跪求英语高手翻译一点东西 在线等_百度作业帮
跪求英语高手翻译一点东西 在线等
跪求英语高手翻译一点东西 在线等
翻译什么呢，什么都看不到。
翻译什么？
这是什么意思呢？要把证明翻译为英文吗
出国嘛，这是要干啥 啊跪求 right here waiting 歌词中文译音。。求英语高手帮翻译。。_百度知道
跪求 right here waiting 歌词中文译音。。求英语高手帮翻译。。
　　Oceans apart day after day　　天海相隔，日复一日　　&欧神斯
嘚啊福特嘚（读“dei”）&　　And I slowly go insane　　我日见焦灼　　&安的 爱 斯楼里 勾 阴伞嗯&　　I hear your voice on the line　　话筒传来你的声音　　&爱 黑尔 哟 窝以斯 翁 得 来因&　　But it doesn’t stop the pain　　但却止不了我心中的痛　　&巴特 伊特 达怎特 斯多普 得 配因&　　If I see you next to never　　如果你我难以相间　　&衣服
乃佛尔&　　How can we say forever　　又如何谈得上永远　　&好
佛如爱佛尔&　　Wherever you go　　无论你去到何方　　&威尔爱佛尔
狗&　　Whatever you do　　无论你在做何事　　&沃特
读&　　I will be right here waiting here waiting for you　　我都将在这里等你　　&爱
“u”&　　Whatever it takes or how my heart breaks　　无论要付出什么或者我的心怎样破碎　　&沃特爱佛尔
不瑞可斯&　　I will be right here waiting for you　　我都将在这里等你　　&爱
“u”&　　I took for granted, all the times That I thought would last somehow　　我总是想当然的认为我们终究可以持续下去　　&爱
歌软题的，窝
桑母好&　　I hear the laughter, I taste the tears But I can’t get near you now　　我听到嘲笑，我尝到苦涩的泪,但我无法靠近你　　&爱
啦福特，爱
闹&　　Oh, can’t you see it baby You’ve got me in crazy　　哦，亲爱的，难道你不见我为你而迷醉　　&噢，坎特
可瑞紫依&　　I wonder how we can survive This romance　　我想知道这段爱情如何才能维系　　&爱
若满斯&　　But in the end if I’m with you I’ll take the chance　　但如果最终我能和你在一起,我一定会好好珍惜这个时机　　&巴特
呛死&　　注：引号内英文字母的读音就是那二十六个字母的读音，是一样的。　　另外，有的英文发音我在汉语里面确实找不到，就用了一些近似的发音，有的地方的不标准；有些地方的发音是需要连读的，读快一点就像了，不要一个字一个字的读。
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大片大片的时间就这样一天一天的流逝了
我渐渐地陷入了疯狂的漩涡 走不出来
在电话里听到你的声音
痛苦却丝毫未减
如果下一秒我能见到你
我们该怎么把永远说出口
无论你走到了哪里
无论你在做什么
我都会站在原地等你回来
不管发生了什么
或者我的心有多痛
我都在这里等你回来
曾经，我无时无刻不在感激命运，此生让我遇到了你
我想我们一定可以牵手到人生的终点
我获得过欢乐，也品尝过眼泪的味道
但是现在，我再也不能在你身边陪着你
再也不能了
亲爱的，你已经让我疯狂
无论你走到哪里
无论你在做什么
我都会站在原地，等你回来
不管发生了什么
无论心有多痛
我都在这里，等你回来
多希望我们都是这爱情的困境里的幸存者
那该是件多么浪漫的事
如果最后我还能...
等待您来回答
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出门在外也不愁才乃本人的论文翻译任务，无奈英语太烂了　　求世外高手一译！就是帮翻译其中一段也好，太谢谢了！！！　　　　这个东西太有难度了，太有挑战性了！！！　　　　 　　Integration of the CAD/CAPP/PPC systems　　 　　　　Abstract　　The necessary condition that must be performed in order to ensure full functional integration of the computer aiding systems of technical　　and organizational production preparation is utilisation of the coherent product model. Utilisation of feature method for representations of the　　construction and the technological process elements is a key factor for integration of design and technological process planning—CAD/CAPP　　integration model. The availability of alternative process plans plays the main role in the CAPP/PPC system integration. The main advantage　　of the accessibility of alternative process plans for product is that we may fast react on a disturbance in the course of the manufacturing process　　by help of the reactions knowledgebase—one of the module of proposed PPC system. This paper describes a methodology for integration　　CAD/CAPP/PPC systems in detail.　　& 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.　　Keywords: CAD; CAPP; P Mu S Rescheduling　　1. Introduction　　Nowadays the development of computer integrated manufacturing　　systems focuses on integration of all activities in　　a domain of technical and technological process preparation.　　The aim of this integration is improving of data and information　　flows in the enterprise. One of the most critical action　　in this domain is data exchange between the CAD system　　and computer aiding planning system (i.e. CAPP/PPC　　systems). It comes from the fact that 80% of manufacturing　　costs are generated in the technical production preparation　　stage, especially in the product design stage. The most　　of CAD/CAM systems are not able to ensure bidirectional　　communication between them. In most cases the integration　　between CAD and CAM systems is realize by means　　of transformation of a CAD model (representation depending　　on specified implementation of a 3D model in a CAD　　system) in the model that is represent as a collection of relations　　and features (construction representation for planning　　systems needs). The systems that completely automate all　　the activities in technological process preparation usually are　　working fully separated from product CAD model. On the　　∗ Corresponding author.　　E-mail address: cezary.grabowik@pols.pl (C. Grabowik).　　other hand CAPP systems have been developed in the direction　　of symbolic representation utilization (as input to CAPP　　system the symbolic representation is given). In the CAPP　　systems the construction is often represented with the help of　　[2,6]:　　• object techniques—product model is represented as the　　collection of objects that represent the particular construction　　features and set of relat　　•　　• frames.　　Each of these methods except construction representation　　allows to represent the construction-technological needs, e.g.　　working tolerances, requirements in relation to macrostructures　　properties and production material. Taking into consideration　　the historical development of CAPP systems to　　this class of systems we can classify systems that aid simple　　actions connected with process plan preparation for each　　feature and systems that aid the most of planning activities　　from domain of design of manufacturing process, e.g.　　selection of manufacturing resources, selection and computation　　of technological parameters, calculation of machining　　times and manufacturing costs, NC program preparation.　　Sometimes in the literature we can find information　　that the CAPP system may aid functions connected　　/$ – see front matter & 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.　　doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.　　C. Grabowik et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 164–165 (–　　with planning of enterprise activities in the different time　　horizon.　　2. Integration of CAD/CAPP/PPC systems　　The characteristic of the most enterprises is that they usually　　have a weak connection between the information systems　　and the CAD/CAPP/PPC systems. The computer adding　　planning systems (CAPP/PPC) the most oftenwork in a batch　　manner (they play a postprocessor role).　　It means that all the activities connected with design of　　technological process and schedule plan preparation are made　　only when the process of product design is finished. This　　sequence of design and planning actions is in accordance　　with traditional sequential model of actions in the designmanufacturing　　chain (see Fig. 1).　　This way of elaboration between many systems (sequential　　system of actions) comes from lack of bidirectional communication　　between CAD/CAPP/PPC systems. Therefore,　　the philosophy of concurrent engineering, i.e. concurrent　　product design, technological process preparation and schedule　　plan preparation is not widely used. There are three methods　　of computer integration of CAD/CAPP/PPC systems:　　• implementation of fully integrated systems thatwork in the　　domain of computer aided design and technological production　　preparation—systems of the class IDEAS,CATIA,　　ProEngineer, etc., in the domain of organizational production　　preparation systems of the class MRP/ERP—BAAN,　　IFS, etc. In these systems integration process is made by　　utilization of separated program modules that are responsible　　for realization of particular actions from design and　　manufacturing fields.　　• integration by means of universal standards of data exchange,　　for example: IGES, STEP, STL, etc.　　• utilization of constructional and technological features.　　2.1. Integration of CAD/CAPP systems by means of the　　features method　　A number of operations and machine cuts in a technological　　process for a product are strictly depended on accessibility　　of a technological machine, experience of a process　　engineer in a technological process preparation domain, etc.　　Therefore, the particular technological processes elaborated　　for the same product could differ in process structure. There　　Fig. 1. The diagram of a sequential manufacturing process.　　are two methods in standardisation of a technological process　　plan for the same product in the enterprise [2–4]:　　• the first method bases on constriction-technological similarity.　　The searching module is looking for the most similar　　product from a database, next in the editing module　　the process plan for the most similar product is adopted in　　order to meet specification of a new product.　　• the second method bases on utilisation of constructional　　and technological features.　　The integration method of design and of technological process　　preparation basis on analysis and segmentation of product　　model in a component parts. These component parts are　　next segmented in elementary constructional surfaces. They　　are the base components for a process of constructional features　　preparation. In our work we adopt the following definitions　　of constructional and technological features [4]:　　The constructional feature is the collection of constructional　　forms and relations that could be established between surroundings　　and him.　　The constructional feature contains the two information,　　i.e. geometrical form and characteristic point of insertation.　　The technological feature is the collection that consists of the　　initial and the final state of the technological form and actions　　that transforms it from one to other.　　The technological feature contains following information:　　geometrical form, a process plan for the geometrical form,　　allowances, cutting tools, technological parameters, etc. In　　order to implementation of this method the following actions　　are necessary:　　• decomposition of product construction and discrimination　　　　• synthesis of a new product.　　In the decomposition and discrimination stages an analysis　　of the products construction and their technological process　　is made. Results from the decomposition stage are shown in　　Fig. 2.　　After decomposition of construction an analysis of technological　　processes (discrimination of machined surfaces) for　　the constructional features is made. Base on the construction　　Fig. 2. Diagram of construction decomposition.　　1360 C. Grabowik et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 164–165 (–1368　　Fig. 3. The open tree structure of features.　　decomposition and technology analysis processes the open　　tree structure of the constructional and the technological features　　is made (see Fig. 3).　　There is a possibility for development of this tree structure　　with the help of adding new constructional and technological　　features. The process of tree development the most often　　is making due to lack of the proper constructional feature　　for product modelling process and technological feature for　　technological process preparation.　　2.2. Constructional features　　Today the most often product model is represented as a　　3D therefore in a modelling process we can use only　　3D constructional features. The 3D constructional features　　are made from elementary constructional surfaces. The elementary　　constructional surface ECS is depicted as follows　　[1,4]:　　Kecs = Gecs(V, E) (1)　　where Kecs is the geometrical structure of elementary constructional　　surface, Gecs the mulitgraph of ECS, V={ν1, ν2,　　. . ., νn,} the set of geometrical objects depicted on the set　　of mulitgraph Gecs nodes, E={Es, Ed, Et} the set including　　subsets of relations and operations that describes shape Es, dimensional　　bonds Ed, and technical requirements Et, depicted　　on the set of mulitgraph Gecs nodes.　　In order to make a constructional feature constructional　　operations and relations (addition, subtraction, etc.) are used.　　For example the linking process of two elementary constructional　　surfaces in order to make more complex constructional　　object Q is depicted as follows:　　Q = KecsaEik1DKecsb (2)　　where Eik1 is the ith linking operation, i=1, 2, 3, . . .,Dthe parameter　　of linking operation, and Kecsa, Kecsb the elementary　　constructional surfaces.　　Fig. 4. The modelling process of the new product.　　Mutual location of the two ECS in a constructional feature　　is described by the constructional relation as follows:　　KecsaEik3Kecsb (3)　　where Eik3 is the relation type, andKecsa,Kecsb the elementary　　constructional surfaces.　　Mutual intersection of the two ECS in a constructional　　feature is described by the constructional relation as follows:　　KecsaEik4Kecsb (4)　　where Eik4 is the relation type, andKecsa,Kecsb the elementary　　constructional surfaces.　　A geometrical structure of a constructional feature is representing　　by means of mulitgraph:　　Kcf = Gcf(Kecs,E) (5)　　where Kcf is the geometrical structure of constructional feature,　　Gcf the mulitgraph of geometrical structure of constructional　　feature, Kecs = {Eecs1, Eecs2, . . ., Eecsn} the set of elementary　　constructional surfaces depicted on the mulitgraph　　Gcf,E={Es, Ed, Et} the set including subsets of relations and　　operations that describes shape Es, dimensional bonds Ed,　　and technical requirements Et, depicted on the set of mulitgraph　　Gcf nodes.　　The example of process modelling of a new product with　　the help proposed method is shown in Fig. 4. The modelling　　process starts from insertation of the first constructional feature　　and it ends with insertation of the last constructional　　feature (constructional objects are recorded in the proper　　database).　　The product model that is made be means of this method is　　defined as a set of the constructional features. Mutual location　　C. Grabowik et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 164–165 (–　　Fig. 5. Simplified model of technological process.　　of these features is define with the help of relations as follows:　　Kp = Gp(Kcf,E) (6)　　where Kp is the geometrical structure of product, Gp the　　mulitgraph of geometrical structure of product, Kcf = {Kcf1,　　Kcf2, . . ., Kcfn} the set of constructional features depicted on　　the mulitgraph Gp nodes, E={Es, Ed, Et} the set including　　subsets of relations and operations that describes shape Es, dimensional　　bonds Ed, and technical requirements Et, depicted　　on the set of mulitgraph Gp nodes.　　2.3. Technological features　　Technological process is defined as the base part of a manufacturing　　process. In this process the product obtains the　　required shape, dimensions and characteristics. For removal　　processes the machining product obtains the required parameters　　by removing material layers with cutting tools that have　　specified geometry of cutting edge (machining) or unspecified　　geometry of cutting edge (abrasive machining). During　　the machining process the state of machining product is　　changed from the initial state SI to the final state SF. The function　　F of technological process is transformation of the set of　　the characteristics that describes the initial state of product　　in the set of the characteristics that describes the final state　　of product as follows:　　F = SI → SF (7)　　where SI, SF are the initial and final states.If the technological　　process contains n operation its function F is described as　　follows:　　F = SI → S1 → S2 →· · ·→Sn−1 → Sn (8)　　where SI, SF are the initial and final states and SI, Sn−1 the　　intermediate states.　　Simplified model of technological process in Fig. 5 is　　shown.　　In the most papers the structure of a product for the technological　　process preparation needs is described as a collection　　of elementary machining surface. We propose to describe a　　structure of product for technological process design needs　　by means of technological features. In the set of technological　　features we can distinguish three types of technological　　features (Fig. 6):　　Fig. 6. Machining technology of product as collection of features.　　• elementary technological surface ETS;　　• technological form TF;　　• unit of technological form UTF.　　Elementary technological surface is a set of elementary　　constructional surfaces that could be machined by means of　　one cut. Examples of elementary technological surfaces are　　presented in Fig. 7. The structure of ETS is described as　　follows:　　Kets = Gets(Kecs,E) (9)　　where Eets is the geometrical structure of ETS,Gets the mulitgraph　　of geometrical structure of ETS, Kecs = {Eecs1, Eecs2,　　. . ., Eecsn} the set of elementary constructional surfaces depicted　　on the mulitgraph Gets, E = {Es, Ed, Et} the set including　　subsets of relations and operations that describes shape　　Es, dimensional bonds Ed, and technical requirements Et, depicted　　on the set of mulitgraph Gets nodes.　　The elementary technological form TF is a set of elementary　　technological surfaces ETS (see Fig. 8). Location of a　　technological form in a product is specified by insertation　　point.　　The structure of technological forms is described as follows:　　KTF = GTF(Kets,E) (10)　　Fig. 7. Elementary technological features.　　1362 C. Grabowik et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 164–165 (–1368　　Fig. 8. Technological forms.　　where KTF is the geometrical structure of technological　　form TF, GTF the mulitgraph of geometrical structure of TF,　　Kets = {Eets1, Eets2, . . .,Eetsn} the set of elementary technological　　surfaces depicted on the mulitgraph GFT, E={Es,　　Ed, Et} the set including subsets of relations and operations　　that describes shape Es, dimensional bonds Ed, and technical　　requirements Et, depicted on the set of mulitgraph GTF　　nodes.　　The unit of technological forms is the set of technological　　forms—unit of technological form of the first rank 1UTF　　(see Fig. 9). The set of the unit of technological forms 1UTF　　is a complex unit called unit of technological forms of the　　second rank, etc. The structure of the unit of technological　　forms 1UTF is presented as follows:　　K1UTF = G1UTF(KTF,E) (11)　　where K1UTF is the geometrical structure of the unit of the　　technological forms of first rank,G1UTF the mulitgraph of geometrical　　structure of 1UTF, KTF = {ETF1, ETF2, . . ., ETFn}　　the set of technological forms depicted on the mulitgraph　　G1UTF, E={Es, Ed, Et} the set including subsets of relations　　and operations that describes shape Es, dimensional　　bonds Ed, and technical requirements Et, depicted on the set　　of mulitgraph G1UTF nodes.　　From a technological feature definitions results that describing　　it the information about state of machined surfaces　　is necessary. To description of a surface state a set including　　information about geometrical structure of surface and technical　　parameters (surface roughness, dimensional accuracy)　　is needed. The state of elementary technological surface ETS　　according to definition is described as follows:　　Sets = {Kets,ZR} (12)　　Fig. 9. The unit of technological form of the first rank and the unit of the　　technological form of the second rank.　　where Sets is the state of elementary technological surface　　ETS, Kets the geometrical structure of ETS, ZR the set of　　parameters that describe the ETS quality.　　The product description has the multilevel character in a　　connection with that the highest levels of structure could be　　described in a similar manner, for the technological form as　　follows:　　Sft = {Kft,ZR} (13)　　where STF is the state of technological form TF, KTF the　　geometrical structure of TF, ZR the set of parameters that　　describe the FT quality.　　Analogously to technological form description the unit of　　the technological form is described as follows:　　SnUTF = {KnUFT,ZR} (14)　　where SnUTF is the state of the unit of technological form　　of the n-rank, KnUTF the geometrical structure of the unit of　　technological form of n-rank nUTF, ZR the set of parameters　　that describe the nUTF quality.　　The technological function of the jth machining cut in　　the technological process structure is transformation of machined　　surface from the state Sj−1 in the state Sj that the　　surface will be have after performing machining cut.　　Fj : Sj−1 → Sj (15)　　The technological function of machining cut consists of a　　set that contain information about: name of machining cut,　　machining parameters and cutting tools, etc. The machining　　cut according to definition is described as follows:　　Fj = {Zj,ZTj,ZNj} (16)　　where Zj is the name of the jth cut, ZTj the technological　　parameter set of the jth cut, ZNj the tool of the jth cut.　　The function of a technological process is the transformation　　of product from the initial state SetsI to the final state　　SetsF.　　Fets : SetsI → SetsF (17)　　2.4. Technological process preparation　　In Section 2.2 the modelling process of a new product　　is presented. In the proposed method the product model is　　described as a set of constructional features (elementary constructional　　feature, constructional form, etc.) that are interlinked　　themselves. The definition of a technological feature　　results that technological object could be understand as a sum　　of constructional feature and its manufacturing technology.　　In the most papers from the domain of integration of technical　　and organisational actions, especially about integration of　　CAD/CAM systems we do not know from whom the technological　　process is derived [2,3,5]. In our integrated environment　　the technological objects that are represent the particular　　parts of technological process are made with the help of　　C. Grabowik et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 164–165 (–　　CAPP system. This CAPP system is realised as knowledgebase　　system. The technological process design starts from　　transferring product model from a CAD system (SolidDesigner)　　in theCAPPsystem by means of the dedicated transfer　　protocol. The product model is given as a set of constructional　　features in the CAPP system.　　The rules of the technological process design are strictly　　depended on the kind of the family product (bodies, shafts,　　sleeve, etc.) therefore is very difficult to elaborate the CAPP　　system that will be able to aid technological process preparation　　for all families of products. Our system aids technological　　process preparation for the bodies family. There are　　not any limitations from CAD system side (the database of　　constructional features maybe develop without limits), therefore　　in the CAD system we are able to design any complex　　products. Possibility of CAPP system will be increase with　　the help of knowledgebase modification. In this case the proposed　　system will be able to aid technological process preparation　　for shafts, etc.　　During the CAPP system design the following assumption　　was made:　　• the user formulates the decision problem—a problem of　　a design of technological process by import of product　　model fromCADsystem and definition add　　• the system performs an advisory role, presenting the user　　solution variants of partials decision problems connected　　with among other things: design of the elements of technological　　operation structure, selection of machining station,　　etc.　　In the knowledge based CAPP system structure the following　　modules was distinguished:　　• inference engine, in the elaborated system the structure of　　a technological process is designed in form of machining　　　　• technological knowledge base, the base contains knowledge　　acquitted from experts and other sources of knowledge　　(literature, technological standards) from domain of　　technolo　　• module of exchange of　　• knowledge acquisition module, this module is specialised　　database application afford possibilities for knowledge acquisition　　for knowle　　• te　　• explanation module, the module motivates selection of a　　specified solution of a decision problem for instance: selection　　of technological operation,　　• technological documentation preparation module, the　　module generates technological documentation in the form　　machining operation sheet.　　There are two possibilities of results generated. System　　can design the complete structure of a technological process　　(machine tools, tools, parameters, etc.) in this case that systems　　work only in collaboration with the CAD system. In　　Fig. 10. The simplified structure of integrated environment of CAD/CAPP/　　CAM/PPC systems. DB1 is the database of constructional features, DB2 the　　technological knowledge base, DB3 the technological database, DB4 the　　scheduling/rescheduling knowledge base, PM the product model, MP the　　multivariant processes, TF the set of technological features.　　the other case when the CAPP system works in an integrated　　environment CAD/CAPP/PPC (see Fig. 10) the work results　　of CAPP system are presented in the form of particular cuts.　　System is able to generate multivariant processes that are representing　　by means of graphs (see Fig. 13). The main advantage　　of this system, availability of alternative process plans　　makes possible react on any disturbances in manufacturing　　process. There is possibility of rescheduling of schedule plan.　　In the both cases for each constructional feature the technological　　features are prepared therefore there is possibility of　　integration with a CAM system and preparation of NC programs.　　The main module of CAPP system is a knowledge base.　　The creation process of technological knowledge base was　　connected with necessity of the elaboration of a method of　　technological knowledge representation. In the elaborated　　system an object-oriented method was used. The choice of　　that method for the purpose of technological knowledge　　representation was preceded by the analysis of a knowledge　　representation method utilised in CAPP systems aiding　　technological process preparation. It was found that application　　of object-oriented method afford possibilities for　　strongly connected representation of construction and manufacturing　　technology in the CAPP system. The elaborated　　method affords possibilities for representation and notation　　of technological knowledge from the domain of design　　of elements of cuts, technological operations and affords　　possibilities for selection of allowances and cutting　　tools, etc. In the worked out system the technological knowledge　　is represented with the hierarchical class structure　　(Fig. 11) through define methods in the inner structure of　　class.　　1364 C. Grabowik et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 164–165 (–1368　　These methods afford possibilities for representation and　　notation of technological knowledge connected with design　　of elements of cuts and technological operations and selection　　rules of allowances and cutting tools, etc. The base class in　　this structure of classes is the Machining class. From this class　　inherit two classes, i.e. HoleMachining and PlaneMachining.　　This structure of classes results from worked out analysis of　　technological processes of bodies. On the ground of this analysis　　itwas found that for the technological group of bodies can　　be distinguished two basic groups of operations connected　　with operations of forming planes and holes. The HoleMachining　　class is generalisation class for following classes:　　MaDrilling, MaReaming, MaBoring, MaTapping, MaDeepening,　　MaGrinding and MaMilling that represent basic machining　　techniques of body’s holes. Machining operations of　　planes are represented with derivative classes of the PlaneMachining　　class, i.e. MaGrinding, MaMilling, MaPlanning. In　　the elaborated structure class is not appear the class that represent　　of pull broaching of planes. It results from limitations　　of domain application of worked out CAPP system.　　In the inner structure of classes that represent technological　　knowledge two groups of methods was distinguished:　　• first group—group of methods directly connected with informatics　　operation of classes for instance: the creation　　an　　• second group—group of methods that realise the main　　function depending on recording of design rules of machining　　cuts, rules and procedures connected with selection of　　allowances and cutting tools. These rules were acquired in　　the knowledge acquisition process.　　Fig. 11. The hierarchical class structure that represent technological knowledge.　　Fig. 12. The structure of the MaBoring class.　　The characteristics feature of the elaborated method of　　technological knowledge representation is the possibility of　　notation in method that contents of particular classes both single　　rule and group of rules. In Fig. 12 the example of a class　　that represent knowledge from the domain of holes boring　　is presented. In the structure class two groups of attributes　　was defined. The first group of attributes affords possibilities　　for keeping contents of designed cuts, for instance: Ma-　　HeavyBoring, MaShapedBoring, MaFrontBoring belong to　　this group. The second group affords possibilities for keeping　　values of particular allowances, AllowanceOnHeavy, AllowanceOnShaped,　　AllowanceOnFinishing belonging to this　　group. Methods that realise main function, i.e. record of design　　rules of machining cuts of eternal and internal surfaces,　　internal cylindrical grooves, deepening of holes and record of　　rules of allowances and cutting tools selection were defined.　　Table 1　　The contents of rules　　R1MaBoring　　IF: the constructional features has a smooth shape, AND: the accuracy　　class of hole&IT11, THEN: drilling　　R2MaBoring　　IF: the constructional features has a smooth shape, AND: the accuracy　　class of hole = IT11, THEN: drilling and reaming　　R3MaBoring　　IF: the constructional features has a stepping shape with cylindrical　　deepeningΦDdee & 16 mm, AND: the accuracy class of hole & IT11,　　THEN: drilling and cylindrical deepening, OR: drilling and boring　　R4MaBoring　　IF: the constructional features has a stepping shape with cylindrical　　deepeningΦDdee & 16 mm, AND: conical deepening AND the　　accuracy class of hole & IT11, THEN: boring and cylindrical　　deepening and conical deepening and reaming, OR: drilling and　　boring and conical deepening and reaming　　C. Grabowik et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 164–165 (–　　Fig. 13. The graph of multivariant processes. SS, S1, S2, . . ., SS the states　　of product, MP1, MP2, MP3, . . ., MPE the manufacturing procedures, e.g.　　technological cuts.　　The contents of the rules that was recorded in the structure　　of MaBoring class was presented in Table 1.　　The graph of multivaraint process plan for product in　　Fig. 13 is shown. The single state Si of product colud be　　depicted as a set of technological objects, i.e. technological　　forms, elementary technological forms, etc. This graph is a　　base for CAPP system and PPC/Rescheduling systems.　　3. The production scheduling and rescheduling with　　the multivariant technological processes　　consideration　　In real manufacturing numerous disturbances appear and　　make difficult or impossible to perform planned assumptions.　　Therefore, the real production often differs from　　planed and the first-prepared schedule has to be corrected.　　Process of adapting an existing schedule to a new situation　　is called “rescheduling”. There are three basic approaches　　to rescheduling: completely reactive scheduling,　　predictive-reactive scheduling and robust scheduling. Completely　　reactive scheduling is characterised by real-time job　　dispatching—in consequence only partial schedule is created.　　The next job with the highest priority is selected from queue　　of jobs. The jobs are sequenced according to set of accepted　　criterions. In predictive–reactive scheduling, the production　　schedule is established before executing. Next, the schedule　　is modified in response to disturbances in the production　　system, during its execution. In this case it is important to　　decide when the rescheduling has to be done (continuous　　rescheduling, periodic and event-driven rescheduling). The　　robust scheduling consists in creating a schedule that minimises　　the effects of disturbances [7].　　The scheduling/rescheduling uses data both from organisational　　(dates, terms, quantities—acquiring from PPC systems)　　and technical (technological processes—from CAPP　　systems) production planning. One of the characteristic futures　　of CAPP systems is that the result of technological process　　planning can contains no single, but set of alternative　　routes (variants) of technological process (then it means that　　technological process is multivariant, Fig. 13). Establishing　　multivariant technological processes is very time-consuming　　action if the technological process is created “manually” and　　rather not possible to applying without computer assisting.　　The current production conditions and accepted schedule　　evaluation criterions should decide which variant of process　　from this set has to be executed. If necessary, it also enables　　to change realised variant in the production realisation stage.　　Next the production rescheduling method is described.　　The method represents a predictive–reactive and event-driven　　approach to rescheduling.　　3.1. The model of production flow　　The discrete manufacturing systems are considered, with　　concurrent, multi-assortment production. The production　　system (Sp) is described by　　Sp = (M, P) (18)　　where M is the set of I machines {M1, M2, . . ., Mi, . . ., MI}　　and P the set of J tasks {P1, P2, . . ., Pj, . . ., PJ}. A machine　　Mi is described by following parameters:　　Mi = (k,Ci,Cmi, ai) (19)　　where k is the type of machine, Ci the current capacity of　　input buffer for each process {Ci1, Ci2, . . ., Cii, . . ., CiI}, Cmi　　the overall capacity of input buffer {Cmi1, Cmi2, . . ., Cmii,　　. . ., CmiI}, and ai the state of machine availability.　　Type of machine is a feature describing machine ability　　for execution of group of specific machining procedures. The　　production system contains k types of machine (1≤k≤I).　　Processes are realised according to the mutual exclusion-like　　protocol (assembly resources are not considered in the model)　　and have the following parameters:　　Pj = (Gj,Zj, dj, prj) (20)　　where Gj is the representation of multivariant technological　　process (in graph structure), Zj the last selected route of process,　　dj the due date of process, and prj the priority of jth　　process.　　The route of process Zj is described by　　Zj = {Zj1,Zj2, . . . , Zjl, . . . , ZjL} (21)　　where Zjl is the lth machining procedure of jth process, L the　　number of machining procedures of the process j (L is not　　constant for the process but depend on selected path in the　　graph Gi). The machining procedure is described by　　Zjl = (MPx,x+1, i) (22)　　1366 C. Grabowik et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 164–165 (–1368　　Fig. 14. Disturbance description: events caused rescheduling.　　where MPx,x+1 is the machining procedure description in　　graph Gj (identifier of edge) and i the machine identifier.　　The base of production control is a schedule with the following　　structure:　　H = {h1, h2, . . . , hi, . . . , hI } (23)　　where H a production schedule for the system given time　　period, hi a schedule for machine i(i=1, 2, . . ., I). A schedule　　for machine hi consists a list of machining procedures, with　　theirs beginning and finishing times.　　As a disturbance only event that make impossible to execute　　a current production schedule are understand. Then, according　　to model of the production system, disturbances are　　classified into three categories: a disturbance of a machine　　(e.g. machine breakdown), a disturbance of a process (e.g.　　delay of supply) or a disturbance of a machining procedure　　(e.g. tool damage, spoilage). They have a different impact on　　a schedule modification. A production conditions changes　　also next, after disturbance elimination, so additionally the　　rescheduling after this event is proposed. Fig. 14 presents　　disturbance described by two events.　　The following parameters for describing an event connected　　with a disturbance are proposed:　　Zdz = (d, i, j, tz, c tz, u, v) (24)　　where d is a disturbance identifier, i the identifier of machine　　where the disturbance appeared, j the identifier of process that　　stopped by the disturbance d, tz the time, when the event z　　appeared, tcz the forecasting time of the disturbance duration　　(if the event defines disturbance elimination then tcz = 0), u　　the ability of detail(s) for production process continuation, v　　the information about damaged tool(s).　　3.2. The method of production rescheduling　　Presented method of scheduling and rescheduling bases　　on multivariant technological processes generated by CAPP　　system. In the PPC system, the multivariant technological　　process is developed by including organisational data. In　　the consequence of this the established graph of multivariant　　technological process realisation contains possible routes　　of production realisation.　　Fig. 15 presents the method scheme. The actions taken　　at production flow planning (predictive scheduling) and production　　flow control (reactive scheduling) stages are distinguished　　in the method.　　Fig. 15. Actions on scheduling/rescheduling stages scheme.　　In the first step of production flow planning, for each machining　　procedure particular machine is assigned. If possible　　to execute a machining procedure on more than one machine　　then additional variants of technological process realisation　　are created. In this case, the edge of the graph that represents　　particular machining procedure is multiplied (Fig. 16).　　The graph of multivariant processes realisation is developed　　on this stage always if production system has two or more　　identical or similar machines that can to realise the same machining　　procedure.　　Next, the values of characteristic features for each processes　　realisation variant (edge in the graph) are determined.　　The variant has time-dependent and time-independent features.　　The time-independent features are: operation time,　　setup time, cost of variant, overall capacity of machine input　　buffer. The time-dependent features are: degree of machine　　Fig. 16. Creating the multivariant processes realisation graph.　　C. Grabowik et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 164–165 (–　　Table 2　　Exampled rescheduling algorithm　　Name Change machine continue process　　Description Moving detail to alternative machine　　and continuing the broken operation　　Application conditions IF detail is suitable for next　　processing AND the alternative　　machine for breaking operation is　　available AND input buffer of the　　alternative machine has free space　　Procedure of schedule　　modification　　1. Move detail to input buffer of the　　alternative machine　　2. Schedule details waiting for　　processing on this machine　　3. Schedule operations that follows　　each from operations on the above　　machine　　Parameters Machine identifier from set of　　alternative machines. Priority of　　process that changes route　　Matching algorithm –　　load, availability of the machine, current capacity of machine　　input buffer.　　Above data make possible to create the set of feasible　　schedules (according to different routes of processes in current　　production conditions) by setting the beginning and finishing　　times of machining procedures.　　In the next the best schedule for realisation is selected.　　The multicriterial evaluation method is used in this stage [8].　　According to this method it is necessary to determine the set　　of evaluation criterions with theirs weights and to compare　　schedules.　　After multicriterial evaluation the best production schedule　　can be introduced for realisation. The schedule consist　　the best variants of processes accepted for realisation.　　The introduced schedule is executed until a disturbance　　appears in the production system. It does not means that　　in whole executing period this schedule is the best. The　　need for changing realised schedule is an event—after a　　disturbance that makes it impossible to continue or its　　elimination.　　The first action after event appearing is the identification of　　its parameters (see Eq. (24)). After acquiring above data the　　set of rescheduling algorithms is selected from all available　　rescheduling algorithms (knowledge base). The example of　　rescheduling algorithm is presented in Table 2.　　The application of each algorithm in concrete situation　　depends on its individual application conditions. The set of　　rescheduling algorithms is the base for creating the set of new　　schedules. Parameters of algorithms enable creating more　　than one variant of new schedule—particular schedules are　　generated according to different values of these parameters.　　Matching algorithm is another rescheduling algorithm that　　makes second modification of a schedule after disturbance　　elimination (for example: if an algorithm stops a machine　　or some operations, its matching algorithm resumes the machine　　or operations—after forecasting time of disturbance　　Table 3　　Exampled criterion of schedule evaluation　　Name Criterion of change Cmax　　Description Criterion of change of schedule length of　　set of tasks (change of makespan)　　Parameters CmaxP—planned makespan (maximum　　tasks completion time), Cmax—makespan　　after introducing a modified schedule　　Base for evaluation WCmax = 2 − Cmax　　Cmax P　　Transforming function E =　　　　0, if WCmax & 0　　WCmax if 0 ≤ WCmax ≤ 1　　1 if1& WCmax　　duration). So, matching algorithm makes possible to create　　complete schedule—necessary and used only for schedules　　evaluation. Naturally, in the schedule that selected for introducing　　the matching algorithm is not considered (it may by　　used after disturbance elimination but then separated multicriterial　　evaluation will be done). As the result of using　　reschedule algorithms the set of possible schedules is generated.　　Next, the best schedule is selected from this set.　　The multicriterial evaluation method that is used for this　　selection is described in detail in [8]. There is possible to　　select individual subset of criterions and theirs weights for　　each time when rescheduling has to be done. In rescheduling　　can also be used criteria that take into consideration value　　changing of some schedule parameters in a new schedule.　　Table 3 presents exampled criterion of schedule evaluation.　　For acquiring schedule-repair algorithms and evaluation　　criterions from experts the special paper and electronic acquisition　　forms was created [9].　　4. Conclusions　　The knowledge about alternative processes routes, prepared　　on planning stage, expands flexibility of production　　control systems and enables increasing efficiency of the production　　rescheduling for given set of evaluation criterions.　　Accuracy of the presented rescheduling method depends　　on precision of determining the time of disturbance duration.　　The method enables modifying schedules in presence　　of more than one disturbance simultaneously but they have to　　be sequenced. In this case the process of obtaining solutions　　is not more complicated. Each disturbance is threats individually　　and cause rescheduling actions. In real application of　　this method the time interval from registering a disturbance　　to obtaining a response schedule has to be also taken into　　consideration—it is foreseen for future research. The need for　　modification occurs when some event in production system　　makes impossible to execute a current production schedule.　　Besides, according to the method the rescheduling can be introduced　　every time when needed—it means that the event　　definition could be extended: overflow of tolerance of some　　important production indicators (e.g. efficiency) also can be　　understood as a disturbance.
楼主发言：1次 发图：0张
　　　　高手呀高手　　你在哪里呀！　　　　
　　求人不如求己，楼主躬亲吧，呵呵~~~~~~
　　60/千字，如何。收你成本价，谁叫你的太多呢！！呵呵！！
　　你还是放弃吧楼主，这么长，谁有那个时间和闲情呀~~~
　　谁有这么长的时间??　　一看就知道是论文的摘要
　　这么长 ？？？？？？？？？自己搞定吧！！！　　
　　又是不想花钱来这找免费翻译的：（
　　劳动力是有价值的　　何况……咱学英语的更有价值了　　要想免费还是楼主请交情深的朋友吧
　　没有难度，只有长度
　　来呀~把楼主拖出去，枪毙一个小时！！！
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　　i think if you have no
ability to do it ,you should learn to give up or refuse
　　It is so long
　　My god! sooooooooooooooooooooooooooo looooooooooooooooooooooooong! @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
　　no words to u
　　懒人真多　　
　　Had he tried? I doubted　　　　He didn't help himself, why other people woud do?
　　@csutanghong 楼主你这篇翻译做了没有啊？我恰好也是这个啊，都是血泪。。
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