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托福阅读推断题解题方法
作者：邢姗姗&&来源：北京新东方学校&&时间：
　　调查：你认为哪种题目最难？
　　托福阅读中的推断题一直是考生心理的阴影和恐惧，尤其是“推断”两个字，瞬间会让大家联想到柯南， 福尔摩斯之类带有悬疑色彩的东西。据对所带的学生进行的调查，提到哪种阅读题型最难做，将近50%的学生把票投给了推断题。
　　毋庸置疑，推断题一定有一定的难度所在，这点我们从托福考试官方指南（og）的改变上就可发现一些端倪。第三版og上，推断题的考查数量为0-2题，第四版og已经增加到1-3题，ets的用（yin）意(mou)所在可见一斑。
　　那么，我们改如何应对推断题呢？推断题真的像我们想象的这么难么？
　　今天我们一起来从考查形式上来解刨一下推断题。
　　题干特征：推断题的题干经常会出现infer，suggest，imply， indicate这类单词
　　考查形式主要分为两大类：对比推断和细节推断，而后者出现的几率更大。
　　考查形式一：对比推断
　　A时间对比：一般有两个形成对比的时间点，它们所具有的特征一般相反。如：原文会出现before1990的信息，而题目会问after 1990的信息？
　　解决方案：收集问题对应的时间点的信息，然后取反。
　　注意原文中出现的表示时间节点的词& before， after， not…until…
　　The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is，in the main，the story of the expansion of American agriculture-of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat，corn，tobacco，and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high，the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.“Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward，” observed an English visitor in 1817，during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the west reached a peak in the 1830's，whereas in 1810 only a seventy of the American people lived west of the Appalachian mountains，by 1840 more than a third lived there.
　　What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815？
　　○They had limited their crop production to wheat， corn， tobacco， and cotton.
　　○They were able to sell their produce at high prices.
　　○They had not been successful in raising cattle.
　　○They did not operate in a national market economy.
　　对应关键句：After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high， the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.
　　B直接对比：两个或多个事物的特征--如原文会出现A的特点，然后会有B和A相比较的信息，然后题目问B的特点？
　　解决方案：收集题干所问的推断对象（about后面的信息一般为推断对象）的全部信息（一般为上述的B），然后在原文所描述的与之相关的信息(一般为上述的A)的基础之上取反。
　　注意原文中出现的表示对比的关系词：by contrast， unlike， while， whereas，on the contrary， in comparison to， distinct from， different from等词。
　　Paragraph 1：It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales， porpoises，and dolphins-are mammals.They breathe through lungs， not through gills，and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies，the absence of hind legs，and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However，unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals，sea lions，and walruses，whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea)，it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but，already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged？Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate，or transitional，between land mammals and cetaceans.
　　Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters？
　　○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like
　　○There were great numbers of them.
　　○They lived in the sea only.
　　○They did not leave many fossil remains.
　　对应关键句：However， unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals， sea lions， and walruses， whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea)， it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.
　　考查形式二：细节推断
　　考查细节判断，事物的特点，属性等。
　　解决方案：收集题干所提问的推断对象（about后面的信息一般为推断对象）的所有信息。如果推断对象所涉及的信息比较多，难以抓到重点，则逐个选项进行定位筛选。
　　Paragraph 1：Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground，filling all the available spaces.By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water；this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle.Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface，from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams.There it remains，sometimes for long periods，before emerging at the surface again.At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.
　　Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on？
　　○It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.
　　○It prevents most groundwater from circulating.
　　○It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.
　　○It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.
　　A There it remains，sometimes for long periods，before emerging at the surface again.
　　B By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water；this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle.
　　C At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.
　　D Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface，from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams.
　　综上所述，推断题并没有我们想象的那么晦涩。它仍然是关注细节层面的题目，主要考查考生收集和题目相关的信息和梳理这些信息的能力。我们需要做到：
　　1.把题干提问的推断对象的信息收集完全，并理解到位。
　　2.记住所看即所得，不要过分推断，不要脑补。
　　3.任何文章中出现的信息都有可能考查推断，所以不要忽略任何一个细节。
版权及免责声明① 凡本网注明“稿件来源：北京新东方学校”的所有文字、图片和音视频稿件，版权均属北京市海淀区私立新东方学校所有，转载请注明“来源：北京新东方学校”。 ② 本网未注明“稿件来源：北京新东方学校”的文/图等稿件均为转载稿，本网转载仅基于传递更多信息之目的，并不意味着赞同转载稿的观点或证实其内容的真实性。如其他媒体、网站或个人从本网下载使用，需自负版权等法律责任。如擅自篡改为“稿件来源：北京新东方学校”，本网将依法追究法律责任。 ③ 如有本网转载稿涉及版权等问题，请作者见稿后速来电与北京新东方网联系，电话：010-。新托福阅读分为哪几种题型？_百度知道
新托福阅读分为哪几种题型？
一、事实信息题同义改写原则1.读题干，找到其中的关键词2.根据关键词，定位到原文中的有效信息3.正确答案是原文有效信息的同意改写4.选项定位法，逐个击破二、否定事实信息题排除原则1.选项定位法2.核对题干信息三、修辞目的题细节原则1. 看选项中的动词从文中找逻辑排除 (demonstrate/contrast/refute…)2. 重点看本句(细节题)前一两句(观点)，关注段首 句(段落观点)3.选择同义改写四、推断题排除原则1. 根据原文有效信息选项定位法，逐个击破2.不可过分推，宁可推少，不可推多;宁可保守，都不 过分推理3.思路上可以有取反或取非五、句子简化题逻辑对应原则1.正确选项必须包含原句主要信息(主干)，修饰信息 可删除，可同义改写，可概括总结;2.最好用的逻辑关系词对照：因果(原因对原因，结果 对结果);转折让步比较(虽然对虽然，但是对但是)3.and前后信息有前必有后，不能缺失前后信息六、句子插入题承上启下原则先看插入句找线索，三大线索分别是代词，逻辑连接词和结构七、指代题联系上下文原则指代对象一般为前一句的主语或宾语(主优先于宾八、词汇题熟词直选原则认识单词直接选;不认识根据上下文的逻辑猜测九、六选三题总结观点原则1. 全文主题2. 一个或多个段落的主旨大意十、图表题总结全文原则1.根据引导词先大定位2.匹配与引导词语义相关的选项，排除与引导词无关/错误的选项托福是由美国教育测验服务社（ETS）举办的英语能力考试，全名为“检定非英语为母语者的英语能力考试”，中文由TOEFL而音译为“托福”。TOEFL有三种，分别是： pbt—paper based test 纸考 677, cbt—computer based test 机考 300, ibt—internet based test 网考 120, 新托福满分是120分TOEFL考试的有效期为两年，是从考试日期开始计算的。例如：日参加考试，这次考试成绩的有效期是从日到日。托福复习主要资料为托福机经又称民间托福答案题库。英国内政部于2014年4月初结束与美国教育考试机构ETS的合作，不再承认其旗下托福（TOEFL）和托业（TOEIC）两大英语考试的成绩。部分准备赴英留学的中国学生反映已接到校方要求重新提供英语考试成绩的通知。
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> 托福阅读推论题难在哪?
托福阅读推论题难在哪?
摘要：托福阅读推论题考查考生对于文章细节的更深一层理解，相对于托福阅读细节题来讲，需要考生根据原文经过自己的思维判断得到答案。它属于理解性题目，是托福阅读中比较难的题型。这类题型应该如何把握才好呢?接下来小马全日制小编为大家分析。
　　阅读推论题考查考生对于文章细节的更深一层理解，相对于细节题来讲，需要考生根据原文经过自己的思维判断得到答案。它属于理解性题目，是托福阅读中比较难的题型。这类题型应该如何把握才好呢?接下来全日制小编为大家分析。
　　推论题的提问方式有以下几种：
　　According to paragraph & , what do Y indicate about X?
　　It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which of the following about the X?
　　What does the author imply by saying &XXX&?
　　Which of the following reasons is suggested in paragraph 2 for X?
　　所以题干中的infer、indicate、imply、suggest这些词就是我们判断题型的关键词。
　　这类题目有难度，是因为考生往往在回答词汇题或者事实信息题时，只要定位到原文，基本上就看到了正确选项。但是推论题及时定位到原文，大家还是找不到任何可以直接选择的证据。还需要大家的思维处理过程。
　　举例：
　　Paragraph 2: Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised. Pacific islanders are variously thought to have come from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India, as well as Southeast Asia. Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific. They inferred that the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America). In 1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians). Later Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific was peopled by three migrations: by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii, by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island, and by Melanesians. In 1969 he crossed the Atlantic in an Egyptian-style reed boat to prove Egyptian influences in the Americas. Contrary to these theorists, the overwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents.
　　5. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about early theories of where the first inhabitants of the Pacific islands came from?
　　○ They were generally based on solid evidence.
　　○ They tried to account for the origin of the characteristic features of the languages spoken by Pacific islanders.
　　○ They assumed that the peoples living in Southeast Asia did not have the skills needed to sail to the Pacific islands.
　　○ They questioned the ideas of G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry.
　　解析：以early (older) theories定位至Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific.，说早期的理论认为那些岛民的航海能力不行，紧接着给出例子，只有埃及人才有能力航行到并且占领这些岛，所以逆推到不是埃及人就不会做到。看选项，C选项，东南亚人没那个技术航线到这些岛上，正确;原文说没证据，所以A反了;B和D都没提到。
　　举例2：
　　Paragraph 1: Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwat this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the &solid& ground underfoot to hold all this water.
　　1. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?
　　○It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.
　　○It prevents most groundwater from circulating.
　　○It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.
　　○It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.
　　解析：根据题目the ground that we walk on定位到 At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the &solid& ground underfoot to hold all this water.据此，我们可以思维正向延伸到其实，地下是可以存留足够的水的，看选项：A反义，错误。B非定位内容，排除，C与推理一致，D也不是可以定位后得到的信息，排除。
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&&同学们很难判断究竟是先看文章还是先看题目,同学们也有诸如,做题前,是否要看每个段落的首末句？做题的基本步骤？两步？三步？做题前是否要优先花费时间通读全文？此类的新手入门问题,本文通过十大题型给同学们做出详细的回答
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你可能喜欢托福阅读推断题的正确率如何提高？
不同的同学有不同的擅长点，就像面对托福阅读一样，如果要说托福阅读的十种题型，哪种最难，千人千答案，但如果我们从数据的角度来统计，就会发现，大多数的同学，对托福阅读的小结题和推断题，往往是要么因为时间，要么斟酌着不知道该选哪一项，从而大多数考生对这两种题型比较抗拒，下面我们就为大家分享一下如何用正逆向思维解决托福阅读推断题。
说到推断题，不要抗拒，更不要苦恼，虽然表面是推断题看着是云里雾里，但其实托福阅读没有你想像的那么难，因为托福作为标准化的考试，肯定会有一定的答题技巧，托福文章有很清晰的逻辑结构，每个自然段往往是按照TS (Topic Sentence) + SD (Supporting details)展开的，而文章多半是按Introduction + Aspects + Attitudes展开的。只有明白了文章的写作思路才能更好更快的做对题目，作者必定是按照一定的行文顺序编排段落的，如果画一个水平轴作为事件发展的顺序，推断题是让你从这个轴上的某一个点去推测，无非就两个方向，顺着轴发展的方向或者逆着轴发展的方向，也就是我们接下来要说的用正向和逆向思维去解决推断题。
那么推断题应该如何解答呢?
第一步，判断题型。我们拿到题目，看到上面四个单词中的任何一个，心中就想着这是推断题，推断题的做题宗旨是文章强烈暗示，要通过文章内容进行合理推断。
第二步，审清题干，原文定位。仔细阅读题干，弄清题干内容，推断方向，带着题干核心信息到文章中准确定位。
第三步，推测+判断。根据相关句进行正向或逆向的推理，最后择优而选，确定答案。
正向推断：和事实信息题做题方法一样，答案就是定位的句子的同义改写。
逆向推断：大致分为两种，一种是时间，第二种是两类事物的对比。
第一种，题干中往往会出现表示时间的信息。
第二种：两类事物的对比，往往文中会出现表示对比的关系词：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas, on the contrary, in comparison to, distinct from, different from等词。
　　面对托福阅读推断题，不论是正推还是逆推，关键是大家要保持冷静的头脑，从事件发展的时间轴或者事件水平轴上进行原因的推断，找某个突破点，依据原文的内容，找出相应的根据，那么你的托福阅读推断题的正确率，一定会很好的提升，不信，你现在就可以实践一下。
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