From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the song by Creedence Clearwater Revival. For the band, see .
"Proud Mary" is a
song written by
and first recorded by his band . The song was released by
from the band's second studio album, , which was released by the same record company in January 1969. The single is generally considered to have been released in early January 1969
although at least one source states that it came out just before Christmas 1968. The song became a major hit in the United States, peaking at #2 on the
in March 1969, the first of five non-consecutive singles to peak at #2 for the group.
In a 1969 interview, Fogerty said that he wrote it in the two days after he was discharged from the . In the liner notes for the 2008 expanded reissue of Bayou Country,
explained that the songs for the album started when John Fogerty was in the National Guard, that the
for "Proud Mary," "," and "Keep on Chooglin'" were conceived by Fogerty at a concert in the , and "Proud Mary" was arranged from parts of different songs, one of which was about a "washerwoman named Mary." The line "Left a good job in the city" was written following Fogerty's discharge from the National Guard, and the line "rollin' on the river" was from a movie by .
In the Macintosh program "Garage Band," Fogerty explained that he liked , and wanted to open a song with a similar intro, implying the way "Proud Mary" opens with the repeated C chord to A chord. The basic track for "Proud Mary," as with the other songs on the album, was recorded by John Fogerty (),
in , , with John
instruments and all the vocals later.
Chart (1969)
Austria ()
Netherlands ()
Germany ()
UK Singles ()
had a small hit with his cover of the song, which was his second release for Bell and was co-produced by singer Tamiko Jones, who was being rehabilitated after a bout of , and was at the time Burke's fiance and manager. Burke recalls: “We went to
and recorded Proud Mary, which they didn’t like at all. They thought it was stupid to record a song Proud Mary, which was already on the charts. I was explaining to them that it was a very big record, but it’s a very white record, a pop record. We will redo the record, open up the doors for it to get on the r&b charts and make the black stations to play the record... It was a Solomon Burke record made in Muscle Shoals. We proved that we can make a hit record without Jerry Wexler eating sandwiches with us. This record was a hit without anybody’s help. Proud Mary was only promoted by Tamiko Jones and myself.” According to Mark Denning, "While that may have seemed like a bald-faced bid for pop radio play, in Burke's hands the song became a bracing tale of life in the
as African-Americans searched for liberation aboard the ship that carried them as slaves and put them to undignified labor serving wealthy whites."
, the song's composer, was impressed by Burke's version of his song: "Two thousand miles away this man had crawled right up inside my head to learn what Proud Mary was all about. Sure, it's great when someone sings your song, but when he understands it, you listen like it was the first time." "Reworked as a celebration of black consciousness, his potent mix of gospel and country – the kind that defined his earlier sides for Atlantic – and driven by a Southern -like strut, .... it returned Burke to the US R&B Top 20", with the single reaching #15 on the R&B charts and #45 on the pop charts. According to Burke in a 2002 interview: "I was in Vegas for sixteen weeks at the . I missed this record being a hit, because we weren’t there to promote the record, we had no backing. The greatest thing I ever did was tell , “Hey man, you should get on this record… I think you and
could tear this thing up.” On 24 May 1969 Burke sang his version of "Proud Mary" on .
"Proud Mary" in 1970. This version was released as a single from their
album and the song differed greatly from the structure of the original, but is also well known and has become one of
most recognizable . The Turners' version was substantially rearranged by
and Ike Turner. The song started off with a slow, sultry
tone in which Tina introduced the song and warned the audience that she and the band were gonna start it off "nice and easy" as "we never do nothing nice and easy" but said they would finish it "nice and rough". After the lyrics are first sung softly by the Turners, the song is then turned into a
vamp with Tina and the Ikettes delivering gospel-influenced vocals. It reached #4 on the pop charts on March 27, 1971, two years to the week after Creedence Clearwater Revival's version was at its peak, and won the Grammy Award for
In the Tina Turner biopic, , the song is performed in a timeline of events in Ike and Tina's career in which the couple are transformed from an opening act to
to a major headlining act by the mid-1970s. However, the film took significant libertie for instance, the film has the group performing the song in 1968 when they reportedly opened for The Stones in the UK, the Turners first opened for them in the UK in 1966 and opened for them again in 1969; by that time, the song wasn't in their set list. Following the original version's release and its success, Ike and Tina included the song in their live act and first performed a version of the song on . It was also performed in 1971 (the year of the Turners' version's release) and 1974. The Turners performed the song on
on April 22, 1972.
In 1988, a live solo version was included on the album . Tina Turner later re-recorded the song in the studio for the biopic's 1993 soundtrack album . This version was released as a promotional single issued to radio stations and DJs. Tina's solo version was later included on her 2004 greatest hits album . After a contestant's performance of the song on
in 2010, this version entered the UK Singles Chart at #62 and fell to #121 the next week, it also entered the
Another live version was released in 2009 on the
album. It was recorded on March 21, 2009 in ,
as part of Turner's . The song has now become a staple in all of Tina's live shows, including live duet versions with
1993 US 7" and cassette single
"Proud Mary (Edit Live Version) – 4:32
"" (Live) – 5:22
1993 US CD single
"Proud Mary (Edit Live Version) – 4:32
"Proud Mary (Edit) – 4:10
"" (Live) – 4:55
"The Best" (Live) – 5:22
Ike & Tina Turner version
Tina Turner version
Ike & Tina Turner version
"Proud Mary" placed at #155 on 's 2004 list of . Both CCR and Ike & Tina Turner's versions of the song received , in 1998 and 2003, respectively.
"Proud Mary" has, over the years, been covered by a number of artists, including an early recording by , and
on his 1969 Windmills of Your Mind album. ' 1969 version reached number 22 on the U.S. country charts. Also in 1969, a version recorded by the
and produced by
reached #30 on the
and #69 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was featured on their 1969 album, .
released a version of the song on their 1969 debut album, . Soul singer 's version appears on his 1970 album .
released a version of the song on their 1971 album, .
inducted Creedence Clearwater Revival into the
in 1993, he said:
Me and my band worked on Route 35 outside of Asbury Park, at a club called the Pandemonium...it was five 50-minute sets a night and rarely a night without a fight. But into New Jersey came the music of Creedence Clearwater Revival and for three minutes and seven seconds of "Proud Mary," a very strained brotherhood would actually fill the room. It was simply a great song that everybody liked and it literally saved our asses on many occasions.[]
In addition to playing "Proud Mary" live with his early band, Child, Springsteen performed the song twice with the
in 1981, and several times from 1982 to 1987 at small clubs, including
in . On Saturday, May 3, 2014, Springsteen performed the song and "Green River" with John Fogerty during Springsteen's set at the .
also often performed the song in his
shows and on tour in the early 1970s. Versions can be found on the albums
(1972) and
(1972). The song was also performed in the -winning concert film
performed the song during a concert . It was released on the
album Neil Sedaka On Stage.
covered the song on their 1980 album . In 1996, "Proud Mary" was covered by
on their album
and Polish
recorded it on their 1998 album High Proof Cosmic Milk. In 2010,
performed the song during his Italian 'Re Matto Tour'.
sang "Proud Mary"
at the 1992 this performance was released on the album .
The song is one of many comic cover versions the -based
have performed live.
Fictional character , voiced by , performs the tune in the 1992 episode of , "."
season 2 finalist
performed "Proud Mary" on the Final 10 60s Night. She received fantastic comments from the judges for this performance and was voted safe on the following verdict show.[] Ricki-Lee also covered this song on Australian Idol Season 2: The Final 10 Cast Album. The song was also covered three times . It was covered in 2003 by , in 2008 by , and in 2012 by . All three were declared safe the next day. In 2009 the song was sung by Rachel Adedeji and Misha B on .[]
The song was covered in the "" episode of the first season of the television show
and . The show used Turner's interpretation of the lyrics.
covered the song on his album ; the recording also appeared on his album titled .
The song was performed by
episode "Goin' Down To Dixie." An edited version of the song is sung by the slugs at the end of the movie .
Mi Banda El Mexicano recorded a -language version called "Orgullosa Maria" for their 1993 album Su Majestad Mi Banda EL MEXICANO Con Ustedes, as did Banda Pachuco called Mary la Orgullosa for their 1994 debut album Pachuco Bailarin.
rock artist 's song "Cry Loving Me" based its musical arrangement on the tune.
hard-rock band China recorded a rendition on their 1991 live album titled "Live".
includes a version of "Proud Mary" (based on Ike & Tina Turner's rendition) sung by
in her , . The recording plays in the background at the beginning of the film.
A version of the song Proud Mary plays in a commercial for the new episodes of the CGI animated children's TV series
(CD booklet). . : . 1991. FCD-CCR2-2.
Bordowitz, Hank. Bad moon rising: the unauthorized history of Creedence Clearwater Revival. Schirmer Books, 1998, p. 58
(PDF) (CD booklet). Creedence Clearwater Revival. U.S.A.: . FAN-30877-02
Hardeep Phull (2008). . Greenwood Press. p. 92.  .
. . Type "Proud Mary" under Title
. . Rovi Corporation 2010.
interviewed on the
Michael Goldberg (1993). , ed. .
(: Jann S. Wenner) 2010.
" (in German). .
(.Php). . March 31, 2004.
. . November 10, 2004.
" (in German). . PhonoNet GmbH.
John S. Wilson, "CAREER RESUMED BY TAMIKO JONES; Recent Polio Victim Presents Songs at Rainbow Grill", The New York Times (January 14, 1971):43; ;
(18 November 2009); , The Age (October 13, 2010). For more regarding Tamiko Jones, see
Cordell S. Thompson, "New York Beat", Jet (8 October 1970):63.
(). Retrieved on .
Mojo, Issues 158–161 (EMAP Performance Ltd., 2007).
Solomon Burke, in James Porter, , Roctober 33 (2002)
"Saturday on Eight", Lewiston Evening Journal (May 23, 1969):22
. Tv.com. Retrieved on .
. SideReel. Retrieved on .
press release from
January 30, 2004
Paiste Cymbals, February 2004
The Best of Soul Train Live (booklet). . 2011.
" (in Dutch). . Retrieved October 6, 2015.
"." . . Retrieved October 6, 2015.
(in German).
. Hit Parade Italia 2015.
" (in Dutch). . Retrieved October 6, 2015.
. . Rovi Corporation 2010.
(in Dutch). Ultratop 2015.
(in Dutch). Hung Medien 2015.
(PDF). . December 25, .
". . Retrieved October 6, 2015.
" . Retrieved October 6, 2015.
. . If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
. . Archived from
. . United States:
Retrieved January 26, 2016.
Barker, Derek (2009). Liner notes to Bruce Springsteen's Jukebox: The Songs that Inspired the Man [CD]. Chrome Dreams.
DeYoung, Bill (). . .
: Hidden categories:From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cretaceous Period
145–66 million years ago
Mean atmospheric
content over period duration
c. 30 vol %
(150 % of modern level)
Mean atmospheric
content over period duration
(6 times pre-industrial level)
Mean surface temperature over period duration
c. 18 °C
(4 °C above modern level)
Key events in the Cretaceous
-140 —
-130 —
-120 —
-110 —
-100 —
-90 —
-80 —
-70 —
An approximate timescale of key Cretaceous events.
Axis scale: millions of years ago.
The Cretaceous (pronunciation: , ), derived from the
"creta" (), usually abbreviated K for its
translation Kreide (chalk), is a
± 4 to
million years () ago. In the , the Cretaceous follows the
Period and is followed by the
Period of the
. It is the last period of the , and, spanning 79 million years, the longest period of the
The Cretaceous was a period with a relatively warm , resulting in high
and creating numerous shallow . These oceans and seas were populated with now- ,
and , while
continued to dominate on land. At the same time, new groups of
and , as well as , appeared. The Cretaceous ended with a large , the , in which many groups, including non-avian dinosaurs,
and large marine reptiles, died out. The end of the Cretaceous is defined by the , a geologic signature associated with the mass extinction which lies between the Mesozoic and
The Cretaceous as a separate period was first defined by Belgian geologist
in 1822, using
and named for the extensive beds of
( deposited by the shells of marine , principally ), found in the upper Cretaceous of western . The name Cretaceous was derived from
creta, meaning chalk.
The Cretaceous is divided into
, or Lower and Upper Cretaceous . In older literature the Cretaceous is sometimes divided into three series:
(lower/early), Gallic (middle) and Senonian (upper/late). A subdivision in eleven , all originating from European stratigraphy, is now used worldwide. In many parts of the world, alternative local subdivisions are still in use.
As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds of the Cretaceous are well identified but the exact age of the system's base is uncertain by a few million years. No great
or burst of diversity separates the Cretaceous from the Jurassic. However, the top of the system is sharply defined, being placed at an -rich layer found worldwide that is believed to be associated with the , with its boundaries circumscribing parts of the
and into the . This layer has been dated at 66.043 Ma.
A 140 Ma age for the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary instead of the usually accepted 145 Ma was proposed in 2014 based on a stratigraphic study of
in , Argentina. , one of the authors of the study proposing the 140 Ma boundary age sees the study as a "first step" toward formally changing the age in the .
From youngest to oldest, the subdivisions of the Cretaceous period are:
 – (66-72.1 )
 – (72.1-83.6 MYA)
 – (83.6-86.3 MYA)
 – (86.3-89.8 MYA)
 – (89.8-93.9 MYA)
 – (93.9-100.5 MYA)
 – (100.5-113.0 MYA)
 – (113.0-125.0 MYA)
 – (125.0-129.4 MYA)
 – (129.4-132.9 MYA)
 – (132.9-139.8 MYA)
 – (139.8-145.0 MYA)
Drawing of fossil jaws of , from the
of , by Dutch geologist
The high eustatic sea level and warm climate of the Cretaceous meant a large area of the continents was covered by warm, shallow seas. The Cretaceous was named for the extensive chalk deposits of this age in Europe, but in many parts of the world, the Cretaceous system consists for a major part of
, a rock type that is formed under warm, shallow marine circumstances. Due to the high sea level there was extensive accommodation space for
so that thick deposits could form. Because of the relatively young age and great thickness of the system, Cretaceous rocks crop out in many areas worldwide.
is a rock type characteristic for (but not restricted to) the Cretaceous. It consists of , microscopically small
skeletons of , a type of
that prospered in the Cretaceous seas.
In northwestern Europe, chalk deposits from the Upper Cretaceous are characteristic for the , which forms the
on the south coast of
and similar cliffs on the
coast. The
is found in England, northern France, the , northern ,
and in the subsurface of the southern part of the . Chalk is not easily
and the Chalk Group still consists of loose sediments in many places. The group also has other
and . Among the fossils it contains are , ,
and sea reptiles such as .
In southern Europe, the Cretaceous is usually a marine system consisting of
limestone beds or incompetent . Because the
did not yet exist in the Cretaceous, these deposits formed on the southern edge of the European , at the margin of the .
Stagnation of deep sea currents in middle Cretaceous times caused anoxic conditions in the sea water. In many places around the world, dark anoxic
were formed during this interval. These shales are an important
for oil and gas, for example in the subsurface of the North Sea.
During the Cretaceous, the late--to-early-Mesozoic
completed its
breakup into present-day , although their positions were substantially different at the time. As the
widened, the convergent-margin
that had begun during the
continued in the , as the
was followed by the
Geography of the
in the late Cretaceous period
was still intact in the beginning of the Cretaceous, it broke up as ,
rifted away from
remained attached to each other); thus, the South Atlantic and
were newly formed. Such active rifting lifted great undersea mountain chains along the welts, raising
worldwide. To the north of Africa the
continued to narrow. Broad shallow seas advanced across central
(the ) and Europe, then receded late in the period, leaving thick marine deposits sandwiched between
beds. At the peak of the Cretaceous , one-third of Earth's present land area was submerged.
The Cretaceous is ju indeed, more chalk formed in the Cretaceous than in any other period in the .
activity—or rather, the circulation of seawater through the enlarged ridges—enriched t this made the oceans more saturated, as well as increased the bioavailability of the element for . These widespread
make the Cretaceous rock record especially fine. Famous
from North America include the rich marine fossils of 's
Member and the terrestrial fauna of the late Cretaceous . Other important Cretaceous exposures occur in
(e.g., the ) and
(the ). In the area that is now India, massive lava beds called the
were erupted in the very late Cretaceous and early Paleocene.
age showed a cooling trend that had been seen in the last epoch of the Jurassic. There is evidence that snowfalls were common in the higher latitudes and the tropics became wetter than during the Triassic and Jurassic. Glaciation was however restricted to high- mountains, though seasonal snow may have existed farther from the poles. Rafting by ice of stones into marine environments occurred during much of the Cretaceous but evidence of deposition directly from glaciers is limited to the Early Cretaceous of the Eromanga Basin in southern Australia.
After the end of the Berriasian, however, temperatures increased again, and these conditions were almost constant until the end of the period. This trend was due to intense
which produced large quantities of . The production of large quantities of magma, variously attributed to
or to extensional tectonics, further pushed sea levels up, so that large areas of the continental crust were covered with shallow seas. The
connecting the tropical oceans east to west also helped in warming the global climate. Warm-adapted
are known from localities as far north as
and , while
fossils have been found within 15 degrees of the Cretaceous .
Nonetheless, there is evidence of
marine glaciation in the .
A very gentle
to the poles meant weaker global winds, contributing to less
and more stagnant
than today. This is evidenced by widespread black
deposition and frequent . Sediment cores show that tropical
may have briefly been as warm as 42 °C (108 °F), 17 °C (31 °F) warmer than at present, and that they averaged around 37 °C (99 °F). Meanwhile, deep ocean temperatures were as much as 15 to 20 °C (27 to 36 °F) warmer than today's.
Further information:
Although the first representatives of leafy trees and true grasses emerged in the Cretaceous, the flora was still dominated by conifers like
(Here: Modern Araucaria araucana in Chile).
Flowering plants () spread during this period, although they did not become predominant until the
stage near the end of the epoch. Their evolution was aided b in fact angiosperms and insects are a good example of . The first representatives of many leafy trees, including ,
and , appeared in the Cretaceous. At the same time, some earlier Mesozoic
pehuéns (monkey puzzle trees, ) and other
being notably plentiful and widespread. Some fern orders such as Gleicheniales appeared as early in the fossil record as the Cretaceous, and achieved an early broad distribution. Gymnosperm taxa like
and hirmerellan conifers died out before the end of the period.
were a small and still relatively minor component of the . Early
mammals evolved in the Early Cretaceous, with true
emerging in the Late Cretaceous period. The fauna was dominated by
, especially , which were at their most diverse stage.
were common in the early and middle Cretaceous, but as the Cretaceous proceeded they declined for poorly understood reasons (once thought to be due to competition with early , but now it is understood avian
is not consistent with pterosaur decline), and by the end of the period only two highly specialized
() in China provides a glimpse of life in the Early Cretaceous, where preserved remains of numerous types of small dinosaurs, birds and mammals have been found. The
dinosaurs found there represent types of the group , which is transitional between dinosaurs and birds, and are notable for the presence of hair-like .
diversified during the Cretaceous, and the oldest known ,
and some , akin to
and , appeared. ,
, one of the largest land predators of all time, lived during the late Cretaceous.
Up to 2 m long and 0.5 m high at the hip,
was feathered and roamed the late Cretaceous.
is one of the most recognizable genera of the Cretaceous.
The mammal , with a large pelvic opening, could give birth to well-developed offspring.
In the seas, , modern
became common. Marine reptiles included
in the early and mid-Cretaceous (becoming extinct during the late Cretaceous ),
throughout the entire period, and
appearing in the Late Cretaceous.
genus with a straight shell, flourished in the seas along with reef-building
clams. The
were flightless, marine diving birds that swam like . Globotruncanid
such as sea urchins and
thrived. The first radiation of the
(generally , rather than ) in the oceans occurred during the C freshwater diatoms did not appear until the . The Cretaceous was also an important interval in the evolution of , the production of borings and scrapings in rocks,
and shells (Taylor and Wilson, 2003).
A scene from the early Cretaceous: a
is attacked by a .
was a large , carnivorous marine reptiles that emerged in the late Cretaceous.
Strong-swimming and toothed predatory waterbird
roamed late Cretacean oceans.
iris, Owl Creek Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Ripley, Mississippi.
A plate with
sp., Pseudostacus sp. and a partial Dercetis triqueter, found in , Lebanon
The impact of a
is today widely accepted as the main reason for the .
Main article:
A progressive decline in
during the Maastrichtian stage of the Cretaceous period occurred prior to the suggested
induced by events at the
(formerly known as the K–T boundary). Furthermore, biodiversity required a substantial amount of time to recover from this event, despite the probable existence of an abundance of vacant .
Despite the severity of this boundary event, there was significant variability in the rate of extinction between and within different . Species which depended on
declined or became extinct because of the reduction in
reaching the Earth's surface due to atmospheric particles blocking the sunlight. As is the case today, photosynthesizing organisms, such as
and land , formed the primary part of the
in the late Cretaceous. Evidence suggests that
animals, which depended on plants and plankton as their food, died out as their food s consequently, top
also perished. Yet only three major groups of
di the non-avian , the
and the . The other Cretaceous groups who did not survive into the Cenozoic era, the
and last remaining
and non-mammalian
were already extinct millions of years before the event occurred.
and , including , , freshwater
and , as well as organisms whose
included these shell builders, became extinct or suffered heavy losses. For example, it is thought that ammonites were the principal food of , a group of giant marine reptiles that became extinct at the boundary.
and -eaters survived the extinction event, perhaps because of the increased availability of their food sources. At the end of the Cretaceous there seem to have been no purely herbivorous or
. Mammals and birds which survived the extinction fed on , ,
and snails, which in turn fed on dead plant and animal matter. Scientists theorise that these organisms survived the collapse of plant-based food chains because they fed on .
, few groups of animals became extinct. Stream communities rely less on food from living plants and more on detritus that washes in from land. This particular ecological niche buffered them from extinction. Similar, but more complex patterns have been found in the oceans. Extinction was more severe among animals living in the , than among animals living on or in the sea floor. Animals in the water column are almost entirely dependent on
from living phytoplankton, while animals living on or in the
feed on detritus or can switch to detritus feeding.
The largest air-breathing survivors of the event,
and , were semi-aquatic and had access to detritus. Modern crocodilians can live as scavengers and can survive for months without food and go into hibernation when conditions are unfavourable, and their young are small, grow slowly, and feed largely on invertebrates and dead organisms or fragments of organisms for their first few years. These characteristics have been linked to crocodilian survival at the end of the Cretaceous.
Numerous borings in a Cretaceous cobble, Faringdon, E these are excellent examples of fossil .
Cretaceous
with encrusting
and borings. The scale bar is 10 mm.
bivalves from the Cretaceous of the Omani Mountains, . Scale bar is 10 mm.
from the Cretaceous of .
(with link directory)
d’Halloy, d’O., J.-J. (1822). . Annales des Mines ... 7: 353–376.
From page 373: "La troisième, qui correspond à ce qu'on a déja appelé formation de la craie, sera désigné par le nom de terrain crétacé." (The third, which corresponds to what was already called the "chalk formation", will be designated by the name "chalky terrain".)
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Cretaceous Period
Preceded by
Cretaceous
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