开采以前预测开采后对地表的各种影响程度,求取最佳的工作面设计方案。系统管理模块的主要功能是对系统数据库进行维护、管理。1.2计算模型三下采煤地表变形预计系统可采用多种沉陷预计算法。本文以概率积分法为例阐述地表沉陷预计的理论模型。煤矿开采对地表某点A(x,y)的影响通常用5个参量表示,分别是下沉W A(x,y)、倾斜I A(x,y)、曲率K A(x,y)、水平移动UA(x,y)及水平变形A(x,y),其计算公式:W A(x,y)=W max Cx Cy(1)I A(x,y)=Ix C y cos k+I yC x sin k(2)K A(x,y)=K x Cy cos2k+K yC x sin2kI x I yW maxsin 2 k(3)U A(x,y)=Ux Cy co s k+U y Cx sin k(4)A(x,y)=xC y cos2k+y C x sin2k+U xI y+Uy I xWmaxsin k co s k(5)式中:Wmax=qmcos,为最大下沉,q为开采下沉系数,m为开采厚度,为煤层倾角;Cx=(1!!!xr!x-lre-?2d?),为沿走向主断面的下沉分布系数;Cy=(1!!!yr下!y-Lr下e-?2d?),为沿倾向主断面的下沉分布系数;k为变形主角度;Ux、Uy为A点在X、Y轴上的投影点的水平移动值;Ix、Iy为A点在X、Y轴上的投影点的倾斜值;K x、K y为A点在X、Y轴上的投影点的曲率值;x、y为A点在X、Y轴上的投影点的水平变形值。U x、Uy、I x、I y、K x、K y、x、y的值可按照参考文献[3]中的有关公式计算
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System composition and related algorithm principle1.1 system compositionThree mining under ground deformation is expected to change by data management, systemShape computation, graphics, working face design, system management five modulesComposition.Data management module mainly realizes face data, calculation of parameters,Surface calculation scope and the calculation results of the inquiry, add, delete, modify,Print functions, and provides the mining data input and digital manualType 2 ways.The deformation calculation module function is to choose the working face and surface calculationRange is expected, and with visual subsidence and displays the results,Provide calculation results report output function.Graphics processing module's main function is according to the deformation calculation resultsRendering graphics, including isoline, vector diagram, surface figure 3 kinds of graphics,And can edit graphics on.The main function of mining design module is auxiliary face asherPlan, in the face of mining previously predicted after all kinds of surface mining shadowsRing degree, calculating the best face design scheme.System management module's main function is to system databaseMaintenance and management.1.2 calculation modelThree mining under ground deformation expected system can use a variety of subsidenceExpected algorithm. Based on probability integral method for example paper gets surface subsidenceMillions of theoretical model.Coal mining on surface one point A (x, y) influence usually useFive parameters were sinking W, said A (x, y), the tilt I A (x, y), curveRate K A (x, y), horizontal mobile UA (x, y) and the horizontal deformation A (x, y), its planCalculate formula:W A (x, y) = W Max Cy (1) CxI A (x, y) = Ix C y cos k + I yC x library functions like sin k (2)K A (x, y) = K x Cy cos2K + k yC x library functions like sin2kI x I yW MaxLibrary functions like sin 2 k(3)U A (x, y) = Ux Cy co s k + U y Cx library functions like sin k (4)A (x, y) = xC y cos2K + y C x library functions like sin2K +U xI y + Uy I xWmaxLibrary functions like sin k co s k (5)Type: Wmax = qmcos, for maximum lowering, q for miningHeavy coefficient, m is for coal mining thickness, A Cx =(1!!! xr! X - lre-? 2D? ) For the Lord section along toward sinking distribution linesN Cy = (1!!! yR next! Y - LR nexte-? 2D? ) The tendency for the main section sinksDist K for deformation Lord A Uy Ux, for A point in the X, YThe shaft 179-226 pr Ix, Iy for A point in the X, YAxis tilt of the projec K x, K y is A point in the x, y axisThe curvature of the pr X, y is A point in the x, y axisThe level of projection point deformation.U x, Uy, I x, I x, y and K K y, x, y, according to the reference valueOffered [3] to the relevant formula
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谢谢您,愿您好人一生平安。
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English is now the international language for airline pilots, scientists, medical experts, businessmen and many others. Consequently, more and more people are learning it. The BBC s English teaching radio programmers are broadcast daily to four continents and supplied to radio stations in 120 countries. Films and video are on the air or used in institutions in over 100 countries. All this helps to add more speakers to the estimated 100 million who use English as a second language. The rush to learn English has reached even China. The main reason for the upsurge in interest is the recent increase in China s contacts with the outside world.
Unlike many other widely used languages, English can be correctly used in very simple form with less than one thousand basic words and very few grammatical rules. This was pointed out in the 1920 s by two Cambridge cholars, Ogden and Richards, who devised a system called “Basic English”. Another reason for the popularity of English is that English-speaking countries are spread throughout the world. An estimated 310 million people in Britain. U.S.A., Canada, Australia, South Africa, etc. use English as their mother tongue. Also in former British colonial areas in Africa and Asia where many local languages are spoken, no common language has been found which would make a suitable substitute for English.
In Delhi, although nationalists would prefer to phase out the use of English, the man from South India finds English more acceptable than Hindi, while the northerner prefers English to any of the southern languages. Turning from India to Africa, a similar problem exists. However reluctant African nations are to use English and, as it were, subject themselves to a kind of “cultural imperialism”,there seems to be no alternative language which will do the job of communication effectively.
The view that spreading the use of English is entirely beneficial has its opponents. Some teachers who have returned from overseas consider it creates a wider gap between those who are educated and those who have little or no education. Nevertheless, in many parts of the world, the technical and scientific knowledge needed to develop a country s resources and improve people s living conditions,is just not available in the mother tongue. A second language opens the door to the worldˉwide sharing of skills and discoveries in science, engineering and medicine.
As for the future, it seems certain that English in one form or another will be spoken by far more people than it is today. It will doubtless continue to change and develop as a living language always does.
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英语现在是飞行员、科学家、医学专家,商人和许多其他人的国际语言。渐渐地,越来越多的人在学英语。BBC的英语教学节目每天对四大洲120个国家进行广播。电影和视频在100多个国家播放。所有的这些帮助估计在1亿以英语为外语的人的基础上增加更多的人。学英语的热潮甚至已经到达中国。中国人学英语的兴趣主要来源于中国与外界的接触逐渐增多。不像其他广泛使用的语言,英语可以用非常简单的形式,不到1000个基础单词和少数语法标准就能正确表达。这是由两个剑桥大学的学者于20世纪20年代提出的。他们是 鄂登和理查德,他们构想出一个系统“基础英语”。另一个英语人数(增加)原因是以英语为母语的国家遍布全球。一个估计大概有三亿一千万的人在英国,美国,加拿大,澳大利亚,南非,等将英语作为母语。同样,在非洲和亚洲许多地方是英国殖民地的地方也使用英语作为本地语。一个适当的替补英语的共同语言还未找到。在德里,尽管民族主义者会倾向于淘汰使用英语,但生活于印度南部的人发现英语比印度语更易接受,而北方人喜欢英语甚于南方的任何语言。 同样的问题存在于非洲。无论非洲人怎样抗拒是使用英语,他们就像是在让自己拒绝一种“文化帝国主义&,似乎在有效的交流问题上没有第二个选择的语言。扩张英语使用是完全有利的这个观点是有反对者的。一些从国外学成回来的教室认为它创造了一条鸿沟在受教育者与未受或少受到教育的人之间。无论如何,在世界上许多地方,必要的科技来发展国家资源,改善人们的生存情况,不是就是可利用的母语。(这话别扭来……) 外语打开了一扇大门:世界范围内的技术分享,科学发现,工程学和医学。至于未来,似乎一种或别的形式的英语无疑会有比现在更多的人使用。 毫无疑问,它将继续改变,发展,就像一门生长着的语言一样。终于翻完了…… 粗粗翻了一下,不是字字精确的,但是大意在了,只能如此了,熄灯了……
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英语现在是国际语言,飞行员,科学家,医学专家,商人和其他许多人。因此,越来越多的人正在学习它。据BBC英语教学广播电台播出的程序员每天4大洲,并提供给广播电台在120个国家。电影和视频的空气或使用的机构超过100个国家。所有这一切都有助于增加更多的发言者估计谁一零零零零零零零零使用英语作为第二语言。急于学习英语已经达到甚至中国。的主要原因高潮感兴趣的是,最近增加中国语与外界接触。 与其他许多广泛使用的语言,英语可以正确使用非常简单的形式少于1000基本单词和极少数语法规则。这是中指出的那样,这是一种为了满足1920年由两个剑桥cholars ,奥格登和理查兹,谁设计出一种系统,称为“基础英语” 。另一个原因是普及英语是讲英语的国家遍布全世界。据估计, 3.1亿美元在英国的人。美国,加拿大,澳大利亚,南非等使用英语为母语。另外,在英国前殖民地地区在非洲和亚洲,许多当地语言讲,没有共同语言已发现这将使一个合适的替代英语。 在新德里,但民族主义者希望逐步停止使用英文,这名男子从南印度认为英语更容易接受比印地语,而北方人喜欢英语的任何南部的语言。在谈到从印度到非洲,类似的问题存在。但是不愿意非洲国家正在使用英语和,因为它有,但本身是一种“文化帝国主义” ,似乎别无其他选择的语言将这项工作有效的沟通。 认为,推广使用英语是完全有其有利的对手。一些教师已经返回谁从海外认为,建立一个更广泛的差距那些受过教育的谁是谁和那些很少或没有教育。然而,在世界许多地方,技术和科学知识的需要制定一个国家语资源和改善人民生活条件语,只是不具备的母语。第二语言开启了一扇大门向世界ˉ广泛的交流技能和发现科学,工程和医学。 至于未来,似乎可以肯定,英文在一种或另一种形式将所讲更多的人比现在。这无疑将继续改变和发展作为一个有生命力的语言总是这样。 英语
& 中文(简体)
英语现在是航空公司飞行员、科学家、医学专家,商人和许多其他的国际语言。 结果,人们越来越学会它。 BBC s英国教的无线电程序员是广播每日对四个大陆和提供给电台在120个国家。 影片和录影正在广播或用于机关完全成功100个国家。 所有这帮助增加更多报告人到估计的100百万谁用途英语作为第二种语言。 学会英语的仓促到达了甚而中国。 高潮的主要原因在兴趣是在中国s联络的最近增量与外界。不同于许多其他用途广泛的语言,英语可以恰当地用于非常与少于一千个基本的词和非常少量文法规则的简单形式。 这在20世纪20年代被指出了由二剑桥cholars、Ogden和Richards,构想称“基础英语的”系统。 英语大众化的另一个原因是在世界各地传播英文国家。 估计310百万人民在英国。 美国、加拿大、澳洲、南非等等作为他们的母语的用途英语。 并且在前英国殖民地区域在许多地方语言讲话的非洲和亚洲,将做英语的一个适当的替补的共同语言未被找到。在德里,虽然民族主义者会喜欢逐步淘汰使用英语,从南印度的人比北印度语发现英语可接受,而北方人更喜欢英语对任何南部的语言。 转向从印度为非洲,一个相似的问题存在。 然而勉强非洲国家是使用英语,好象它,服从自己对一“文化帝国主义”,那里似乎是将有效地做通信工作的没有供选择的语言。看法传播使用英语是完全地有利的有它的对手。 从国外回来了的有些老师考虑它创造被教育有很少或没有教育的那些人和那些人之间的很大距离。 然而,在世界的许多地区,必要的技术和科学开发国家s资源和改进人s生活情况,不是就是可利用的在母语。 第二种语言对worldˉwide分享技能和发现在科学、工程学和医学打开门。 关于未来,似乎无疑在一种形式或别的英语比它今天显然将讲话更多人民。 它无疑将继续改变和开发,一种生存语言总是。
英语现在是国际语言,飞行员,科学家,医学专家,商人和其他许多人。因此,越来越多的人正在学习它。据BBC英语教学广播电台播出的程序员每天4大洲,并提供给广播电台在120个国家。电影和视频的空气或使用的机构超过100个国家。所有这一切都有助于增加更多的发言者估计谁一零零零零零零零零使用英语作为第二语言。急于学习英语已经达到甚至中国。的主要原因高潮感兴趣的是,最近增加中国语与外界接触。 与其他许多广泛使用的语言,英语可以正确使用非常简单的形式少于1000基本单词和极少数语法规则。这是中指出的那样,这是一种为了满足1920年由两个剑桥cholars ,奥格登和理查兹,谁设计出一种系统,称为“基础英语” 。另一个原因是普及英语是讲英语的国家遍布全世界。据估计, 3.1亿美元在英国的人。美国,加拿大,澳大利亚,南非等使用英语为母语。另外,在英国前殖民地地区在非洲和亚洲,许多当地语言讲,没有共同语言已发现这将使一个合适的替代英语。 在新德里,但民族主义者希望逐步停止使用英文,这名男子从南印度认为英语更容易接受比印地语,而北方人喜欢英语的任何南部的语言。在谈到从印度到非洲,类似的问题存在。但是不愿意非洲国家正在使用英语和,因为它有,但本身是一种“文化帝国主义” ,似乎别无其他选择的语言将这项工作有效的沟通。 认为,推广使用英语是完全有其有利的对手。一些教师已经返回谁从海外认为,建立一个更广泛的差距那些受过教育的谁是谁和那些很少或没有教育。然而,在世界许多地方,技术和科学知识的需要制定一个国家语资源和改善人民生活条件语,只是不具备的母语。第二语言开启了一扇大门向世界ˉ广泛的交流技能和发现科学,工程和医学。 至于未来,似乎可以肯定,英文在一种或另一种形式将所讲更多的人比现在。这无疑将继续改变和发展作为一个有生命力的语言总是这样。加分啊!!!谢谢
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