[转载]【转】雅思写作经验分享~~从6分到7.5分的漫漫长
出于对剑桥雅思的爱恨交加，出于对那些需要完成留学梦移民梦的人的感同身受，出于对那些在烤鸭路上屡战屡败屡败屡战的人的精神支持，出于对那些仍在迷茫、仍在盲目背单词、仍在疯狂买参考书、仍在迷恋机经的人的劝勉与鼓励，出于对网络上面所谓出售雅思写作7分资料的虚假广告的无比痛恨，出于对某些所谓名师名校培训机构的不齿不屑，出于那些迷恋习惯背诵范文依赖别人的鸭子们的真诚忠告，出于对那些急需在7月1日之前考到雅思4个7（澳洲会计毕业生，你懂的）的人的理解和帮助，出于上天对我的眷顾和怜悯，出于·········出于因为我曾经也是这么一种人，也是有这么一种经历，我决定，无偿地，毫无保留地，完整地分享我在过去三月自己总结的雅思复习计划和资料（本人曾经的弱项是写作和口语（对，是曾经，哈哈！），所以，我的资料绝大多数都是写作和口语）~~~
争取写一篇最全最好的雅思写作经验分享，和更多的鸭友们远离全聚德烤鸭店的火海！
从4年前为了完成踏进悉尼大学的留学梦，到现在努力实现的澳大利亚梦，雅思成为了一个绕不开的情意结。其中走了特别多的弯路，摔了特别多的跤，失去了很多，也收获了很多。从当初的总分6.5而单科不低于6分的大学门槛到现在的A类4个7的独木桥，对于这个来自英国的“老熟人”，可谓百般滋味在心头。雅思的备考也是一种“被烤”，在烤鸭过程中，一不小心，有可能首先被这只鸭给烤焦了。焦虑，迷茫，急躁，失落，绝望，期待，紧张，亢奋，XX失调等所有更年期综合症状都会在备考的过程中轮番上映。
从2010年12月到2011年2月底，我一共参加了4次雅思考试(12月11日，1月22日，2月12日和2月26日)，成绩为：
12月11日：听力：7.0，阅读：6.5，写作：6.0，口语：6.0
01月22日：听力：6.5，阅读：7.0，写作：6.0，口语：7.0
02月12日：听力：7.0，阅读：7.5，写作：6.5，口语：8.5
02月26日：听力：7.0，阅读：7.5，写作：7.5，口语：7.0
03月05日：听力：7.0，阅读：7.5，写作：7.0，口语：8.0
可以说，在过去的三个月里面，我感受过裸考过后无言以对的惶恐，体味过努力过后略有进步的喜悦，忍受着就差0.5、与目标无比接近却未能接近的失落，最后，苦尽甘来。因为这次考试，至少再一次让我确信”天道酬勤“。NO
SWEAT, NO SWEET; NO PAIN, NO GAIN。
如果说高考是一条独木桥，那么雅思就是一个无底洞。为了填上这个洞，能用上的方法都用上了，比如说连续报5次雅思考试，下载最新的机经，把慎小嶷《十天》系列书全买了，大包围准备所有的口语和写作topic，上培训班，找老外批改作文，去卧龙岗考试（在国内的话，我会选择贵阳，海口等考点），喝红牛穿红内裤，等等，甚至连吃奶的力都用上了，此处略去一万字。
雅思其实一场持久战，更是一场心理战。在征服雅思的过程中，我们眼前最最最大的敌人不是雅思本身，而是我们自己。无论在复习过程中感到怎样的痛苦，还是在考试过程中经历了什么样的折磨，还是在知道成绩后受到何种的打击，我们都必须自我鼓励，必须乐观向上。
只要站起来的次数比跌倒的多，就是成功
不淡定便蛋疼，淡定的心态是王道
对于目标分数为5~5.5
分的朋友，你们是最幸福的，因为你们有最多的资本去犯错，最多的机会去折腾考官，有最大的可能一次通过。雅思对于你们来说是一次游戏。
对于目标分数为6~6.5分的朋友，你们应该窃喜，因为你们比5分的朋友有更多的自我优越性，又不需要承担那些只属于7分朋友的精神压力。想想，只需要6~6.5分，你就能踏进一所比国内任何一所大学都要牛的海外名牌大学，这是一种多么美好的憧憬和动力。
对于目标分数为7分，特别是要考到4个7的朋友，你们应该感到荣幸，因为你们终于能够找到机会去为自己正名。这是一场人生竞赛的缩影。它是一个门槛，同样也是一个里程碑。冲过去了，雅思就变成了一种精神；跌下来了，雅思也不外乎是一朵浮云。
对于目标分数为8分，特别是要考到4个8的朋友（日之后毕业想申请PR的澳洲会计毕业生），或许你会埋怨命运总在跟你开玩笑，或许你会选择放弃选择离开，但我想说的是，这同样是一场游戏，只不过跟你玩耍的对象变成了命运。不要泄气，经过这一役，能够战胜命运的人以后终究会成为强者。
对于目标分数为9分的朋友，我突然想到一个问题，从新中国成立到现在，能够当上国家主席的人一共有7个，但是从新中国成立至今，雅思能考满分的不多于5人。这就意味着你们正在为一个比当上中华人民共和国国家主席还要难的目标发起冲击，并且将要感受一份比那7个老头还要伟大的荣誉感~~哈哈，想着就觉得美了
对于一战未能成功的朋友，你要相信下一次就是罗曼蒂登陆，胜利在望了&
对于二战未能成功的朋友，证明雅思需要你三顾茅庐的诚意&
对于三战未能成功的朋友，想想当年的红军也是靠四渡赤水才能从土匪变成解放军的&
对于四战未能成功的朋友，你下一次的考试必将风调雨顺，五谷丰登&
对于五战未能成功的朋友，想想当年诸葛亮为了完成辅汉兴刘的大业也是六出祁连山&
对于六战未能成功的朋友，继续想想当年诸葛亮七擒孟获，才能收复人心，看来还是诸葛亮比较讲义气，为我们鸭友团提供了那么多励志的故事&
对于七战未能成功的朋友，你应该高兴，因为下一次就是八仙过海，为你各显神通了&
对于八战未能成功的朋友，你下一次的考试必定有九牛二虎之力&
对于九战未能成功的朋友，恭喜你，你成功了，你成功地颠覆了雅思考试制度，相信那些英国人也不想再折腾你了，因为你的下一站是十全十美~~
上面说了那么多题外话，只是想和大家分享一下在征服雅思过程中的一一些心理感受。好吧，其实无论做什么事情，永远都是痛并快乐着。
写作分享篇
17个不能回避的雅思写作问题
经过三个月的复习总结和4次的实战，我总结了17个关于雅思写作不能回避的核心问题。这17问题一直贯穿在我整个复习的过程。相信只要弄明白这17个问题，我觉得我们离写作7分就无比接近了。对于那些即将参加4月2日，4月16日，5月7日等鸭友团来说，我觉得要搞懂问题1，2，6，7，8，13这6个问题最为迫切。如果能做好的话，分数一定能提高的。
考官是怎么改卷子的？标准是怎样的？
雅思写作7分是什么样的概念？&&
雅思写作6分与7分或者6.5分与7分的距离有多远？
怎么制定雅思写作复习计划？
考试前需要写多少篇的大作文和小作文？
写作模版管用吗？
雅思写作需要背多少个词汇？
雅思写作需要什么样的句型？
雅思写作需要多复杂的从句和语法？
我们对雅思写作的误区
鸭友们通常会犯哪些语法错误，能有效避免吗？什么样的语法错误是致命的？
雅思写作能速成吗？平时需要多看英文报纸吗？
小作文重要吗？容易写吗？应该怎么复习
怎么安排大作文和小作文的写作顺序和时间
要买参考书吗？什么样的参考书？
参加培训班管用吗？
网络上面所谓的“名师”雅思写作预测有用吗？
有个完整的、按部就班的、循序渐进的复习计划是雅思考试成败的关键。在过去的三个月时间里，由于有大部分时间在悉尼喜来登酒店实习（日到日），所以没全身心投入到雅思复习当中，真正full
time复习雅思的话，一共用了2周。而且由于一开始缺乏信心，以及对雅思写作有着一种难以言喻的恐惧，复习计划在刚开始的时候一直都左右摇摆，朝令夕改。经历了前两次烤鸭大战（12月11日和1月22日）无功而返之后，我重新检讨了自己的复习计划。我发现自己出现了以下几个问题（不知道你们会有这样的感觉，反正我觉得以下的想法都是不正确的）
从一开始复习就习惯性地把雅思写作task 2
划分为八大类：教育类，社会类，科技类，政府类，环保类，发展类，犯罪类。
基于这种划分，然后开始盲目地查找相关的雅思单词，接着盲目地背诵默写。
后来觉得单单记住单词也不管用，就开始盲目地从范文和报纸中按照这八类topics的划分摘抄各10句的万能句子。
再后来又发现单单这80句万金油句子或词组还是不能完整覆盖所有的雅思题目，然后又开始盲目地开始了“大包围”题海战术，从网络中下载了2009年和2010年全年所有的雅思写作题目，然后开始准备每个题目的观点和内容
再再后来，我发现自己已经力不从心了，因为工作量实在太大了，而且就算是自己已经准备好的题目，过两三天之后，又想不起来了。此时此刻，陷入了整个雅思写作复习的最低潮：感觉很迷茫，很无助，开始抱怨“一分耕耘却没有半分的收获”。
到了第二次雅思考试出成绩的时候（日），我彻底失望了，没想到经过了6周的复习准备写作还是6分。于是，我觉得将之前的雅思复习计划推倒重来。这个一次转变，对于个人而言，不亚于当年的十一届三中全会啊。经过和朋友（特此鸣谢Peter）的讨论和研究，我总结了以下一条逻辑关系
&& 题型---&结构---&观点---&句型---&词汇
这是什么意思呢？我觉得如果把原来“按照范畴来划分的8大类topics”作为起点的话，我很容易被导向去背观点背单词，却正正忘了雅思写作的本质（这是我自己总结的，可能不对，将就一下吧）：运用恰当的语言去表达个人的思维逻辑。语言只是辅助工具，思维逻辑才是主线和抢分点。
何谓题型？其实雅思写作task2题型一般有三大类：report，argumentation
和 “report + argumentation” 的结合体。
report：只有三个要素：&
也就是说，要么就是问你这个现象产生的原因，要么就是这个现象产生了什么样的影响（积极或消极的），要么就是叫你提出解决方案。通常report类的文体，不会同时出现以上三个要素，只会有一到两个的配搭，即：cause＋influence，cause+solution，influence+solution，或只问influence
(如下面我写的一篇7分文章，问effects on individuals and
societies)。所以呢，在这种题型底下，它的结构就非常的单一：开头段+ 原因分析段（一般分析3个原因）+
影响分析段（一个列举3个影响）+ 解决办法段（这些解决办法一定要对应于之前分析的原因或者影响）+
结尾段。这个结构是应该视情况而定(as the case may be)
argumentation：一般有三种问法：
discuss both views
and give your own opinion
to what extent do you
agree or disagree
do you think the
advantage outweigh the disadvantage
按照我自己的看法的话，其实argumentation就是两种，那就是1 和
2/3（因为2和3可以看成同一类）。这两种有区别吗？当然有了，你看，问题都不一样（哈哈，是不是一句废话）。其实这不是一句废话，因为discuss
both views and give your own
opinion，是要你先分析双方有什么合理之处，然后再给你自己的个人观点。很明显这是需要均衡结构。什么意思？意思是，假如你支持观点1用了三个论点，然后到你支持观点2的时候也得同样用三个论点（想不到的话，憋你也得憋出来！！！），最后在结尾清晰表达你自己的最后看法。对于这种题型，开头段也是表明观点，例如some
people argue···, while others claim that···. I personally believe
that···。所以呢，这个文体的结构应该是：开头段（回应题目+表达自己的观点）+ 支持观点1（n个论点）+
支持观点2（n个论点）+ 结尾段（表明自己的观点）。请注意，这个题型是不能用一面倒的，是不能啊！
至于agree/disagree or
advantage/disvantage 题型，根据考官的推介，最理想的结构是：开头段+让步段+ 支持段（论点1）+
支持段（论点2）+
结尾段（表明你自己的观点）。万一想不出让步段，或者时间太紧了来不及让步，可以吗？考官说了，允许便秘，憋不出来也是可以的！！！！也就是说，在这种情况下，可以使用一面倒，而且不影响你拿7分（假如你的目标分数是8分，就当我瞎说吧）。
说了那么多，究竟跟复习计划有神马联系呢？这个联系就大咯！题型决定了文章的结构，而结构呢又决定了观点的铺排，观点又反映出个人的思维逻辑关系（中立的，积极的，否定的，因果的，让步的，建议的。这就是我下面所归纳的那160+句型，它们完全覆盖了你能想到的所有逻辑表述），这种逻辑关系就决定了你用什么样的句型了，有了句型这个骨架，单词就变得水到渠成，锦上添花了。
在这里，我想说说的记单词方法。其实不特别，很多人都在用。雅思写作嘛，本身就没有明确的单词表，为什么我们却偏偏要给自己这么大的负担和压力去背单词呢。在背单词时候，一定要结合topics，结合观点，有一条的脉络。举个例子，在写
what are the influences if the gap between the poor and the rich is
widening. 我会选择这么一种方式记单词
贫富悬殊扩大The widening disparity
between the rich and the poor--影响influence
两极化 polarize community &
激化社会矛盾intensify the social conflict & 社会对立 social incompatibility &
心理问题 induce psychological problem & 仇富心理 result in hatred for the
wealthy & 自卑心理suffer from inferior mentality & 行为过激 aggressive
behaviour & 游行protest & 罢工strike & 强烈抗议outcry & 暴乱riot & 反政府反社会
anti-government/ anti-society & 发泄不满 give vent to their anger and
dissatisfaction & 增加犯罪 drive up the crime rate
社会不公平 social inequality &
更可能获得公共资源have more access to public resources &
比其他人更容易获得社会特权acquire special privilege over the poor &
进一步分化社会，加剧社会仇恨 Further polarize the society and fuel social hatred
& 产生恶性循环 thereby creating a vicious circle
这么记单词的话，思路就会更加清晰，而且避免了为了使用某个大词而妥协了某个观点的做法。重要的是，单词不再是一个孤立的点，而是一条有机的线
这就是我的记单词方式。其实说准确一点，应该说，这就是我编写自己单词库的方法。我觉得每个人都应该他们自己的单词库。不加思考地背别人的单词库的结果是自己被辐射了，成为了别人单词库的一部分。这就是为什么到现在我都没有upload我的雅思词汇汇总。退一万步说，我觉得我们也应该有这种能力，一种能绕开某个词也能清晰表达自己观点的能力。
说到这，你应该开始变得有信心了，甚至豁然开朗。因为这时候，你的复习计划变得异常的具体和量化了。
复习计划：本人觉得雅思考试之前需要写大概15到20篇雅思写作task2。只有足够的练习才能更好地形成你的写作习惯和写出自己的风格（也就是个性化的模版）。本人考试前是每天写两天篇，如果不自信或者焦虑不安或者更年期症状发作的时候，一天写4篇。而且时间尽可能压缩在30~35分钟完成。允许自己每次写完都有时间重新阅读和查漏补缺。其实啊，重点不在写，而是要看看自己理顺了思路没有，熟悉了文体没有，阐明了你所想的逻辑没有，用上了应该用上的句型没有····假如有一天（其实也就是两周之后的某一天），你突然发现，你已经十有八九了，那你就成功了~~这是一种未出发先兴奋，未考试先激动的感觉，这是一种成功的预兆。哈哈，你的更年期已经结束了~~~！！！
至于小作文吧，它同样重要，因为它是你从6.5到7分的一个很重要的决定因素。假如你发现明明感觉大作文已经写得很好了，为什么还是6或者还是6.5，就是因为你的小作文没跟上。本人觉得写作应该我下面推介的方法来说复习和练习，大概每天写一篇就够了，而且时间一定不能多余18分钟。否则你在写大作文的时候会变得很黄很暴力的~~
以下推介一个很好的网址，对你练习小作文很有帮助的。
http://www.ielts-exam.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=62&Itemid=32
说了这么多，应该对你们有帮助了吧？为了给你们写这么多东西，我可是交了634块澳元的两次雅思考试费用。这样学费真的很贵啊~~
关于大作文和小作文的时间分配
总之，无论是平时练习还是真正的实战，应该先审题，尤其是大作文。认真阅读题目，划出关键字，一定要紧紧围绕题目的问题和它所隐含的内容去思考。最好先用2到3分钟把自己的写作框架简单地下来，然后才动笔。大作文应该控制在35分钟写完，小作文应该在18分之内结束。剩下的5分钟应该通读小作文和大作文各一遍，重点看看自己有没有犯语法错误(重点看我下面关于常犯的低级和致命语法错误)。要知道，在交卷之前，对于文章的观点和结构，你已经不能有什么作为了，唯一能给你加分，或者说，能让你减少被扣分的机会的就是减少不必要的语法错误了。至于先写大作文还是先写小作文，应该根据个人的喜好和习惯。
记住，平时练习的时候就应该严格地执行这些步骤。只有这样，才能在紧张的考场里做到有条不紊。
在准备雅思的过程当中，或许很多人都会像我曾经那样不惜一切代价地去买所谓的名师参考书，因为我们都会自觉不自觉地自我游说：1450块的考试报名费都交得起了，还介意那几十块钱的参考书费吗。其实，有时候想想，我们买的书越多，证明我们越不自信；而且参考书一多，复习计划就会更乱。所以，到目前为止，我只觉得以下几本书稍微有点价值
慎小嶷《十天突破雅思写作》
优点：比较系统地总结了雅思写作的方方面面，而且我最欣赏它的地方是让烤鸭的必备词汇量降到最低。
缺点：想想当全中国80%以上的烤鸭都人手一本的时候，它就不再是烤鸭战场上的大规模杀伤性武器了。
慎小嶷《十天突破写作完整真题库》
优点：比较系统地收集和归类不同类型的雅思题目，我最欣赏它的地方是它能让考生觉得“原来9分作文都是不外如是”，而且我们能很好地找出差距。
缺点：看了这本书，你会很容易地掉进那个“大包围”的题海战术，你会有意无意地想把所有topics
都写了，你会有意无意地背诵别人的观点和9分范文。这样的复习方法是致命的。
吴建业《最新雅思考试胜策》之写作
优点：有很多很好的例句和观点，能让考生从例句中掌握单词，熟悉观点
缺点：观点太多，没有针对性，而且topics
很少，因为这边书是2003年的产物。它已经远远落后雅思写作题库的更新速度
吴建业《最新雅思考试胜策》之词汇
优点：对于渴望背单词的朋友，这本书足够你背了，而且那些词都是按照topics来划分的，所以比其他垃圾词汇书又进了一步。
缺点：我从来反对盲目背单词，更加反对那些为了使用某个单词而要自己的观点妥协的做法。单词是一把双刃剑，它既是武器，又是负担。
注意：以上仅仅属于本人观点和切身感受，也并非为某作者卖广告。我觉得吧，除了上述这四本书，其他的话，可以放到微波炉里面烤一下，看看有没有烤鸭的味道~~~嘻嘻
关于写作预测
每次考雅思前我都一直留意着慎小嶷和中国雅思网预测。经过我接近半年的观察(从2010年10月到2011年3月)，那些预测基本无效。所以迷恋名师预测、提前准备、然后考试打算默写的模式，绝对不是一个好方法。但是写作预测确实为我们提供了很好的练笔机会，而且基本上那些预测涵盖了8大类的题目(即教育类，社会类，科技类，政府类，环保类，发展类，犯罪类)。所以，我建议利用他们的写作预测来练笔，而且一定要按照topics循环来写。我的意思是，比如说今天写关于社会类和教育类的，明天就应该写环保类和政府类，后天就写发展类和犯罪类等。千万不要轻信那些预测里所说的“什么月份通常考什么类别的题材”的无病呻吟。
关于是否参加培训班
对于没有参加过雅思考试或者基础不是太好的人来说，参加培训班能够帮助自己全面地了解雅思考试，快速形成自己的复习方案，这没什么好说的。但是对于那些已经考过3到4的烤鸭来说，对于是否参加所谓的写作7分班、VIP班、冲刺班这个问题就变得很纠结。不参加，心里不踏实，总觉得自己缺了点什么；但是参加过后，又可能觉得进步不明显，浪费了金钱和时间。在这里，我可以肯定的说，“我们要给自己多一点自信，单单靠自己的实力足以应付雅思写作，足以拿7分了”。其实很多中国写作老师有一个通病，在上课的时候，喜欢妖魔化剑桥雅思的批改老师，喜欢打击同学的信心；在评改作文的时候，喜欢侃侃而谈地说这词用得不好那句写得很烂，却忽略真正雅思写作评分标准。而且他们还喜欢吹牛，喜欢把自己的经历传奇化，英雄化。说实在，IELTS
writing is no a big ideal and I firmly believe that all of us can
successfully conquer it.
所以呢，对于已经是身经百战的老鸭，只要你肯努力下苦功，一定能考过的。
TASK 1 小作文
曾经一直忽视小作文，甚至认为雅思写作约等于是写一篇250字的大作文。轻视它的原因可以归结为，字数少(只要150字)，不需要个人观点(纯粹描述客观figures)，有固定的单词和句型，分数只占总分的1/3···直到后来与考官见面的时候，我才意识到小作文的杀伤力。This
is especially true when it comes to those who only got band 6.5 but
indeed demand band 7.0。有时候，6.5分到7分的距离，小作文起了决定性的作用。
按照剑桥雅思的分类，小作文可为：柱状图(bar chart)，饼图(pie
chart)，曲线图(line graph)，表格(table)，地图(map)和流程图(processing
chart)。当然，这只是按照这些图表的属性和特征来归类。为什么我要费那么多笔墨在这个人所共知的问题上面呢？经过我1个月的练习和研究，我发现，如果按照这样的归类，我们得总结出6套相对应的模版(句型和词汇)。其实这样是吃力不讨好，事倍功半的，因为这样的归类方法严重地影响了我们的复习方案和练习计划，而且并没有很好地反应出task
1的本质要求。
我的个人认为，应该把柱状图，饼图，曲线图和表格看作一个总体，然后区分出是纵向比较还是横向比较（下面会继续解释它们的区别和应对方案）；然后地图题是一类，流程图是另外一类。也就是说按照本人的经验，task1
小作文按照图表的本质应该分为：横向比较，纵向比较，地图题和流程图。
纵向比较和横向比较
由于雅思写作task
1中，柱状图，饼图，曲线图和表格占了绝大多数，所以这个板块应该作为复习的重点。每当我们拿到题目的时候，我们第一件事应该做什么？对，看图表（果然是一句废话）！！其实我的意思是，我们得首先观察它们究竟是：不同物体在同一时间点的比较（即横向比较），还是单一物体在不同时间点的比较（即纵向比较）。这一点非常非常非常非常非常重要！！！因为不同的比较，有着不同的内在比较关系。详细分析如下
横向比较：由于没有时间的变动，因此不存在物体或数据的波动，也就是说，那些描述变化趋势、描述变化特征的词汇和句型完全不适用。此时此刻，我们要focus的是
首先我们要找出极值（最大值和最小值）
然后客观地、略有筛选地描述剩余数据（若数据太多，则有所侧重；若数据不多，则全部描述）
接着就是高潮了--找出不同数据之间的共同特征和大小比较（比如说，谁和谁一样大/小，谁是谁的几分之几，谁是谁的多少倍）
高潮过后，就需要有一个意犹未尽但有心无力的总结
纵向比较：顾名思义，就是由于时间的推移，不同物体和数据之间发生了量的变化，也就是说，这时候关于描述变化趋势和变化特征的词汇和句型就用得上了。此时此刻，我们要concentrate的是
首先客观描述变化的大体趋势（是升高了还是降低了，是多了还是少了）
然后描述变化的具体特征（是怎样增加的，是怎样减少的，幅度如何，速率如何）
接着找出变化趋势相似的不同物体，然后客观描述一下，以减少单词和词汇的重复使用，避免啰嗦
同样，这里也需要一个纵横全局的归纳和总结
说了那么多，估计你们也看烦看腻了。毕竟很多人都想着一蹴而就，想着尽可能多背单词多抄句型。好吧，闲话不多说，上货！请大家验明正身！！
多于：More than, just
over, over
少于：Less than, just
几乎：Approximately,
almost, nearly
完全：Exactly,
表示列举data/information句型
Overall, A has the largest number
of名词(NO1) and B the smallest
(NO2). C and D both have NO3; E has NO4.
Overall, Sweden has the largest number
of enrolled students (17) and Syria the
smallest (5). France and Spain both have 12
Germany has 11. It is noticeable that France and Germany
have similar profiles.
has the most+名词+doing (NO1); B is
next with NO2, while C has NO3. D and E have
(相同) NO4 each
Sweden has the most students
studying CAD (9); Spain is next with
7, while France has
6. Germany
and Syria have 4 CAD
students each.
According to the pie chart, A, which is %, is the
most···among the total···, then next is B with %, followed by C,
making up %; and finally come E, F and G at %, %, %
respectively.
According to the pie chart,
chicken, which is 40%, is the most popular among the total meat
sold, then next is pork with 20%, followed by beef, making up 18%;
and finally come lamb, fish and other at 15%, 5% and 2%
respectively.
Experience/witness/see/enjoy+修饰词(最高级)+增加/减少/震荡&
Experience/enjoy + a
significant/the most dramatic + decrease/increase
增加: increase, growth, rise
减少: decrease, drop&
快速: dramatic,
drastic&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
缓慢: gradual, steady, slow
大幅: significant,
substantial&&&&&&
小幅: moderate, slight
considerable/marked/sharp/minor fluctuation
The number of··· was No1 in Yr and rose/reduced by % to
The number of miles that car
traveled was 3199 in 1985 and rose by 50% to 4806 in the subsequent
增加/上升: increase, rise,
grow&&&&&&&
急促上升: jump, soar to, surge to
减少/下降: decrease, drop,
decline& &急促下降: plummet to,
主语+上升/减少
to···& or&
主语+上升/减少
The percentage/proportion/number of is
修饰词 larger/ smaller than that
修饰词&& 明显:
substantially,
obviously&&&
轻微: slightly, moderately
A 修饰词 increase/decrease
修饰词& 大幅:
considerable, significant, substantial& 小幅:
moderate, slight&
表示不变的状态：主语 remain
constant/unchanged/stable/steady at
表示趋势的句型&
there is a downward/ upward/ opposite/ general/ dominant
&下降的/上升的/相反的/总体的/主要的趋势&
···tend to be more/less
preferred&&
倾向越来越受(不)受欢迎&
As can be seen from the table,
walk and certain short-distance transportation, such as cycled and
local bus tend to be less preferred.
There is a considerable increase/decrease
There is a considerable
increase in total miles by all modes of transportation, compared
with the data (4,740 miles) in 1985.
表示比较增长或减少趋势
rose/increased/grew during this period, but less
&&&&&&&&&&
decreased/declined/dropped
The sales of games software
also rose during
this period, but less sharply. Sales increased from
about 13 billion dollars in 2000 to just under 20 billion dollars
three years later.
表示相同相似变化趋势的句式
A similar situation
was seen in the···,
A similar situation was seen in the
wholesale and retail trade sector, where the number
of women rose from about 550 000 in 1975 to almost 800 000 two
decades later.
There are some
similarities between A and B
Be similar to/ A has
something in common with B
表示变化特征的词汇
表示超过的词语
比···多，在数量上超过
profession, women outnumber men by two to one.
= there are twice as many
women as men 在这个行业，女性人数是男性的两倍
The number of men outnumbered
women by four to one. 我们的人数以4比1超过他们
超过···数量
& The price
will not exceed $100.
(在数量或重要性方面)大于，超过
energy may overtake oil as the main fuel.
表示连续的时间段
over a span of ···
= over the period
from···to···&
= in the years
between···and···&
during the same period
the No. years spanning from 19xx through 19xx
from···to···within
the 5 years period
from then on
= from this time
= in the subsequent
···程度副词
doubled/trebled三倍/quadruple四倍/halve减半(NO.
while···doubled/trebled/quadrupled/halved
which were
数字(年份)
数字(年份)
respectively.
The figure by long distance
bus more than doubled during the same period (54 miles vs. 124
miles), while the miles by taxi trebled which were 13 miles and 42
miles respectively.
占总体的多少”或“A为B···倍”或“A为B的···分之···"
···数字(A+B), of which A
were···and B
were···
Italy received 20 million
visitors, of which 1.2 million were from the UK and 1.8 million
were from the USA.
···had a higher/lower total number of
名词than any of the
other+名词&
France had a higher total
number of visitors than any of the other countries on the
表示比较的句型&
同样地，···&
Likewise, the use of other,
unspecified, forms of transport also increased.
contrast/In comparison,
相反地，···&
By contrast, the long distance
vehicle enjoyed a significant increase over the period, spanning
from 1985 to 2000, although there exists some differences.
In comparison, student
expenditure in country C was considerably lower, at only US$1500
compared with the data
与···相比较，···&
there is a considerable increase in total miles by all modes of
transportation, compared with the data (4,740 miles) in
half/twice/triple·times as
many 可数名词
as···, but/yet the number
of···and
···was the same.
Australia had half as
many visitors as Thailand (3 million vs 6
million), but the number of visitors
to those countries from the UK and the USA was the
same, 0.3 million.
句子, while
12 million Americans visited
Canada while 5.5 million visited
···had a higher/lower total number
of···than any of
other+名词复数&
France had a higher total
number of visitors than any of the other countries on the
表示“%”的词语
百分比：percentage,
proportion, share
高：High, large &
highest, largest
低：low, small—lowest,
表示“占%”的词组
constitute/occupy/account for/compose/comprise
of B be composed of A&
(总体)有%的(某一元素)
名词 be composed of
&&(总体)有%的(某一元素)
Around 15% of our diet is
composed of protein. &我们的饮食中大约有15%的蛋白质
&(某一元素)构成总体的%
Christians compose around 2.5%
of the country’s population 基督教徒占这个国家人口的2.5%
Older people comprise a large
proportion of those living in poverty.
Constitute
Constitute around 60% of the
total/a larger percentage (around 20%) of
Constitute the majority of the
labour force.& 占劳动力的大多数
Dry lands occupy a third of
the world’s surface. 陆地占了地球表面的三分之一
(数量上，比例上)占&
The Japanese market accounts
for 35% of the company’s revenue.&
日本市场占公司收入的35%.
对了，差点忘了，要区分数据是data 还是
percentage.这个决定了相对应的词汇
如果大家能够熟练地掌握我上述的总结和归纳的话，相对对于以上四种图表一定能够得心应手了
Part 2 地图题
地图是最近比较流行的题目，本人连续考的4次雅思写作里面，居然有两次都是地图题（12月11日和2月26日）。不过对于应付这种题型，大家不用害怕，其实没什么大不了的。慎小嶷最近的新书《十天突破写作完整真题库》里面的DAY
297~318)，有详细的归纳。以下内容均为摘抄该书的章节。恳请大家尊重别人的知识产权，在没有得到原作者允许的情况下，请勿用于商业用途~~
表示“A位于”&
located/situated/lies···
A is just off the road
to···& A就在通向某地的路边上
A is right at the center of···
A就在···的正中央
表示“A靠近或者紧挨着B”:A
is next to/near/close to
表示“A在距离B某一面···公里处”&
located/situated/lies···kilometers/miles to the
east/west/north/south of B
表示“A位于B内的某个部分”&
A is located/ situated/ lies
in the eastern/western/northern/southern part of B
表示“A在B的某个角上”&
A lies/is located/is situated
on/at the east/west/north/south/corner of B
表示“剩下的”部分：The
rest of the···
表示“道路通向/河流流向某处”:
The road runs from···to···
The river runs/ flows
from···to···
表示“沿着河流/道路”:
Along with river/road&& Alongside
the river/road
表示“A在道路或者河流的某一侧”&
A is located/situated/lies on
the north/south side of the river/ the road
e.g. situated on the south
side of the River Thames, this hotel offers its guests an ideal
location in central London
表示“A与B仅一河之隔/仅一路之隔”:
A is right across from B
表示“A在道路或河流的南北端”&
A is located/situated/lies on
the north/south end of the river/the road
表示“A在B的对面”:
A is opposite B
表示“A在B某一侧的边界上”&
A is located/situated/lies on
the eastern/western/northern/southern border of B
表示“A在B某侧的边缘上”&
A is located/situated/lies on
the eastern/western/northern/southern edge of B
表示“A朝北/朝南/面朝公园等”&
A faces north/south
A faces towards the north/ the
A faces a park
表示“斜向的方位”:
north-east&&&&&&&
东南 south-east
north-west&&&&&&&
西南 south-west
表示建筑物的布局：Layout&
指一个建筑物周边的环境：The surroundings
of a building
表示“A占据了某个空间”：A
表示A由几个不同的部分组成：A
consists of/ is composed of/ is made up of B, C and D
表示A的长度是：The
length of A is···=A is···in length
表示A的宽度是：The
width of A is···=A is···in width
表示A的面积是：A
is···in area
The farm is 50 kilometers in
The building almost doubled in
floor area.
表示大约：approximately, roughly,
about, around
表示一块地：a patch
of land/ a stretch of land
表示从A·延伸到·：A
extended/ stretched from···to···
extended from Main Street to King George Street
&This period
stretched from the mid-eighteenth century to the late nineteenth
表示比较，“与···所不同的是”&
Unlike A, B
Compared with A, B
A···while/ whereas
In comparison/ in contrast/ by
contrast, B
表示可以“使用”：available
表示可以“容纳”：can
accommodate
表示理论上讲：in
theory, theoretically, hypothetically
表示但事实上：but in
reality/ however, realistically/ yet in practice/ but in
as a matter of fact,
表示在某处建造了A：A
was built in=was constructed in=was established in
表示在某处又增建了A：A
was added to=an addition was made to···,which was A
表示改动原建筑或原场地：v. change/
modify/ remodel
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
n. change/modification/remodeling
表示A被改造成了B：A
was turned into/ was transformed into/ was converted into
表示A被搬走或拆掉：A
was removed/ demolished/ taken down from···
表示A被B取代了：A
was replaced by B/ A made way for B
表示A的面积缩小：the
size of A was reduced to only half of/ one third of the original
表示A的面积扩大:
A was expanded to twice its size=the size of A almost
表示A向XX方向延伸：expand/extend
northward/southward/eastward/westward
表示A经历了：A
experienced/ witnessed/saw
first=initially=in the beginning=originally
接着：then=next=after that=in
the following stage=in the next/subsequent
period=afterward
在这个阶段：at this
point=in this phase=in this stage
最终：finally=eventually=in the
对于流程图，本人从来没有准备过。我觉得没必要捡了芝麻丢了西瓜。毕竟它出现的频率很低，而且几乎很难准备。有见及此，对于那些在考试当中遇到流程图的烤鸭们，我只能说：“不要慌，不要怕，前面就是天堂，一路走好！！”
TASK 2 大作文
考官是怎么改卷子的？
知己知彼，百战百胜，所以“考官是怎么改卷子的，他以什么为标准的评分”的尤为重要。经过朋友的介绍，我认识了Steward，他是一位资深的写作老师和改卷老师，在悉尼大学语言中心工作(那些在悉尼的朋友，如果想找他的话，请给我留言，我有他的联系方式)。我上了他两小时的课，他帮我改了12篇大作文和2篇小作文。我觉得这短短的两小时，远远比上什么新东方新航道环球雅思什么保7班精品班重要得多得多。after
all，很多中国雅思老师还是处于意淫阶段。
看着他改了12篇文章，发现他改作文的模式非常非常的mechanical，他说考官一般会在1小时内改六份作文（including
task 1 and task2），那就是说平均5分钟改一篇。在这五分钟里，他就死死地盯着评分规则，从task
response, coherence and cohesion, lexical resources, grammatical
range and accuracy
这四个方面评分。而且让我无比深刻的是：雅思是一门语言能力考试，它侧重于测试学生的语言表达能力，而不是思维能力。记住：核心词是语言表达！！
雅思写作7分是什么样的概念
以下是雅思写作的7分标准
task response:
all parts of the task
presents a clear
position throughout the reponse
presents, extend and
supports main ideas, but there may be a tendency to
over-generalise and/or supporting ideas may lack focus.
用中文最简单的理解是：首尾都要回答问题，允许泛泛而谈。这就是说，我们没必要花太多的精力去考虑观点是否绝对严谨是否意义深刻，关键是要告诉考官你的思考逻辑。这就是剑桥雅思的魅力，它要考你的不是你的思维能力，而是你的语言表达能力。哪怕在ridiculous的观点，只要你能用最恰当的语言去表达，你也可以同样得7分（当然，如果你的目标是8分，你就当我痴人说话吧）。还有就是说，很多题目本身包含很广泛的概念，很多大学教授用十几万字都解释不清的关系，怎么就能让我们这些门外汉用三言两语就解释好呢。说了这么多，我想说的是，如果你从一开始就习惯背诵满分作文，习惯复制别人的观点，这样的复习方法会很吃力（我不敢说是错的，那是确实低效，甚至有赌博成分），事倍功半。毕竟我们都是正常人，我们都有自己的思考能力和理解能力，我们说的每一个观点都是make
sense，不make sense的是我们没把那个观点说清楚。
coherence and cohesion
organises information and ideas, there is clear
progression throughout
lises a range of
cohesive devices appropriately although there may
be some under-or over use
presents a clear
topic within each paragragh
用中文最简单的意思是：分段分点，每点之前必须有连接词。这一点非常非常容易达到（我总结了大量这样的词汇，明天或者后天上传上来）。然后那个考官最为推介的范式（以argumentation的题目为例，因为report类的文章更死板了）：开头段+主体段（让步一段，支持（反对）两段）+结尾段。其实说白了，就是我们最熟悉不过的模版。也就是说，模版是非常有用的，之所以变成没用（serve
no helpful
purpose）是因为用模范的那个人没有用（想起粤语里面的一句歇后语，叫“太监撒尿”）。至于怎么用模版才能变得不落于俗套，下文回答问题7的时候会有详细分析。
(c). lexcial
uses a sufficient
range of vocabulary to allow some flexibility and
uses less common
lexical items with some awareness of style and
collocation
may produce
occasional erros in word choice, spelling and/or
word formation
用中文最简单的意思是：足够就好，不需要多；一两个大词就够，不需要滥。一说到单词，相信我们并不陌生，甚至认为学英语就是背单词，写作就是单词的选美与堆砌。尽管我们都知道这是不对的，但是依旧默默地坚持着，比如说背诵一大堆同义词代换，一大堆除了莎士比亚见过之外其他人都没见过的大词。这样的复习会很累而且会逐渐把雅思写作从逻辑表述变成词汇大杂烩。至于何谓是足够的单词，何谓是less
common lexical
items，这就是问题6的范畴了。经过我写了大概30篇雅思作文，我觉得我们需要的词汇其实真的不多（我的词汇表一定会upload上来，估计在明天或者后天）。我想说的是，记单词最好的方法是，把单词放到句型或者例句上面来，然后句型或者例句一定要与雅思写作topic
相关。如果不相关，证明那个词就算记住了，也不会用。
Grammatical range and accuracy
uses a variety of
complex structures
produces frequent
error-free sentences
has good control of grammar
and punctuation but may make a few
用中文最简单的意思是：句子结构多样性和允许语法错误的存在。对于句子结构多样性，这一点，我觉得我们中国学生肯定没问题的，什么定语从句，什么名词性从句，什么状语从句，倒装句，虚拟语态，被动语态等，我们只会过犹不及。从我的个人经验来看，我有时候会把定语从句和同位语从句搞乱（并不是我们不知道有什么不同，而是一紧张就很容易忽视了）。说到语法错误，我可以说，我们中国学生最最最常犯的语法错误都是非常低级（请参考part.4内容）。
雅思写作7分所需要的词汇
(a). 雅思写作必备连词--只要掌握了这些连词，就能符合到coherence and
cohesion 7分以上的要求
以下为英语写作(雅思写作，学术论文等)必备的连词汇总。以下的内容参考了悉尼大学本科学生orientation
handbook里面关于如何preparing for
essays的总结，再加上本人的积累。有些连词与下面的句型汇总重合，请以句型汇总为重点。对于应该雅思写作和大学学术论文绝对绰绰有余，希望能帮助大家。&
为了更好地分享我的经验，我将以下的词语划分成三组&
用下划线highlight的是适用那些总感觉雅思写作写不长、写不满250字、需要灌水的同学&
用粗体highlight的是适用于那些每次都写得太长、写爆格，务实的同学&
用斜体highlight的是适用于那些有强烈大词欲，渴望用大词整死考官的同学&
To signal sequence or
Accordingly,
actually, additionally, afterwards, again,
also, and, another, as was previously stated,
as well as, at the same time,
besides this, consistent with this,
correspondingly, equally important, finally,
further, furthermore, in
addition, in a like manner, in the first place, in the
same way, including, initially, last, likewise, more importantly,
moreover, next, originally, overall, primarily,
similarly, to begin with, too,
what is more.
afterward, as long as, at first,
at last, at length, at the same time, before, concurrently,
currently, during, finally, following, immediately, in the future,
in the meantime, last but not least,
later, meanwhile, next, once, presently, rarely,
simultaneously, sometimes,
subsequently, then, this time, until,
until then, whenever, while.
show results
Accordingly, as a result,
consequently, for this reason, hence,
in other words,
in that case, it
follows that, it is
evident that, otherwise,
resulting from
this, so it can be seen that, that being the case, therefore
this implies, this suggests that, thus, under these
circumstances.
introduce evidence/support/reasons
Contradictory to this,
contrarily, in support of this, it follows, this is clear because,
the evidence
for···is, the reasons for···are, this is supported by,
to affirm this, to attest to this, to corroborate, to
explain, to further confirm, to further verify, to list,
to substantiate this, in substantiation.
signal repetition, summary, or conclusion
Accordingly,
all in all, all together, as a final point, as a result,
as I have noted, as
indicated earlier, as mentioned, as previously stated, as we
have seen, briefly, by and large, consequently,
finally, given
these facts, hence, in brief, in
conclusion, in other words, in short, in summary, to sum up, in summation, on the
whole, overall, since, so, summing up, then,
therefore, thus, thus we can see that, to
conclude, to recapitulate, to repeat, to
To introduce causes
or effects
Accordingly,
as a result, because,
consequently, due
to, for as much as, for that reason, hence, in as
much as, in that, in view of, on account
of, owing, since, then, therefore, thus, to narrow the focus, after all,
perspective, from
this point of view, given this context, in fact, in order
to, in other words,
in particular, in this
case, in this context, indeed, particularly, put another
way, specifically, that is, this is particularly true when,
under certain, circumstances, up to a point, with this in mind.
After all,
although, alternately, and yet, at the same time,
be that as it may, bu, contrastingly,
conversely, despite,
dissimilarly, even though, for all that, however, in contrast, in
contrast to this, in opposition to this, in reality, in spite of this, inconsistent with this is that,
instead, meanwhile, nevertheless,
nonetheless, notwithstanding, on the contrary, on the one hand, on
the other hand, otherwise, paradoxically, rather
than, regardless of, still, though, whereas, when
in fact, yet.
analogous to, another similar issue is, at
the same time, by the same token, equally, in comparison, in like
manner, in similar fashion, in the same way,
likewise, similarly.
In other words,
that is, that is to say, this
means that, to clarify, to elaborate, to explain, to
paraphrase, to put it
another way.
show purpose
In order to, in the hope that, for
the purpose, with this end, to the end that, with this
All the same, at any rate,
either way, in any event, in
either case, whatever
signal concession
Admittedly,
albeit, although it is true that
certainly, even so, granted, it may appear
that, knowing this, naturally, of course, this is only the case when,
while this is true,
while it may seem
signify a condition
that, in the event of, on the condition that,
providing that, so long
prove examples
As an illustration, by way
of example, for example, for
instance, in particular, in support of this, notably, to
demonstrate, to elaborate, to exemplify, to
highlight, to illustrate, specifically, that is.
Concerning
this, considering this, with respect to, with regards
matter of fact, certainly, chiefly, especially, importantly,
in any case, in particular, indeed, it must be emphasised, that,
mainly, mostly, notably,
obviously, of course,
particularly, primarily, specifically,
truly, undoubtedly.
雅思写作必备同义词代换--只要掌握了这些连词，就能游刃有余地驾驭我们想要表达的观点，满足lexcial resource
对于雅思写作，总有那么一个问题绕不开，那就是我们究竟需要积累多少个单词才能写出一篇能够完整表达我们观点的文章。有的老师说最起码要有6级的词汇量，有的老师(慎小嶷)说熟记286个单词就足够~~根据本人的经验，我觉得在一开始备考的时候，完全没有必要去考虑我们究竟需要多少个单词，因为在没有练笔就开始记单词的情况，我们的思路往往受我们所记过的单词的影响。在这样的惯性下，我们很可能很生硬地套用单词，而不是自然而然地抒发观点。我觉得只有在自己平时充分练笔(我自己大概写了30多篇雅思作文)的前提下，我们才知道我们自己究竟需要什么样的单词和词组，需要多少的同义词代换~~我的经验是：不要让单词成为自己的负担，最好是边写边积累，毕竟我们不是考GRE。哪怕是GRE词汇的巨人也可能成为雅思写作的侏儒~~关键是用词准确到位，清晰表达观点
以下是经过我30篇雅思写作练笔之后总结出来的75组必备的同义词代换，如果能熟练掌握，必定能让你们在驾驭和阐述观点的时候变得游刃有余~~其实不单单是为了雅思写作，出国留学不能避免的就是每个学期排山倒海的individual
assignments和group works，相信以下的词汇对大家是有帮助的。
导致：v. cause, bring about, give rise to,
lead to, generate, create, Be a contributing factor
认为：v. point out, argue, claim, assert,
think, consider
强调：v. emphasize, bring/call attention to,
accentuate, heighten, strengthen
集中：v. focus on, concentrate
解决：v. combat, address, tackle, resolve,
从事：v. carry out, conduct,
承认：v. concede, admit, acknowledge, accept,
allow, grant
支持：v. support, advocate, agree
增加：v. increase, grow, rise,
increase, growth, rise, enlargement
改善：v. improve, enhance, upgrade,
&&&&&&&&&&
&&n. improvement, enhancement,
扩张：v. expand, enlarge, extend, widen,
&&&&&&&&&&&
&n. expansion, enlargement,
提高：v. augment, increase, develop,
n. augment, increase, development
发展：v. develop, advance, grow, evolve,
&&&&&&&&&&&
&n. development, advancement, growth,
flourishing
产生：v. develop, come into being/existence,
come about
获得：v. acquire, gain, get, obtain,
执行：v. implement, execute, put into effect,
&& n. implementation,
performance
实现：v. achieve, fulfill, gain, accomplish,
&&&&&&&&&&
achievement, accomplishment, attainment
开始：v. commence, begin,
&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&n. commencement, beginning,
12.&促进：v.
promote, further, advance, encourage, stimulate,
&&&&&&&&&&&&&
n. promotion, advancement
鼓励：v. stimulate, encourage, act as
stimulus, motivate
n. encouragement, incentive, motivation
唤起：v. arouse, cause, induce, prompt,
trigger, spark off
需要：v. call for, demand,
16.&取代：v.
replace, take the place of, substitute for
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
n. replacement, substitution for, in place of
17.&加快：v.
accelerate, speed up,
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
n. Acceleration, speeding up
18.&减轻：v.
abate, lessen, reduce, alleviate,
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
n. abatement, lessening, alleviation,
mitigation
19.&保护：v.
protect, preserve, conserve
&&&&&&&&&&
protection, preservation, conservation
保卫：v. safeguard, defend,
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
n. safeguard, defence, shelter
21.&建立：v.
establish, set up, found, construct
&& n. establishment, foundation,
construction
22.&遵守(规则，法律)：abide
by, comply with, follow, respect, act in accordance
23.&允许：v.
allow, permit, give the means to, facilitate
反对：v. object, raise objections,
减少：v. decrease, lower, reduce, cut
&& n. decrease, reduction, drop,
3.&耗尽：v.
deplete, exhaust, use up
n. depletion, exhaustion, using up,
4.&阻碍：v.
hamper, hinder, obstruct, impede, inhibit
&&&&&&&&&&
& n. hindrance, obstruction, obstacle,
impediment
限制：v. limit, curb, restrict, place a limit
&& n. limit,
restriction
6.&危及：v.
endanger, imperil, jeopardize, put at risk
7.&衰败：v.
deteriorate, degrade, degenerate, rot
n. deterioration, degeneration
8.&恶化：v.
exacerbate, aggravate, worsen, inflame
&&&&&&&&&&&&
n. exacerbation, aggravation, worsening
9.&加剧：v.
intensify, escalate, sharpen, aggravate
n. escalation, intensification, aggravation
破坏：v. damage, destroy, ruin,
&n. damage, destruction, ruin,
devastation
&adj. devastating, destructive
11.&污染：v.
pollute, contaminate
n. pollution, contamination
12.&败坏：v.
pervert, corrupt, deprave, lead astray, debase
扭曲：v. distort, pervert, misrepresent,
falsify, misstate, misreport
削弱：v. weaken, undermine, impair,
invalidate
15.&干涉：v.
interfere in/with, intervene in, impinge
on/upon(侵犯)
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&n.
interference/intervention/involvement
16.&侵犯：v.
encroach on/upon (time/rights/personal life)
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
n. encroachment on/upon = impinging on/upon
17.&与···相违背/相矛盾：run
counter to = run contrary to
Contradict (each other)= conflict with = be at odds with
误解：v. misunderstand, misapprehend,
misinterpret
&&&&&&&&&&&
&& n. misunderstanding,
misapprehension, misinterpretation
19.&逃避：v.
escape, break out, evade, elude
遭受：v. suffer from, be stricken with, be
afflicted with
违反：v. violate, disobey, transgress,
&&&&&&&&&&
violation, infringement, contravention, breach
22.&忽视：v.
lose sight of, ignore, neglect
疏远：v. alienate, isolate,
become/get estranged from
n. alienation, isolation, estrangement
其他重要的同义词代换&
大量的：enormous, massive, tremendous,
considerable
重要的：significant, substantial, crucial,
严重的：adj. severe, serious, acute,
severely, seriously, acutely,
drastically&
4.&有害的：adj.
hazardous, dangerous, harmful
5.&贫穷的：adj.
poor, poverty-stricken, destitute, impoverished
6.&富有的：adj.
rich, wealthy,
affluent&&
7.&差距：n.
gap, disparity, divergence
8.&积极的：beneficial,
advantageous
消极的：baneful,
detrimental
10.&明显的：manifest,
obvious, evident, apparent
11.&影响：impact,
repercussion, effect, ramification
12.&人类：the
human race, human being, humankind, humanity
13.&当代：in
current society, in this day and age, in present-day society, in
contemporary society
14.&传统的：traditional,
conventional, old-fashioned
15.&健康的：healthy,
vigorous, robust
16.&有营养的：nutritious,
nourishing, wholesome, healthy
常用的正向形容词
Adequate/ basic/
broad/ general/ sufficient 充分的/ 基本的/ 宽泛的/ 大概的/
Penetrating/
profound/ revealing/ remarkable/ proper/
入木三分的/ 深刻的/ 发人心省的/
出色的/ 正确的/ 彻底的
Original/ unique/
fresh/ rare/ clear/ fascinating/ interesting
独到的/ 独特的/ 新鲜的/ 少有的/
清楚的/ 生动的/ 有趣的
Significant/
substantial/ considerable
常用的负向形容词
Unethical/ immoral/
unscrupulous/ unprincipled 不道德的
Antisocial/
unacceptable/ undesirable 反社会的/ 不能接受的/ 令人不快的
Aggressive/
criminal/ disruptive/ violent 挑衅的/ 犯罪的/ 扰乱的/
Notorious/
appalling/ vicious/ bloody 臭名昭著的/ 令人震惊的/ 令人发指的/
雅思写作必备写作单词--这一项是最虚最模糊的一项。不同的人因为有不同的观点，因而需要不同的独特单词。(如果时间紧迫的同学，请先参考慎小嶷的《十天突破雅思写作》，如果时间宽裕的朋友，请按照我在复习计划里所说那样自我总结单词串来记忆，按照8大类topics来总结)
雅思写作常见的语法错误
雅思写作低级语法错误
(1) 冠词a, an,
the的乱用，少用，多用。（对于这个问题，考官说了，this mistake is
insignificant and it takes time for people to avoid
it）。结合自身经验，就算我自己真的看了语法书，我们也同样会继续犯错，但这个错误不影响我们拿7分（当然也不能每句话都错一两次）
名词单复数。这个问题很普遍，特别要搞清楚哪些名词是可数的，哪些名词是不可数的，哪些名词是既可数又不可数（可数与不可数表达不一样的意思），哪些名词是单复数同形，以及哪些词可以修饰可数，哪些只能修饰不可数。这就需要积累。特别是平时写作的时候，刻意留意这个问题，在有疑问的单词打圈，然后写完之后马上查词典。以下是从网络上找来的，很管用的总结。
单数名词不能单独存在，一般前面应该有限定词修饰。
不定冠词a/an永远只能修饰单数可数名词。
every和each永远只能修饰单数可数名词。但every+数词+复数名词是正确的，如：every ten
序数词后面一般使用单数可数名词。
anther永远只修饰单数可数名词。但another+数词/few+复数名词是正确的，如：another
another few books
other通常修饰复数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。，如Henry Smith is taller than any other student
in his class.
下列词和短语只能修饰复数名词
these,those,many,various,several,numerous,diverse,few,a
few,both,a (good/large/great) number of,numbers of,one
大于1的词数只能修饰复数名词&！！牢记的结构：one/two/many+of+限定词+复数名词！！
只能修饰单数可数名词的词：one,anther,a/an,this,that,each,every,either,such
a,many a ！！注意！！many student以及many a
只能修饰复数可数名词的词：&1的数字(two,six.....),hundred,thousand,million,both,several,many,few,a
few,these,those,a (good/large/great) number of, numbers of,the numberof,numbers
of,numerous,various,diverse,a series of,a wide range of,a
collevtion of
只修饰不可数名词的词：much,little,a
litter,a great deal of,a great amount of,a piece of,an article
既可修饰不可数又能修饰可数的词：
&& & a lot
plenty of&
&&&a wealth
&(a) part of
enough (of) the rest
of& &other&
&& &one third
&& & a variety
主谓一致：这个语法最好上百度百科，那里的分析非常详细。我发现经常犯主谓一致的错误是
当主语后面有as well as,
with, along with, together with, but, like, rather than,
except等引导的短语时,谓语动词要与最前面的主语保持一致.
"half of, the rest
of, most of, all of及百分数或分数+of
等后接名词"作主语时,谓语动词形式根据of后的名词而定.
动词的时态问题，现在时，过去式，过去分词的问题。
标点符号的运用：千万不要出现满篇作文全是逗号的中国特色社会主义现象。一个句子当主谓宾完整出现就是一个句子。更加不要用叹号。
(6). 不要用缩写：例如don't,
can't, won't等。一旦出现缩写，证明你太业余太随意了，一点都不学术。
雅思写作致命语法错误
句子成分缺失，通常是缺谓语（由于谓语用了动名词或者过去分词）
定语从句和同位语从句的混淆（特别容易在引导同位语从句时，误以为引导定语从句）
定语从句与状语从句的混淆（例如where,
when等引导的从句需要特别注意，要清楚其在句子中的成分）
在使用倒装句时，请注意助动词提前。如果不熟练，那就请你不要用了。
雅思写作的误区
雅思考官是不太在乎你是用一面倒还是”先让步再支持“&&
记得在悉尼海外东方学院的J老师说过，现在“一面倒”已经很难甚至不能拿7分了。我问了一下考官，他给我的答复非常的straightforward，无论让步还是一面倒，都是可以拿7分，关键是reasonably
explain and extend your idea.
(b). 雅思写作中只要是问opinion的题目(包括”discuss both
views and give your own opinion“和”to what extent do you agree or
disagree")，开头和结尾都要表明观点
记得还是悉尼海外东方学院，还是那个“名师”J，他说在写”discuss both view
and give your opinion”和” to what extent do you agree and
disagree”的开头是不要一样的。前者不用一开始就表明你自己的opinion，后者才需要。但是雅思考官给我的回答是：“you
should preview the question and give you opinion immediate so that
the examiners can easily understand what you are going to
argue”.这就是说慎小嶷《十天》里面最喜欢的开头了，“介绍背景+分析双方观点+表明自己态度”；也就是说用模版。
雅思写作如何展开论证
记住三个英文单词“explain”,“extend”or“example”
你或我总会那么一个时候，想到了一个观点但是不知道怎么论证，或者不知从哪一个点开始论证。其实很简单，要么你就说为什么这个观点会产生，要么你就说这一观点所产生的影响（积极或消极），要么就举例子说明观点的存在性。无非就是这么三种思考方向。假如一篇文章你有4个观点，只要上述三项各用一两次，文章看起来更加有可信度，句型就自然而然变得有多样性的。
！！！重点推介···雅思写作必备句型！！！
说到这，我就分享一下怎么才能让模版看起来不像模版。最立竿见影的方法是总结和归类句型。经过我三个月的复习和总结，我发现雅思作文无非就是以下几种关系：开头句型，插入语和连词，中立关系，积极关系，消极关系，因果关系，建议关系和结尾句型。我总结超过160个句型，而且我所有文体（report类，argumentation类，综合类），几乎所有领域（教育类，社会类，发展类，环保类，犯罪类，科技类等）都写过了，而且所写的文章经过考官批改都是至少7分，有几篇8分。我这就是归功于我平时积累的这些句型。而且在上次2月26日的考试（题目应该算是比较难的，小作文地图题+社会类粮食方面的大作文）中，我用了36分钟去写地图题，只剩下24分钟写大作文，我当时都很害怕，害怕写不完。但是我总结的句型帮了我一大忙。我用了20分就写完了，最后得了7.5分。并不是我在吹牛，我只是想说，学会用以下句型，既可以保证你有稳定的发挥，又可以有效的避免语法错误，而且还能把大词很自然而然地就写出来了，一点都不造作。
还有，我想说的是，这里没有所谓的7分句型或者什么6分句型。我觉得这样划分只会导致我们盲目地背诵高分句型而忽略它实际的用法和语境。什么是高手？高手就是用最简单方式表达最准确的意思。你们可以根据自己的喜好和习惯，自己选择。还有，再好的句型，如果不能很随心所欲地从自己笔下写出来，那只能证明那个句型还不是属于自己。这就需要平时刻意的运用，每写完一篇之后再回过头来看看，有哪些更恰当的句型没有用上。经过多次的trial
and error，这些句型就会变成你以后show off的资本了。
我怎么变得这么啰嗦啊，说了这么多还没有上货。对了，还有一点，对于以下所有句型和单词，我都查过牛津高阶词典和柯林斯大词典，语境和用法基本是正确。很多都配上例子，如果发现有错的，希望大家提个醒，我会马上纠正。
如果觉得要记上这160+的句型很吃力的话，或者觉得下周就要考试了，来不及熟悉用法的话，我用红色highlight了我最最最常用的，最最最喜欢的而且最最最万金油的句型&
(a). 开头句型
适合discussion问题的开头
The issue/ discussion/
topic/ problem/ subject about/ of (whether
从句 or how +
不定式) is of great interest/ concern/
importance/ significance to/ for···
has triggered/sparked off&an intense controversy
in the realm of···
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
The issue of···is of
great interest to···
e.g. The issue of whether the
practice of requiring students to wear school uniforms will affect
their personality and individuality is of great interest to many
The topic of···is of
great concern for···
e.g. The topic of whether it
is appropriate and effective to use corporal punishment on young
children is of great concern for many people.
The subject of···is
of great importance to···
e.g. The subject of how to
resolve the problems caused by the rapid development of technology
nowadays is of great importance to many scientists.
The discussion
about···is of great significance to···
e.g. The discussion about the
most effective way to provide financial and technological supports
to third-world countries is of great significance to both
industrialized and developing countries.
The question of···is
a matter of much contention among
The problem···has
been widely debated in the world of···
The inquiry into··has
triggered/sparked off an intense controversy in the realm
e.g. The inquiry into the
morality of conducting various researches and experiments on human
cloning has triggered an intense controversy in the realm of
对于人类克隆研究与实验的道德性所作的研究已经引起了科学界的激烈争议
适合agree/disagree问题的开头
Although it is
commonly believed that···, this is actually not the
Although it is commonly believed that conventional views about a
healthy lifestyle and proper conduct are no longer relevant to
young people’s needs today, this is actually not the
Although it is widely
accepted that···, this is simply untrue in our day-to-day
experiences
Although it is
generally acknowledged that···, this can hardly be held true in
many real-life situations.
Although conventional
wisdom has it that···, the reality of the situation is often far
more complicated than that.
虽然传统大众观念认为···，但是现状却远比这种观念要复杂得多
Although the received
opinion is that···, the harsh realities usually turn out to be a
completely different picture
虽然大众普遍接受的观点是···，但是无情的现实往往显现出不同的图景
e.g. Although the received
opinion is that schoolchildren generally benefit from watching
television and using other high-tech media in their learning
process, the harsh realities usually turn out to be a completely
different picture.
Although many people
subscribe to the belief that···, this is in fact a common
misconception that we need to clear up
虽然许多人认同这样的观点：···，但是事实上这却是一种我们需要澄清的普遍错误观念
e.g. Although many people
subscribe to the belief that providing public library facilities
and services is a waster of taxpayer’s money, this is in fact a
common misconception that we need to clear up.
Although most
individuals are convinced that···, this is actually a popular myth
that must be exploded.
虽然大多数人坚信···，但这却是一种我们必须揭穿的普遍错误观点
e.g. Although most individuals
are convinced that their happiness is closely linked with the level
of their financial success, this is actually a popular myth that
must be exploded.
表示趋势的句型
There has been a
growing trend that···
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&an interesting tendency
that/of···
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
a common practice of/that···
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&& a widespread
phenomenon that···
e.g. There has been a
widespread phenomenon that students from rural areas find it
increasingly difficult to have access to college or university
education.
Recent decades have
seen an increased awareness of···
Recent decades have
witnessed a major transformation in···
e.g. Recent decades have
witnessed a major transformation in agricultural development, where
industrial technologies are being employed and new varieties of
crops are being created, yet, opponents of this development have
raised a number of difficult questions. From my point of view, this
is a really complicated matter, and we need further investigations
to understand the whole picture.
(b). 中立关系
It is worth
mentioning that···&&
值得一提的是
It is by no means
certain that···&&
完全不能确定的是
It is far too soon
that···&&
为时过早的是
It is not uncommon
that···&&
不足为奇的是
It is undeniable
that···&&
不可否认的是
It is unavoidable
不可回避的是
It is obvious/
evident/ manifest that&&
It is gradually borne
in on sb that&&
逐渐被某人认识到
It is of great
interest that···&&
广为兴趣的是
It is of paramount
importance that···&&
It is of great
urgency that···&&
刻不容缓的是
副词 + suggested/argued/advised/believed
It is widely accepted
generally/commonly believed
普遍相信的是
It is universally
acknowledged that&&
众所周知的是
strongly/commonly suggested recommended/ advised
强烈建议的是
It is sometimes
argued that&&
有时候争论的是
There is/was
little/no substance that
···几乎毫无/没有根据
It is no without
substance that ···并非没有根据
表达观点的句式
of······的支持者
of······的反对者
&&&&&&&&&Point
out/ argue/ claim声称/believe /
assert断言/
declare宣称/
conceive设想
表示趋势的句型
There has been a growing trend that···
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&an interesting tendency
that/of···
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&a common practice
of/that···
&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&a widespread phenomenon
that···
&Recent decades have seen an increased awareness
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&& witnessed a major
transformation in
表示“强调某种状态在特定明显或不明显”的句型
This is especially
true if/when we consider the fact that/when it comes to/in terms
&&&当我们考虑··的时候，这一点尤为正确
It is not even always
that···&&&&&
···并不是总是正确的
Incline to = tend
Gain/get/have(direct/free/ready/unlimited/unrestricted/restricted/equal)&access
获得/得到直接/自由/容易/方便/不受限制/受限制/平等/接近的机会
e.g. Men and wowen should have
equal access to education and employment.
Be accompanied
Be entitled to = be
eligible to = be authorised to
&&使享有权利，使符合资格
e.g. the privately insured are
entitled to special benfits such as having the choice pf their own
doctors, and being able to avoide long waiting lists for hospital
Have and will continue
&&现在是并且将来也会继续···
e.g. Education has been and
will continue to be central to the country’s economic performance
in the 21st century.
Give rise to = bring
about = create = generate =
provoke(负面的) =
evoke& 引起，造成
e.g. Computers have brought
about many changes in the workplace.
Have/exert an
influence/impact/effect on sb/sth&
起···作用
Play a role in
扮演···角色
正面:Considerable/enormous/dominant/profound/crucial/beneficial(favourable)/
stablizing/pervasive/substantial/lasting/formative
&&&&&&&相当大的/巨大的/起支配作用的/深远的/有利的/稳定的/广泛的/实际的/(对成长或发展)
负面:adverse(unfavourable)/corrupting
/destructive (devastating/disruptive)
不利的/腐蚀的/破坏的
Have inherent
advantages/disadvantages&
有内在的优点/缺点
e.g. In terms of environmental
protection, exporting agricultural products by means of air
transportation has its inherent disadvantages.
Be in a position to
有条件去做
e.g.&Because
of the existence of express transport such as air freight, people
in frigid zone are in a position to acquire more nutritious food
and vegetable from the tropical zone.
Be a double-edged
&&&···是一把双刃剑
Equip sb with sth =
furnish sb with sth
&装备，使有能力，向···提供
Turn on = hinge
e.g The environmental
protection hinges on the actual action by the civilians.
A is a key determinant
A是B的决定因素
e.g.& In an
individual’s career, tenacity is a key determinant of
Be an underlying
factor in···&&
是···潜在/隐含力量
e.g.& Human
curiosity is an underlying factor in the growing popularity of
newspapers
Rely (almost
exclusively) on = depend on
&&(几乎全)依靠
Children should not always rely on parent’s help.
Be considered as = be
think of as = be acknowledged as = be regarded as
Be served/used as a
brenchmark&
It turned out that =
turn out to be&&
E.g. the advancement of
technology turns out be conducive to the mankinds.
Be confronted with···=
In the face of ···& 面临着
be confronted with/in the face of fierce/stiff/intense
competition
Deserve/require
(careful/full/serious/sufficient/ special)
consideration
需要仔细/全面/认真/足够/特别考虑
Take sth into
consideration/account&&
考虑到， 顾及
A and B are not
exclusive&&&
两者并不互相排斥
e.g.&This two
options are not mutually exclusive.
Be no exception
to···& 也不例外
e.g. There is no exception to
this rule in modern or in accent times.
Does not necessarily
并不必然意味着
···be now a
commonplace···&&&
司空见惯的事
&&两者都，同样地
Reach saturation
到达饱和程度&&
End up + doing/ adj/
以···告终
插入语和衔接词
就···而言
As the case may
be, 句子 or
主语+谓语,
as the case may be,
根据具体情况而定，视情况而定
e.g. Students should be given
sufficient autonomy in deciding the courses they take as the case
More often than
not, 句子.&
&&通常，往往
e.g. More often than not it is
these moments that separate the victors from the rest & because
they never despair , and press on when others fade.
往往就是这些时刻将成功者与其他人区分开来——因为成功者从不绝望，会在他人放弃时选择坚持下去。
表示“依我而言”的词组
From my point of
perspective,
To my way of
no means 的应用
Be by no means an
exclusive/a unique way&&
绝不是唯一的方法
Be by no means
confined to···&&
绝不局限于
e.g. Poverty and deprivation
are by no means confined to the north of the country.
Be by no means
fortuitous/coincidential&&
e.g. The occurrence of such
things is by no means fortuitous/ coincidental
Be by no means
isolated&&&
绝非孤立/个别
e.g. Such cases, though not
prevalent, are by no means isolated.
Be by no means
separated from&&
绝不应该脱离
e.g. Theory should by no means
be separated from practice. 理论绝对应该脱离实际
Be by no means
仍未确定的
e.g. It is by no means certain
that genetrically modified food will benefit humans in the future.
&转基因食品能否在未来有益于人类仍是不确定的
Be by no means a
perfect way&&
绝非完善的方法
e.g.&This is
by no means a perfect way to solve the problem.
表示例证的句型
···is a good case in
= one example will
suffice to illustrate this point
telling(有说服力的) /notorious
(臭名昭著的) example is
= ···is a
representative of ···
表示大量的词组
of+可数名词+谓语动词复数
A+形容词+amount
of+不可数名词+谓语动词单数(time/money/information/help/data)
Massive/considerable/enormous/ tremendous
不成比例的:disproportionate
小量的:Limited/moderate/small
A wide range of = a
vast/impressive array of = a wealth of = a host of = a variety
表示“一系列”的词组
A series of = a chain
of = a sequence of
表示“等等”的词组
and so forth = and so on = and the
表示程度的短语
&最大程度地，最大限度地
in no small/ some/
large/ equal measure&
&在很大/某种/很大/同样程度上
To some/a certain
在某种/一定程度上
To a lesser
表示“关于，谈及到，就···而言”的词组
When it comes to
With respect
In relation
表示某个时间段的词组
In the midst
正值···时候
名词词组&&
在···当中
Under the wave of
在···浪潮中
表示伴随状态的词组
With the rapid
development of···
&&&随着···快速发展
With the advent
随着···时代的来临
With the proliferation
of···&&
随着···扩散
With the huge
expansion of···&&
&随着···扩张
表示“不管”的词组
Regardless of =
irrespective of&
表示“考虑到，鉴于”的词组
In the light of = in
表示“更不用说”的词组
not to mention + sth =
表示“(对社会规则的)遵从，遵守”的词组
In conformity with =
in compliance with = in accordance with
表示“除了之外”的词组
Apart from···= Other
than···
表示“连锁反应”的词组
多米洛骨牌效应
(d). 积极关系
Be made (readily/
freely/ publicly/ generally) available for/to
可以容易/免费/让公众/普遍得到
e.g. &Free
medical care must be made available for those too poor to do
Provide/give sb
deep/penetrating/revealing/ fascinating insights into
给予某人深刻的/有启发性的/发人心省的/生动的见识
e.g. The old buidling in
cities can give people especially teenagers fascinating insights
into the change of history.
acquire/advance/broaden/deepen one’s
understanding of sth&&
获得/增进···见识
= gain/get/obtain
insights into
Have better
acquaintance with&&
更了解···
e.g. Have better acquaintance
with the local needs than those in other countries so that it
utilise the social resources more efficiently
= have better
knowledge with
e.g. Local people or
government have better knowledge with the operation of charity
organization in terms of the oversee of donations, thus
ascertaining the transparency of fund arrangement and avoiding
misappropriation of the public fund.
proficient/skillful in/at sth/ in
精通，熟练
e.g. student should become
proficient in using several languages.
Instill sth in/into sb
= inculcate sth in/into
灌输某人···
e.g. instill an
idea/confidence deeply into sb
inculcate a sense of responsibility in sb
= impart sth to
传授···给某人
Be capable of
sth/doing sth有能力的，足以胜任的
= be competent to do
= Be more than capable
of ···完成有能力
e.g. Schools should equip
students with practicial skills so that they&are
competent to find a job under current fierce
competition.
Be well/fully aware
of/that = be conscious
意识到，注意到
e.g.& People
have been fully aware of the urgency of environmental
protection.
Be the major
beneficiaries from = largely benefit
from···&&
成为最主要的受益人
respective of individuals, they are the major beneficiaries from
doing their tasks at home in this age of the computer
technology
Be conducive/ helpful/
beneficial/instrumental
to···&&
对···起作用
= be advantageous
= be of advantge to =
to the advantage of
e.g. be instrumental in bring
about an end to the conflict.
An environment conducvie to learning
sufficient/greater autonomy in
doing···&&
给予足够的/更大的自主权
e.g. students should be given
sufficient autonomy in deciding the courses they take as the case
Be in the best
interest of···&&
符合···利益
e.g. Even though most citizens
are conscious that recycling garbage can fully utilise natural
resources in the best interest of the whole society, they are still
reluctant to do so
indispensable part
of···&&
成为···不可分割的一部分
e.g. car have become an
indispennsable part of our lives.
Make use of = turn sth
to good account = take
advantage}