从属连接词词的定义

时态和语法的一些总结
所谓从句,就是一个主谓结构相当于整个句子(这样的句子叫复合句)的一个成分,因此,从句不能单独使用。在复合句中修饰名词或代词、作定语的句子叫定语从句。
其实定语从句很有规律,总结如下:在关系代词中that既可指人又可指物、既可作主语又可作宾语,因此,除了在非限定性定语从句中,用that一般不会出问题。
关系副词的用法比较单一,它们从句中只起状语的作用,表示时间的就用who门,表示地点的就用where,而why只修饰一个词,即reason。
定语从句所修饰的词叫“先行词”,因为它总是处在定语从句的前头,比定语从句先行一步。
引导定语从句的词叫关系词,包括关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词:
who,which,that作从句的主语
whom,which,that作从句的宾语(可省略)
whose从句中作定语
以下情况只能用that,不能用which:
(一)&&&&&&&&&&
先行词为不定代词all, little, none,any,every,no,much, anything,
(二)&&&&&&&&&&
先行词有最高级和序数词修饰时(包括: the only, the very, the same, the last, the
(三)&&&&&&&&&&
先行词既有人又有物的时候
以下情况只能用which,不能用
①引导非限制性定语从句(包括代表整个主句的意思时)
②介词+关系代词的结构中
关系副词:
when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语
where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语
why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,只修饰reason。
如果用定语从句把两个句子合二为一:首先找出两个句子当中相同的部分,定语从句修饰的就是这一部分。要把其中一个句子变成定语从句,就要把这句中相同的那个部分用一个关系词来代替;代替时,先看被代替的部分是指人还是指物、再看它作什么句成分。指人并作主语的,就用who。或指人并作宾语的,就用whom或指人并作定语的,就用whose。指物并作主语的,就用which或that认指物并作宾语的,还是用which或that认是物并作定语的,就用whose或of
which。这样找好并替换以后,再把这个关系代词放到要变成定语从句的那个句子的最前面(被代替的部分不能再保留,其它的词语一律不变),这个句子就变成了定语从句。然后,再把这个定语从句整个放在被修饰的词后面,最后,如果还有其它句子成分,就把它们放到定语从句的后面,就行了。
Have you found the book? You were looking for the book
yesterday.
在这两个句子中,the book是相同的,定语从句修饰的就是the
book。把后面这一句变成定语从句,找个关系词来代替the book;在将要被变成定语从句的名子中,the
book是物并作宾语,所以用which或that代替它。
然后把which或that放到本句的最前面,其它的词和语序一律不变。这时,就成了"that/which you were
looking for yesterday?”,再把这个定语从句整个放在被修饰的词后面,就成了“have you found the
book that/which you were looking for
yesterday?”定语从句就完成了,主句是问句,所以句末用问号。that/which代替的是原句中的宾语,原句变成了从句,它们仍然作从句的宾语。关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略,因此上句又可变成“have
you found the book you were looking for yesterday?”.
关系副词与此同理。只是关系副词代替的是原句中的状语。在被代替
之前,这个状语中一定要含有一个与另一句相同的成分。
例如:This is the house甲I was barn and brought up in the
house.在这两个句子中,in the house是句子里的地点状语,&
定语从句修饰的就是the house。把后面这一句变成定语从句。在将要被变成定语从句的句子中,in the
house是地点状语,所以用where来代替它。然后再把where放到本句的最前面,其它的词和语序来代替它。然后再把where放到本句的最前面,其它的词和语序一律不变。这时,就成了"where}was
barn and brought up"。再把这个定语从句整个放在被修饰的词后面,就成了"This is the house
where I was barn and brought
up.”,定语从句就完成了,主句是陈述句,所以句末用句号。Where代替的是原句中的状语,原句变成了从句,它就作从句的状语。
那么,“介词+关系代词”是怎么回事呢?原来上面这个例句,还有一种做法:This is the house. I was
born and brought up in the house.在这两个句子中,the house是相同的,定语从句修饰的就是the
house 。把后面这一句变成定语从句。在将要被变成定语从句的句子中,the
house表示物而且是介词in的宾语,所以用关系代词which或that来代替。然后把which或that放到本句的最前面,其它的词和语序一律不变。这时,后面这一句就成了
“which/that I was born and brought up
in”。再把这个定语从句整个放在被修饰的词后面,就成了“This is the house which/that I was born
and brought up in”。定语从句就完成了,主句是陈述句,所以句末用句号。
which/that代替的是原句中的宾语,原句变成了从句,它们就作从句的宾语。关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略,因此上句又可变成“This
is the house I was born and brought up in.”
但是,in可以提到关系代词的前面,不过这时不能用that,而且不能省略。所以上句又可变为“This is the
house in which I was born and brought up.”这就是“介词+关系代词”的来历。
定语从句又分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句把它的先行词限定在特定的意义之内,对先行词起限定的作用、是先行词必不可少的修饰语,没有它,整个句子的意思就会受到影响、就不完整。非限定性定语从句不对先行词起限定的作用,不是先行词必不可少的修饰语,只对先行词起补充说明的作用,没有它,整个句子的意思不会受到影响、仍然完整。非限定性定语从句相当于一个分句,翻译时也是把它当作分句处理的。非限定性定语从句和它的先行词之间要用逗号隔开;而限定性定语从句和它的先行词之间不能用逗号隔开。非限定性定语从句中除了不用that以外,其它关系词都可使用,使用方法与限定性定语从句一样。
例如:The supermarket which was opened two months ago is now
closed down.
两个月前开的那家超市现在已经倒闭了。(限定)
supermarket, which was opened two months ago, is now closed
那家超市现在已经倒闭了,那家超市两个月前开的。(非限定)
The book(which) you’re reading is mine .
你正在读的那本书是我的。(限定)
book, which you’re reading, is mine.
那本书是我的,你正在读那本书。(非限定)
如果以上例子的差别不十分明显,再看下面的例句:
I’ve been to London , which is a beautiful city。
我去过伦敦,那是个美丽的城市
在上例当中,定语从句不就能是限定性的。若变成限定性定语从句,其意就成了“我去过那个是座美丽的城市的伦敦。言外之意是还有别的伦敦。通过这几个例子我们可以看出,专用名词以及世界上独一无二的东西都不能有限定性定语从句。因为它们的意义本身已经非常清楚,不需要对其进行限定。另外,非限定性定语从句的先行词还可以是整个主句所表达的意义。
如:He did well in the physics exam, which surprised
他物理考得很好,这使我很吃惊
下面看看各个关系词的用法:
1.指人的关系代词:who, whom, whose, that 的用法:
(1)作主语(who, that )
Those who are going to play in the match are to meet at the
gate at 1:30 after lunch.
那些参加比赛的人午饭后1:30在大门口集合。
在本句中,先行词是those;关系代词who引导定语从句,同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词are going to play
The man who/that is talking with Mr. Wang is a famous
正在和王先生说话的那个人是一个有名的医生。
在本句中,先行词是关系代词who/that引导定语从句,同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词is
talking的主语。
这个复合句可以还原成两个句子:
The man is a famous doctor. He is talking with Mr.
(2)作宾语包括作介词宾语(whom, that )。此种情况下的关系代词可以省略;
This is just the man(whom/that) I want for the
job.这正是我要的做这份工作的人。
在本句中,先行词是the man;关系代词whom/that 引导定语从句,同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词want
Is he the manager (whom/that) you are looking for?
他是你在找的那位经理吗?
(3)当关系代词紧跟介词作介词宾语时,不能用that,也不能省略,
如:The book from which I got a lot of useful information was
written by a famous scientist.
我从中得到许多有用信息的那本书是一位著名科学家写的。
Who is the boy with whom you were talking a moment
你刚才和他说话的那个男孩是谁?
I know the young couple from whose house the music is
但是当介词放在从句末尾时,作为介词宾语的关系代词可以用that 并且可以省略。
如上头两句可改为:
The book (that /which) I got a lot of information from was
written by a famous scientist.
Who is the boy (that/whom) you were talking with a moment
2.指物的关系代词which和that的用法:
(1)作主语
This is the instruction manual which/that tells you how to
operate the computer.
这是那本教你如何操作计算机的说明手册。
(2)作宾语包括作介词宾馆。此种情况下的关系代词可以省略:
The chair (which /that) you broke yesterday is now being
你昨天弄坏的那把椅子现在正在修理。
The film (which/that) I saw last night was about a soldier
who fought in WWII.
我昨天晚上看的那部电影是关于一个在二战中打过仗的士兵的。
(本句有两个定语从句。)
&The car(which/that)he went in was a black
他坐在里面走了的那辆汽车是一辆黑色的卡迪拉克。
3.whose 和of which 指代人或事物,作定语。of which 可用whose
The car whose lights (of which the lights/the lights of
which) were all broken was my father’s.
那辆所有的灯都破了的汽车是我父亲的。
例:His house of which the windows (the windows of which /whose
windows) were all broken was a depressing sight.
他那所有窗户都坏了的房子真是目不忍睹。
is the book whose cover (of which the cover/the cover of which )
was broken.
这就是那本封皮破了的书。
4.关系代词的格应与它在从句中充当的成分一致。特别要注意插入语,
如:Peter is the one who everybody believes will fail to bring
off the contract. Peter 是那个人人都认为不能完成合同的人。(everybody believes
是插入语)
&&& At the
election I voted for the man whom I believed to be the most
在选举的时候我投了我认为最合适的那个人的票
5.关系代词作从句的主语时,从句的动词必须和先行词的人称和数一致:
例:These are the operating instructions that/which are written
in English 。
这就是用英文写成的使用说明。&&&&
So far as I know, there are many VIPs who are going to attend the
reception.
就我所知有很多达官贵人将出席这个招待会。
6.非限定性定语从句不用that,只用who(whose,
whom)和which代表人和物;
例:Her brothers, both of whom work in America, ring her up
every week。
她的兄弟们??两个人都在美国工作??每个星期都给她打电话。
That tower block, which cost five million dollars to build,
has been empty for five years.
&那个塔楼空着已经5年了。建它花了50万美元。
7.关系副词(=介词+关系代词):
在从句中的作用
when(=at / on / in / during
非正式文体中,有时用that代替关系副词
where(=in / at which)
why=(for which)
只有reason
例:I shall never forget the day when (=on which) we first
我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。
rain came at a time when (=at which) it was not needed.
雨下得不是时候。
He didn’t give any reason why (=for which) I had been
他没给任何解雇我的理由
is the house in which (=where) my parents used to live.
这就是我父母以前住过的房子。
注意事项:
(1)在非正式场合,
that有时可用来代替关系副词或相当于关系副词的“介词+which”,而且经常全部省略,
如:In all the years that (=when/during which) I was at
在我读大学的那些年里
reason that(=why/for which)he is not happy
他不高兴的理由
He is unpopular because people don’t like the offensive way
(that)(=in which) he talks.
他不受欢迎的原因是他说话的方式让人讨厌。
(2)是用关系代词还是用关系副词:
关系词(包括关系代词和关系副词)是学习英语定语从句的关键。用关系代词还是用关系副词,一要看关系词在从句当中作什么成分;二要看关系词所代表的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因;三要看所引导的是限定性定语从句还是非限定性定语从句。所以同样的先行词会有不同的关系词,这是因为关系词在从句当中担当的作用不同而决定的。
如:This is the room where/in which we’ll celebrate the New
这是我们将要在里面庆贺新年的房间。(充当地点状语)
is the room(that /which)we’ll celebrate the New Year in.
这是我们将要在里面庆贺新年的房间。(充当介词宾语,可省略。)
is the room which /that will be used for the celebration of the New
这是那个将要被用来庆贺新年的房间。(充当主语)
is the room (which/that) we’ll use for the New Year dinner
这是我们将要用来举行新年晚宴的房间。(充当宾语,可省略。)
The reason why/for which he had done that was not sound
他做那件事的理由不够充分。(充当原因状语)
This is the house where she lives.这是她住的房子。
【比较:This is the house (that/which) she has bought.
这是她买的房子。This is the house that/which I’ve told you is extremely
expensive.这就是我和你说过极其昂贵的那幢房子。】
That is the reason why he did not come that morning.
那就是那天上午他没来的原因。
(3)定语从句中的时态。如果主句是一般将来时或过去将来时,从句的动作与主句的同时发生,那么该从句要用一般现在时表示一般将来时、用一般过去时表示过去将来时。
例:Anyone who/that touches the wire will get an electric
任何碰这根电线的人将受到电击。(不用will touch)
will be a special price for anybody who orders a suit in the next
two weeks.
任何人在下两周内定做套装都将享受优惠价格。(不用will order)
但是,如果从句和主句的动作在将来不同的时间发生,则两部分都要用来将来时,
如:Those who will go abroad for training next year will start
learning English tomorrow.
那些明年出国受训的人员,将从明天开始学习外语。
注:①先行词有最高级形容词修饰时,常用that,而不用which:
例:Edison was one of the greatest inventors that ever
爱迪生是曾经有过的最伟大的发明家之一。
is the best film that I’ve ever seen.
这是我曾经看过的最好的电影。
②先行词有the same, the very, the first, the last, all, no, the
only, much, little, none, any, every等时,常用that, 而不用which:
例:He was the first man that we saw in the village.
他是我们在那个村子里看到的第一个人。
is little that is interesting.
没什么令人感兴趣。
do anything (that) I can to help you.
我将尽一切可能帮助你。
bless this ship and all who sail in her.
愿上帝保佑此船和所有乘此船航行的人。
③当先行词既有人又有物时,用that,不用which,
如: We listened to him talk about the men and books that
interested him。
我们听他谈论他感兴趣的人物和书籍。
④在same和such之后,定语从句用as引导,例如:
never heard such stories as he tells.
我从来没听说过他讲的这种故事。
She works in the same office as I do.
她和我在同一个办公室工作。
This is the same watch as I have lost.
这块表和我丢的那块一样。
never seen such kind people as they are.
我从来没见过象他们这样厚道的人。
但是,如果从句和主句的动作在将来不同的时间发生,则两部分都要用来将来时,
注:④在same和such之后,定语从句用as引导,
偶尔,the same 后面也用that,
如: She works in the same office that I do.
她和我在同一个办公室工作。
is the same watch that I have lost.
这块表和我丢的那块一样。
引导非限定性定语从句即可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后,用来修饰整个句子。当as在从句中作主语时,后面常接下列句型。如:as
is known, as is said, as is reported as is announced 等。
例如:As we all know, Mr. Wang is a good teacher.
&&As I expected, he didn’t
believe me.
引导非限定性定语从句时与which的区别:当主句和从句语义一致时,用as;反之,用which。
如:He made a long speech, as was expected.
&Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife
doesn’t like at all.
(3)但是,如果从句和主句的动作在将来不同的时间发生,则两部分都要用来将来时,
注:⑤在“介词+关系代词”的结构中,也可用复杂介词,如:by means of (用,依靠),as a result of
(作为结果)等:
例:I have three children, one daughter and two sons, all of
whom graduated from the same university .
我有三个孩子:一个女儿、两个儿子,他们都毕业于同一所大学。
This is the part of the river in which I like to
swim.(in which=where)
&我喜欢在这条河里面游泳,这就是(我喜欢游的)那个地方。
was running a fever, as a result of which she failed in the
她当时正发烧,所以考试失败了
注:⑥一个先行词后面可以跟一个以上的定语从句,这种现象叫双重关系从句:
例:Here are some words which are often used but which are very
confusing.
这里有些常用但非常混乱的词
名词性从句
在主从复合句中,从句可以充当主句的主语、表语、宾语或同位语。由于在多数情况下,主语、表语、宾语或同位语这四种句子成分由名词性词类充当,所以,我们把这些作用相当于名词的从句统称为名词性从句,把充当主语、表语、宾语或同位语的从句分别称为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句或同位语从句。也就是说充当什么成分就叫什么从句。名词性从句由连接词(或关联词)引导。
常用的连接词有:
whether是否
that(本身无词义)
只起连接词作用,引导从句,在从句中不作任何成分
在从句中分别作主语、宾语和定语
who,whom,whose
which哪一个
what什么,所…的
在从句中分别作主语、宾语和定语
在从句中分别作主语、宾语和定语
除了起连接词作用外,还在从句中作状语
when什么时候,where什么地方
how怎样,怎么,why为什么
疑问词(who, whom, whose, what, which, where, why, when,
how)可以引导主语、宾语和表语从句。
它们的特点是:1、疑问词有本身的词义;2、疑问词在从句中担当句子成分,如主语、宾语或状语;3、这种疑问词引导的从句一律用陈述语序,不能用疑问语序。
&&& Do you
know whom they are looking for? 你知道他们在找谁吗?(宾语从句,陈述语序。不能是whom
are they looking for?)
don’t know who did it.
我不知道这是谁干的。(宾语从句。在从句中如果疑问词作主语,其陈述语序和疑问语序一致。)
asked me where I had been. 她问我到哪儿去了。(宾语从句。陈述语序,不能是where had
I been. 直接引语,间接引语。注意这句话的时态。)
didn’t tell me what you were doing.
他没和我说你在干什么。(宾语从句,陈述语序。不能是what were you doing.)
What you have done might do harm t other people.
你所做过的事情有可能伤害别人。(主语从句。what 作从句的宾语。陈述语序,不能是what have you done.
如果用疑问语序,意思发生了变化,成了“你做了什么?”。)
&What I want to know is where he has gone for his
weekend. 我想知道的是他到哪里度周末去了。(这句话包含两个名词性从句:what I want to
know是主语从句,what 在从句中作宾语,从句用陈述语序,不能是What do I want to know. Where he
has gone for his weekend 是表语从句,where 在从句中作状语,从句用陈述语序,不能是where has
he gone for his weekend.)
下面我们再分别讲述主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和表语从句。
1.that 引导主语从句时,that 没有意义,但不能省略。(that
引导宾语从句时可以省略。)
worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray.
她的头发正在变白,这使她很不安。that引导主语从句,it 作形式主语,that 不能省略。
&We didn’t know (that) you had sold your
house. 我们不知道你已经把你的房子卖了。这是that引导宾语从句,that 可以省略。注意这句话的时态。
2.从句作主语时,多数情况下由 it
作形式主语,而把主语从句放在后面,尤其是谓语部分(包括宾语)较短的情况下。
wasn’t very clear what she meant. 不清楚她是什么意思。
true that that man on the left is a well-known writer here.
左边那个人是本地的一位著名作家,这是真的。这里,第一个that 引导主语从句,是单纯的连词,无词义,不作句子成分。第二个that
是指示代词,作句子成分,是man 的定语。
3.whether 既可以引导主语从句也可以引导宾语从句,但if不能引导主语从句。whether
后面可以加or not, 而if 不能与or not 连用。作介词宾语时不用if.
Whether I knew John doesn’t matter. = It doesn’t matter
whether I knew John. 我是否认识约翰没有关系。
asked me whether/if you were married. 宾语从句,既可以用whether,
又可以用if
引导。注意时态的对应。&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&现在还很难预测谁会赢得下一届总统选举。
Who will become the president doesn’t matter much to most
我们需要的是更多的时间。
we need is more time.
在谓语动词、介词、动词不定式、分词、动名词之后都可以带有宾语从句。某些形容词如sure, happy, glad,
certain, pleased 等之后也可以带有宾语从句。
1.that 引导的宾语从句: that 没有意义,在口语或非正式文体中常省略:如:
really feel she’s making a mistake. 我的确感到她正犯错误。
suggested that we should go home. 我建议我们回家去。虚拟语气,that
一般不能省略。
2.whether/if (是否)引导的宾语从句:如果要突出“究竟是…还是不…”,常在whether
后面加 if 一般不与or not连用。如:
asked me if/whether I knew John. 他问我是否认识约翰。
&&& Let me
know whether you can come or not. 你能来还是不能来,告诉我一声。
3.在think, believe, suppose, expect
等动词的宾语从句中,否定不用在从句中,而是将think 等词变为否定形式。For example:
don’t think the film is interesting. 我觉得这部电影没什么意思。
don’t suppose we are going outing tomorrow.
我认为我们明天不会出去郊游。
4.如果从句作宾语而后面还有补语,为了保持句子的平衡,用it
作形式宾语,而将宾语从句放在句尾。常跟这样的复合宾语的动词有:make, find, see, hear, feel, think,
consider, regard, take….for granted等。如:
&&& George
made it clear that he opposed this project.
乔治已明确表示他反对这个项目。it 代表that 引导的句子,作宾语,clear 是宾语补足语。
kept it quiet that he was dead. 对他已经死亡的消息,他们秘而不宣。
同位语从句
同位语从句是对名词的内容给予具体、详细的说明。常在后面接同位语从句的名词有fact, news, idea, truth,
hope, suggestion, question, problem, doubt, fear,
belief等。同位语从句常用的引导词为that,有是也用when, where 等疑问词。如:
news that the United States was hit by terrorist attacks took the
whole world by surprise. 美国受到恐怖主义分子袭击的消息令全世界吃惊。
The difficulty lies in the fact that we are short of
money. 困难在于我们缺乏资金这个事实。
注意:同位语从句的that 只是引导词,没有其他语法作用,在句子中不作句子成分,不能省略;而定语从句中的that
除了引导定语从句外,还是定语从句的一个成分,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不能省略,作宾语时可以省略。如:
idea that some peoples are superior to others is sheer
有些民族优越于其他民族这种想法简直荒谬。(请辨别是同位语从句还是定语从句。)(同位语从句)
idea that he proposed at the meeting is sheer nonsense.
他在会议上提出的这个想法简直荒谬。(请辨别是同位语从还是定语从句。)(定语从句)
表语从句位于主句的连系动词之后,在非正式文体中引导词that可以省略。如:
That’s not what I want. 那不是我要的。
advantage of solar energy is that it will never run out.
太阳能的一个优点是永远也不会枯竭。
&&& What I
want to know is where we shall go and whether she will join us.
我想知道的是我们要去什么地方以及她是否加入我们。
表语从句位于主句的连系动词之后,在非正式文体中引导词that可以省略。如:
surprised me was that he spoke English so well.
使我感到吃惊的是他英语讲得那么好。
&&& What I
want to know is where we shall go and whether she will join us.
我想知道的是我们要去什么地方以及她是否加入我们。
此外,表语从句还可由as if (好像)引导。如:
looked as if it was/were going to rain. (虚拟语气)
let’s do some translation:
形容词后的that 从句
引导的名词性从句还可以用在一些形容词后面。这种句型一般都用人作主语,所用的形容词都是表示思想状况或感情色彩的形容词,如certain,
sure, positive, afraid, convinced, anxious, disappointed, worried,
glad, happy, sorry, amazed, surprised, aware, doubtful,
confident等等。如:
sure/certain that he’s at home now. 我肯定他现在在家。
became angry that you made the same mistake.
你犯了同样的错误,他生气了。&&&
I am a bit worried that she will not be able to make it.
我有点担心她做不成这件事情。
what 从句的小结
1.意思是“所….的事/物”, 相当于the thing(s) that…, that which…,
或those which… 可以用于以下情况:
(1) 引导主语从句。如:
she saw frightened her. 她看到的事情吓了她一跳。
will be, will be. 要发生的事总是要发生的。(谚语)
is gone is gone. 过去的事就过去了。
(2) 引导表语从句。如:
That’s what I hope. 那就是我希望的。
health is not what it ought to be. 你的身体应该更好。
&(3) 引导宾语从句,包括介词宾语。如:
could not express what he felt. 他不能表达他的感受。
friend of yours, I want to tell you what I hear.
作为你的朋友,我想告诉你我所听到的。
&&& It was
a small place then compared to what it is now.
和现在比起来,它那时候是个小地方。
paid fifty percent of what they were able to earn to the state.
他们能挣来的东西,百分之五十交给了国家。
2.用作插入语,指代后面的成分。这和非限定性定语从句正好相反,非限定性定语从句指代的是前面的成分。如:
He went to the meeting and, what was worse, insisted on
speaking. 他去参加了会议,而且更糟糕的是,他坚持要发言。
a useful book, and, what is more, not an expensive one.
这是本很有用的书,再说也不贵。
3.引导让步状语从句,等于“不管什么…”。注意状语从句的语序。如:
what she would, she could not invent a reason for not going.
不管她会做什么,她都编不出不去的理由。状语从句把实义动词放在句首,句子倒装。=No matter what she would
what may, you’ll always keep it secret. 无论怎样,你都要保守秘密。=No
matter what may come, …。
虚拟语气条件从句有两类,一是真实条件句,另一是虚拟条件句。
如果假设的情况可能发生,是真实条件句,这种情况下谓语用陈述语气。  如:If time permits, we’ll go
fishing together.
    如果时间允许,我们就一起去钓鱼。如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的,则是虚拟条件句。  如:If you had come
yesterday, you would have met that famous professor.
    如果你昨天来,你就会见到那位著名的教授了。(隐含的事实是:你昨天没来,也没见到那位著名教授)。
  在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中,主从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。
注:主句中的should只用于第一人称,但在美国英语中,should常被would代替;从句中的should可用于各种人称。
表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。  如:If I were you, I should(would
,could, might)tell him the truth.
要是我是你,我就会告诉他真相了。(事实上我不是你)表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。  如:If I had known
your telephone number yesterday, I should (would, could, might)have
telephoned you.
    如果昨天我知道了你的电话号码,我就会给你打电话了。(事实上我昨天不知道你的电话号码。)表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。  如:If it should rain, the crops
would(could, might)be saved.
    假如天下雨,庄稼可能就收获了。
  注:在表示与将来事实可能相反的条件从句中,were to + 动词原形比较正式,常用于书面语中。如:
  If you were to go to Beijing, you would (could, might) have a
chance to visit Tian An Men Square.
虚拟语气的其它用法
虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法
在“It is important (strange, natural, necessary)
that…”这类句型中,that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用
“(should)+动词原形”结构,表示某事是“重要”,“奇怪”,“自然”,“必要”等意义。  如:It
is important that every Beijinger (should) be able to speak
    重要的是每个北京人能说英语。虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法
在动词wish后的宾语从句中,表示与现在或过去的事实相反,或对将来的主观愿望,从句通常省略连词that。  表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be的过去式用were
)表示。如:
  I wish I knew the answer to the question.
  我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道。)
  表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词用 had+过去分词。如:
  I wish (that) I hadn’t wasted so much time.
  我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(实际上已经浪费掉了。
  表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为
“would/should/could/might+动词原形”,此时要注意,主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同,因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现,取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动作名词除外)。如:
  I wish it would stop raining.
  但愿雨能停止。
  在suggest(建议), demand(要求), order(命令), propose(建议), insist(坚持要做),
command(命令), request(要求), desire(希望)等动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用
“(should)+动词原形”,表示建议,要求,命令等。如:
  I suggest that we (should) start the meeting at once.
  我建议马上开会。
  注:当suggest表示暗示,主语为something;insist表示坚持观点时,后接的宾语从句当用真实语气。比较:
  His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.
  他的沉默暗示着他赞成我的决定。
  He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.
  他建议我坚持自己的决定。虚拟语气在表语从句中的用法当主语为advice, suggestion, order,
proposal等词时后接表语从句,表语从句中的谓语动词常用“(should)+动词原形”结构,表示某人建议、劝告、命令等的内容。如:
  My advice is that you should practise speaking English as often
as possible.
  我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。特殊的虚拟语气结构虚拟语气用在状语从句中  由as if 或as
,though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时,从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气。动词形式用动词的过去式(be→were)或had+过去分词。如:
  The teacher treats the student as if he were her own child.
  这位老师带这位学生就象她的亲生孩子一样。
  在It is time (that) …; I’d rather
(that)…句型中从句的谓语动词常用动词的过去式表示虚拟语气,意思是“该干某事了,时间已经有些晚了”“我宁愿/希望”。如:
  It is time that we did something to stop pollution.
  该我们做些什么制止污染的时候了。
  I’d rather I didn’t see you again.
  我宁愿不再见着你。虚拟语气在同位语从句中的用法在名词advice, suggestion, order,
proposal等后接的同位语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气,其形式为
“(should)+动词原形”,说明“建议”,“劝告”,“命令”等的具体内容。  如:The
order came that the work should be finished two days ahead of
    提前两天完成工作的命令传来了。
  注意: 有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作,发生的时间不一致,这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如:
  If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.
  如果我是你,我就去参加她的生日晚会了。(从句说明现在,主句说明过去。)
  If you hadn’t lent me some money, I couldn’t have bought the new
house and most likely
  I would be still living in the dangerous house now.
  假若你不借钱给我,我不可能买下这幢新房,很可能现在还住在危房里。
  (从句说明过去,主句说明过去和现在。)
条件从句中省去if的情况在if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中,常可以省略if,将had,
were或should提至句首。  如:Had I seen the film, I would
have discussed it with them last night.
    假如我看了那部电影,昨晚我就可以和他们一起讨论了。
分词作状语的用法
一、用作时间状语
1. Seeing the cat, the mouse ran off.
见到猫,老鼠就跑了。
分词(短语)用作时间状语通常可转换成时间状语从句(引导时间状语的从属连词需根据句意来确定),如上面也可转换成:When
[As soon as] the mouse saw the cat, it ran off.
二、用作原因状语
1. Being very weak, she couldn't move.
她由于身体虚弱而不能行动。
分词(短语)用作原因状语通常可转换成由as, because, since, now that
等引导的原因状语从句,如上面也可转换成:
As she was very weak, she couldn’t move.
三、用作条件状语
1. Working hard, you will succeed.
如果努力工作,你就可以成功。
分词(短语)用作条件状语通常可转换成由从属连词if引导的条件状语从句,如上面也可转换成:
If you work hard, you will succeed.
四、用作让步状语
1. Living miles away, he attended the course.
虽然住在几英里以外,他仍去上课。
分词(短语)用作让步状语通常可转换成由从属连词though, although, no
matter…等引导的让步状语从句,如上面两句也可转换成:
Although he lived miles away, he attended the course.
五、用作伴随状语
1. He sat in the chair reading a newspaper.
他坐在椅子上看报。
分词(短语)用作伴随状语时,它表示的动作伴随句子谓语动作同时发生,即句子谓语所表示的动作为主要动作,分词短语所表示的动作伴随性的次要动作。
六、用作方式状语
1. He earns a living driving a truck.
他靠开卡车谋取生。
分词(短语)用作方式状语与用作伴随状语的情形比较接近。有时用作方式状语的现在分词可以转换成by doing
sth的结构,如上面也可换成:He earns a living by driving a truck.
七、用作结果状语
1. He fired, killing one of the passers-by.
他开枪了,打死了一个过路人。
分词(短语)用作结果状语时,通常可转换成并列句,如上面也可转换成:He fired and killed one of
the passers-by.
分词作状语时可分为以下几种形式:
* doing : 用来表示主动,且前后动作同时进行。
Returning home later, my friend learned that the
police&&& had
been to the flat.
* having done: 用来表示主动,且动作发生在主句之前。
Having seen the film before, I decided not to see it again.
* being done: 用来表示被动,且前后动作同时进行。
Being questioned by the police, he felt frightened.
* done: 用来表示被动且完成
Destroyed in the storm, the house will be rebuilt.
* having been done: 用来表示被动,而且强调动作持续 一段时间或次数。
Having been defeated three times, he had to give up.
* 否定形式: not/ never + 分词结构
Not studying hard, he didn’t pass the test.
Never having taken a plane before, he was nervous.
非谓语动词
在句子中不是谓语的动词叫做非谓语动词
非谓语动词是动词的非谓语形式.动词一般在句子中充当谓语.在句中可起名词,形容词,副词的作用,在句中充当主语,宾语,表语,补语,定语或状语.即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分
  它有三种形式:不定式,分词(现在分词、过去分词),动名词
1.非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有:
  (1)如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用,例如:
  They built a garden.&
 (2)都可以被状语修饰:
  The suit fits him very well.&
  (3)都有主动与被动, “体”式(一般式;进行式;完成式)的变化。例如:
  He was punished by his parents.(谓语动词被动语态)
  Having written the composition, we handed it
in.(现在分词的完成式)
  (4)都可以有逻辑主语
  They started the work at
once.(谓语动词的逻辑主语)&
  We being League member, the work was well done.
(现在分词的逻辑主语)
  2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有:
  (1)非谓语动词可以有名词作用(如动词不定式和动名词),在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
  (2)非谓语动词可以有形容词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
  (3)非谓语动词可以有副词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中作状语。
  (4)谓语动词在句中作谓语,受主语的人称和数的限制;非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语,它不受主语的人称和数的限制。
(一)动词不定式:(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
  否定式:not + (to) do
  (1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后,
  例如:
  I'm glad to meet you.
  He seems to know a lot.
(2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:
 (3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:
  I regretted to have told a lie. The boy pretended to be
working hard.
2.不定式的句法功能:
  (1)作主语:
  To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面可用如下形式:
  It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes
常用句式有:1、It+be+名词+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to
do。3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。4、It+be+形容词+for sb.+to
do。常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词,不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。
  (2)作表语:
  Her job is to clean the hall.
(3)作宾语:
  常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn,
pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer,
如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:
  Marx found it important to study the situation in
  动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如:
I have no choice but to stay here.
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如:
  He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
  (4)作宾语补足语:
  在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell,
order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause,
force, call on, wait for, invite.
  此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:
  With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the
  有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel,
have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如:
  I saw him cross the road.
5)作定语:
  动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:
  ①动宾关系:
  I have a meeting to attend.
  注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:
  He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词: He has no place to
 如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:
  Have you got anything to send?
  Have you got anything to be sent?
  ②说明所修饰名词的内容:
  We have made a plan to finish the work.
  ③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:
  He is the first to get here.
  (6)作状语:
①表目的:
  He worked day and night to get the money.&
注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:
  wrong:To save money, every means has been tried.
  right:To save money, he has tried every
②表结果:
  He arrived late to find the train gone.
  常用only放在不定式前表示强调:
  I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因:
  They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度:
  It's too dark for us to see
anything.&
(7)作独立成分:
  To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he
(8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
(9)不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。
  He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
(二)动名词:
  动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。
1.动名词的形式: Ving
否定式:not + 动名词
(1)一般式: Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
(2)被动式: He came to the party without being
invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
(3)完成式: We remembered having seen the film.
我们记得看过这部电影。
(4)完成被动式: He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he
was five years old.
  他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
(5)否定式:not + 动名词
  I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。
(6)复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词
  He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
2.动名词的句法功能:
(1)作主语:
  Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。 It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。(2)作表语:
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。
(3)作宾语:
  They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
  注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句。此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如:
  We found it no good making fun of others.
我们发现取笑他人不好。
  要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:
  enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine,
keep, miss, consider, admit(承认),deny(否认), mind, permit, forbid,
practise, risk(冒险), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like,
can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of,
prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be
engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to,
object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
(4)作定语: He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
  (5)作同位语: The cave, his hiding-place is secret.
那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。
(三)现在分词:
  现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
  1、现在分词的形式:
  否定式:not + 现在分词
  (1)现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成
  式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。例如:
  They went to the park, singing and talking.
他们边唱边说向公园走去。
  Having done his homework, he played basket-ball.
做完作业,他开始打篮球。
  (2)现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。
  The problem being discussed is very important.
正在被讨论的问题很重要。
  2.现在分词的句法功能:
  (1)作定语:现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语
  放在名词后。
  In the following years he worked even harder.
  在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了。&
  现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the
the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who
is speaking to the teacher.
  (2)现在分词作表语:
  The film being shown in the cinema is exciting.
正在这家上演的电影很棒。
  be + doing既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词做表语,它们的区别在于be +
doing表示进行的动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
  (3)作宾语补足语:
  如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语: see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep,
notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如:
  Can you hear her singing the song in the next room?
你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?
  He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
  (4)现在分词作状语:
  ①作时间状语:
  (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced
  在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。
  ②作原因状语:
  Being a League member, he is always helping others.
由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人。
  ③作方式状语,表示伴随:
  He stayed at home, cleaning and washing.
他呆在家里,又擦又洗。
  ④作条件状语:
  (If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable
  要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
  ⑤作结果状语:
  He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.
他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。
  ⑥作目的状语:
  He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
  ⑦作让步状语:
  Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
  虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
  ⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格:
  I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head.
  我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上。
  All the tickets having been sold out, they went away
disappointedly.
  所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。
  有时也可用with (without) +名词(代词宾格)+分词形式
  With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
  ⑨作独立成分:
  udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an
  从外表看,他一定是个演员。
  (四)过去分词:
  过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求,要一一记住。
  过去分词的句法功能:
  1.过去分词作定语:
  Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.
上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
  注意当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
  2.过去分词作表语:
  The window is broken. 窗户破了。
  They were frightened at the sad sight.
他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
  注意:be + 过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别:
  The window is broken.(系表)
  The window was broken by the boy.(被动)
  有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成。如:
  boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶)
  newly arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳)
   这类过去分词有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived,
returned, passed等。
  3.过去分词作宾语补足语:
  I heard the song sung several times last week.
  上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
  有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语:
  With the work done, they went out to play.
工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。
  4.过去分词作状语:
  Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his
  受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)
  Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
  一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。(表示时间)
  Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
  如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。(表示条件)
  Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save
  虽然被告之有危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步)
  1. “to” 是不定式符号还是介词,下列短语中的to 都是介词。
  agree to object to close to , come to , lead to , refer to
,equal to , familiar to , point to , thank to , devote to , next to
, belong to , be used to , look forward to
2. 带to 还是不带to
  I have no choice but to give in
  I cannot do anything but give in
3. 动词不定式逻辑主语是由for 作为标记的。但是有时用of .
  It’s necessary for you to study hard .
  It’s foolish of him to do it .
  与of 连用的形容词有:
  good, kind , nice , wise ,clever , foolish , right , wrong
, careful , careless , polite , possible
4.后接不定式作宾语的动词有:
  want , hope , wish , like , begin , try , need , forget ,
agree , know , promise , teach , refuse , help , arrange , dare ,
decide , determine , fail , manage , offer , prepare , continue ,
ask , mean , choose , expect etc.
  需要宾语补足语的动词不能用动词不定式直接做介词的宾语,而要用it做形式宾语。例如:通常不说We think to
obey the laws is important . 而说We think it important to obey the
5.不定式的省略。下列短语中,如果意义明确,常常省略到to 。
  want to , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to ,
try to , love to , have to , o
  ught to , need to , used to , be able to
6.不定式作定语,应注意两种关系:
  1)动宾关系:
  He is looking for a room to live
  He is looking for a room to live in .
  There is no time to think ( about ) .
  2)主谓关系:
   ----I’m going to the post office , for I have a letter to
post . ( 逻辑主语是I )
  -------Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now (
逻辑主语不是I )
  7.不定式作状语,可以有以下几种意义:
  1) 原因
  He is lucky to get here on time .
  这种结构中常用的形容词有:
  happy , glad , delighted , pleased , sorry , eager ,
anxious . lucky , fortunate , proud , angry surprised , frightened
, disappointed , ready , clever , foolish , worthy
  2) 目的
  He came to help me with my maths .
  3) 结果
  I hurried to get there only to find him out .
  8 . 不定式作补足语
  I saw him play in the street just now .
  能跟不带to 的不定式作补足语的动词有:
  see , feel , hear , listen to , look at , watch , let ,
have make, observe, notice
  注: 当这些词为被动式时,不定式要带to , 如:
  He was seen to play in the street just now.
  二.动名词
  1.There’s no telling what will happen .
  =It’s impossible to tell what will happen .
  = No one can tell what will happen .
  3.There’s some difficulty ( in ) doing …
  在此句型中,difficulty 可以由以下单词替换:
  trouble , problem , fun , pleasure , a good time , a hard
  注意以下几个问题:
  1.下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别,
  forget to do … 忘记要做某事
  forget doing… 忘记做了某事
  remember to do…记住要做某事
  remember doing …记着做了某事
  mean to do … 有意要做某事
  mean doing … 意味着做了某事
  regret to do … 对要做的事表示后悔
  regret doing … 对做过去的事后悔
  can’t help to do…不能帮助做某事
  can’t help doing … 情不自禁做某事
  try to do … 尽力去做某事
  try doing 试着做某事
  learn to do … 学着去做某事
  learn doing … 学会做某事
  stop to do … 停下来去做(另一件事)
  stop doing … 停止做某事
  go on to do … 接着做(另外一件事)
  go on doing … 继续做某事
  used to do … 过去做某事
  be used to doing … 习惯做某事
  2.动名词作定语与现在分词作定语意义有区别
  动名词作定语表达 n+ for doing 的含义
  现在分词作定语表达 n+which(who) be doing的含义
  如:a sleeping car = a car for sleeping
  a running horse = a horse which is running
  前者是动名词 , 后者是现在分词
  又如: drinking water , walking stick running water , sleeping
  3. 动名词的逻辑主语:
  动名词的逻辑主语为代词或名词的所有格形式。
  例如:His coming made us very happy .
  4.动名词的语态和时态
  5. 动名词主动形式表被动的情况:
  need doing , want doing , require doing
  例如: This room needs painting . 这个房间需要粉刷。
  6.只能跟动名词作宾语的动词:
  admit , avoid , advise , consider , delay , deny , enjoy ,
escape , excuse , fancy , finish , complete , forbid , imagine ,
mind , miss , permit . practise , require , suggest , risk , keep,
take to , look forward to , get down to , feel like , can’t help ,
can’t stand , be used to ,insist on , succeed in , set about, give
up , include ,
  三. 分词
  1 The story is interesting . I’m interested in it .
  这个故事有兴趣,我对这个故事感兴趣。
  2 . This is a moving film .
  这是一部动人的电影。
  应注意的几个问题:
  1.现在分词与过去分词的区别
  Do you know the woman talking to Tom ?
  = Do you know the woman who is talking to Tom ?
  2.分词作表语
  The news sounds encouraging .
  1)现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别:
  The news is interesting .
  He is interested in the news .
  doing 作表语,主语与表语是主谓关系;done 作表语,主语与表语是动宾关系。
  2)表语与被动式的区别:
  The blackboard was broken by Xiao Ming .(强调动作)
  The blackboard is broken . You’d better have it
repaired.(强调状态)
  3)常作表语的过去分词:
  amused , injured , covered , known , dressed , lost ,
broken , gone , delighted, excited , pleased , satisfied , married
, worried , surprised , interested , burnt , shut , crowded ,
wounded , drank , done
  3.现在分词、动名词 现在进行时的区别
  The situation in our country is encouraging . (表语)
  The situation in our country is encouraging the people . (
现在进行时)
  My job is looking after the little baby . (动名词)
  能回答how-question 的是现在分词,能回答what-question
的动名词,即不能回答how-question 也不能回答what-question 的是现在进行时。
  例如: How is the situation in our country ? It is encouraging
  4.注意的四种结构:
  have something to do 有某事要做
  have something done 使某事被做
  have somebody do something 使某人做某事
  have something doing 让某事一直做着
  5. 需要跟反身代词作宾语的动词:
  seat , prepare , hide , dress
  如:I seated myself on the chair .
  I was seated on the chair .
  6.分词做状语与不定式的区别:
  分词做状语表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式、伴随等;而不定式表示目的和结果。
  Having finished the homework , I went home . ( 时间)
  Being a Party member , I should work hard . (原因)
  Given more time ,I can do my work better . ( 条件 )
  He ran out of the classroom ,shouting at the boy. (
  To get more knowledge , we must work harder and harder . (
  He is old enough to join the army . ( 结果)
  7.分词、动名词和不定式作定语的区别
  a running horse 现在分词 = a horse that is running
  a fallen leaf 过去分词 = a leaf that has already fallen
  a walking stick 动名词 = a stick for walking
  something to do 不定式 = something that I should do
  8.不定式被动式、分词的被动式和过去分词的区别:
  I have a problem to be discussed at the meeting . (
  The building being built on the river is the Science Museum
. (正在进行)
  The building completed three years ago is now in bad
conditions . ( 过去)
  9.分词做状语需要注意的一个问题:
  分词与句子主语的逻辑关系
  Seeing from the hill , the city looks beautiful .( 错误
  Seen from the hill , the city looks beautiful . (
  Seeing 与the city 不是主谓关系;seen 与city 是动宾关系
 1.在there be/live/lie句型中用全部倒装:eg:
There are some books on the desk.
There lived an emperor many years ago.
2.在以there, here, now, then
+be/come/go+主语的句子中用全部倒装:e.g.:
Now comes your turn.
There goes the bell.
注:如果主语是代词则不用倒装。
Here you are.
Here he comes.
3.以off, away, out, in, up,
down等副词开头的句子以示强调或为了使情景更生动,句子用全部倒装:e.g.:
Away went the children.
Out rushed the boy.
注:如果主语是人称代词则不用倒装。
4. only, not
until所修饰的介词短语、副词或状语从句放在句首时,要部分倒装:e.g.:
Only then did I realize that I was wrong.
Only in this way can you solve the problem.
注:①主句倒装,从句不倒装。
Not until the father came did he go back to school.
Only when the war was over in 1949 was he able to get back
②Only+主语置于句首时,不倒装。
Only Wang Li knows this.
5. never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, not, few, little,
often, by no means, at no time等放在句首时,要部分倒装:e.g.:
Often did we warn them not to do it.
Little did I know who the boy was.
6.在no sooner… not only… hardly/scarcely
… 句型中,前面的句子要部分倒装:e.g.:
No sooner had I reached the station than the train left.
=Hardly had I reached the station when the train left.
Not only does he like English but also he learns it
well.&&&&&
注:not only…but also, neither…nor连接两个主语不倒装。
&& Not only he but also I
went to the park.
7.以so, neither,
nor开头的句子,表相同概念的肯定或否定时,要全部倒装:e.g.:
I have never been to Beijing. Nor has he.
She is a teacher, so am I.
8.so/such…that句型中,把so/such修饰的那部分放在句首时,主句要部分倒装:e.g.:
Such an interesting film was it that they were all
So angry was he that he couldn’t say a word.
9.as引导的让步状语从句,常把表语、状语置于主首,用倒装:e.g.:
Try as they might, they couldn’t get out of the
注:如果表语是单数可数名词,该词前一般不加冠词。
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
10.省略if的虚拟条件句置于句首时,用倒装:e.g.:
Were I a bird, I would fly in the sky.
Should it rain, the crops would grow better.
11. Such作表语放在句首时,表示强调,用倒装:e.g.:
Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great
achievements.
为了保持句子平衡,或使上下文连接更紧,可把介词短语、形容词短语、副词或分词提到主语前,用全部倒装语序:
e.g.:Fastened to the pole was the national flag.
On the ground lay an old sick goat.
 定义:用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句,祈使句最常用于表达命令,因此在学校语法中也常称为命令句。
  祈使句因对象(即主语)是,所以通常都省略。祈使句的动词都为,句末则使用句号来表示结束。例:
Go and wash your hands.
(去洗你的手。——命令)
Be quiet, please.(Please be quiet.)
(请安静。——请求)
  Be kind to our sister. (对姊妹要和善。——劝告)
  Watch your steps. (走路小心。——警告)
  祈使句无主语, 主语you常省去; 动词原形当,
句首加don't否定变; 朗读应当用降调, 句末常标感叹号。
●否定结构:
1. Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加don't构成。
如:Don't forget me! 不要忘记我!
  Don't be late for school! 上学不要迟到!
2. Let型的否定式有两种:“Don't + let + 宾语 + 动词原形 +
其它成分”和“Let + 宾语 + not + 动词原形 + 其它成分”。
如:Don't let him go. / Let him not go.
别让他走。
3. 表示禁止时,尤其是标语等也可用“No+/”来表示。
如:No smoking! 禁止吸烟!No fishing! 禁止钓鱼!
祈使句用法
"let"带头的祈使句
  由"let"带头的祈使句是个常见的动词,它的主要用法有下列三种:
  1.表示“建议”。
  这个句型里的"let"后头紧跟着一个第一人称的宾语,如:
  (1) Let me try.
  (2) Let's do it.
  (3) Let me go and look for it.
  这个句型语气委婉,比直接的祈使句客气。试比较(4)a和(4)b:
  (4) a. Don't disturb him.
  b. Let's not disturb him.
  (a)是直接命令,语气强烈,不如(b)温柔悦耳。
  2.表示“间接命令”或“愿望”。这句型里的动词宾语是第三人称名词或代词。
  (5) Let Robert take charge of the marketing
department.
  (6) Let her join our choir.
  3.表示“警告”、“蔑视”、“威胁”等,这种祈使句里的宾语也是第三人称为主。除了口气凶悍之外,有时还语带讽刺,如:
  (7) Let him try and he will expose his
inability to work on his own.
  (8) Let the invaders come and our armed forces
will wipe them out in no time.
  用"let"的祈使句时,必须注意下列几点:
一、"let" 的有二:
如果宾语是第三人称用"Don't let....."(见例(9));
如果宾语是第一人称,则用"Let......not" (见例(10)):
  (9) Don't let this type of things happen
now. Let's not go out until after the rain.
  二、"Let"只适用于现在,可以有 (the
passive voice),如:
  (11) Let the recalcitrant criminals be sent to
  (12) Let all the dedicated capable staff be
  三、"Let"后头除了是不带"to"的不定式动词 (The infinitive
without"to")之外,还可以是某些适当的,如out,
in, down, alone等:
  (13) Let the puppy out.
  (14) Open the windows and let the fresh air
  (15) The room is too sunny. Let the blinds
  (16) Let me alone, please.
  四、用"Let's"时,把谈话者的对象包括在内;用"Let
us"时,并不包括对方,如:
  (17) Let's try it, shall we?
  (18) Let us do it by ourselves, will
  从(17)里的"shall we"和(18)里的"will
you",不难知道前者包括听话人,后者并没有。祈使句表示请求、命令、建议等等。谓语动词一律用。句子中通常不用主语,句末用惊叹号或者句号,用降调。
  1含有第二人称主语的祈使句
  Be careful!小心!
Don''t make such a noise.不要这么吵。
  祈使句与的改写
  1.祈使句=You must …(陈述句)
  Come here .过来。 =You must come here .
你必须过来。
  Don''t do that again. 你一定不可以再那样做了。
  2.Please +祈使句=Will you (please)
~?(陈述句)
  Please help me .请帮帮我。 =Will you (please) help
me? 你愿意帮我的忙吗?
Come here on time ,please
.请准时到这儿。
=Will you (please) come here on time ?
请你准时到好吗?
  3.含有第一、第三人称的祈使句
  Let‘s say good-bye here.  我们在此道别吧。
  Don't let him do that again.
别让他再那么做了。.
  1.肯定的祈使句
  句型:·Let+第一人称(me,us)~.
  ·Let+第三人称代词(:him,her,it,them)或名词~.
  Let's go at once.  咱们马上动身吧。
  Let me try again.  让我再试试。
  Let Tom go there himself.  让自己去那儿。
  Let's包括对方,Let us不包括对方。反意时最明显。
  Let's go,shall we?&
咱们去吧,怎么样?
  Let us go,will you?&
让我们去吧,行吗? (征求对方的意见)
  2.否定的祈使句
  句型:·Let‘s(us,me)+not +动词原形~.
  ·Don’t let +第三人称代词的宾格或名词+动词原形.
  Let's not say anything about it.
  对于这件事,咱们什么也不要说。
  Don't let them play with fire.
 a,Let's表示说话人向对方提出建议,简短问句的主语用 we表示,问句用 shall we或
shan't we 如: Let's have a cup of tea ,shall we (shan't we)
  b,Let me或 Let us表示听话人提出请求,问句用 will you或 won't
  Let me have a rest , will you (won't you
  c,其它的祈使句后可以加一个简短问句,使语气变得客气一些.
  如:Have a rest , will you .
  Stand up , will (won't) you .
  回答Let's~的句型时,肯定时用Yes,let''s.否定时用NO,let''s not.
  祈使句变反意疑问句的方法:
  祈使句后的反意疑问句
肯定的祈使句
  a.句型:动词原形~.(省略主语)
  Stand up.起立。
  Be quiet,please.请安静。
  b.有时,为了加强语气,可以在动词之前加do
  Do sit down.  务必请坐。
  Do study hard.  一定要努力学习。
  祈使句和陈述句陈述句:
  You sit down. 你坐下来。
  祈使句:
  Sit down.坐下(省略主语you)
  c.用客气的语气表示祈使句时,可在句首或句尾加上please,但如果在句尾加please,那在please之前一定要加一个逗号“,”。
  Go this way,please.&
请这边走。
  d.祈使句中如果有唤语,一定要用“,”隔开,放在句首或句尾。
  Li Ming,come here. ,过来。
  Come here,Li Ming. 过来,李明。
英语祈使句句型转换。
  句型转换
  祈使句有时相当一个“if”引导的。
  祈使句:Use your head and you''ll find a
  句:If
you use your head,you''ll find a way.&
英语祈使句的特殊用法:
  祈使句有时候相当有一个由if 引导的条件状语从句。
  如:Study harder ,and you will catch up with the
others in your class.
  努力学习些,你会赶上班里其他同学的。
  If you study harder ,you will catch up with
the others in your class.
  如果你学习再努力些,你会赶上班上其他同学的。
  祈使句的组成:
  ①:动词原形+其他
  ②:Please+动词原形+其他
  ③:don‘t+动词原形
  As students, we should put the learning in the
first place 身为学生,我们应该把学习放在第一位
一般现在时
  1.概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
  2.时间状语: always, usually, often, sometimes,
every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,
  3.基本结构:动词
原形(如主语为第三人称单数,动词上要改为第三人称单数形式)
  4.否定形式:am/is/are+此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。
  5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。
  6.例句:. It seldom snows here.
  He is always ready to help others.
  Action speaks louder than words.
  (1) 一般现在时表示经常性的动作或状态
  一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态时,常与often, always, usually,
sometimes, every day等连用。如:
  The shop opens at nine every day.
这家商店每天九点开门。
  It seldom snows here. 这儿很少下雪。
  (2) 一般现在时表示客观存在或普遍真理
  Light travels faster than sound.
光速比声速快。
  Food easily goes bad in hot weather.
天气热时食物容易坏。
(3) 一般现在时表示主语的特征或状态
  The picture looks very beautiful.
这幅画看起来很美。
  Air contains oxygen and nitrogen.
空气含有氧和氮。
  (4) 一般现在时在时间和中表示将来的动作或状态
  I'll tell her about it as soon as I see
  When does the train arrive? 火车几点到?
  (5) 用于图片说明或剧本中的动作提示和背景说明 INSIDE THE SHELTER:
Stockton slowly turns to face his wife. The angry screaming cries
of the people ring in their ears even as they depart.
  防空洞中:斯道克顿慢慢转过身,面对他的妻子。那群人正在离去,而他们愤怒的尖叫声却还回响在他们的耳边。
  (6) 电视节目直播解说
  It's Carter to serve- he needs just one more
point. He serves. And Smith misses. What a great serve!So the
championshipgoes to 19-year-old Harry Carter.
  该发球了,他只需再得一分就赢了。他发球了,接球失误。多漂亮的发球!冠军属于了19岁的哈利-卡特。
现在进行时
  1.概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
  2.时间状语:now, at this time, days, etc. look .
  3.基本结构:be+doing
  4.否定形式:be+not+doing.
  5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。
  6.例句: How are you feeling today?
  He is doing well in his lessons.
  (1) 现在进行时表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作
  表示现阶段正在进行的动作,通常用表示现阶段的时间状语,如:today, this week,
this month, this year, this term,now等。如:
  He is writing a novel now. 他目前正在写一部小说。
  (2) 现在进行时表示经常性的动作
  现在进行时在表示经常性、重复性或习惯性的动作时必须与only, merely,
simply, really,fast, rapidly, steadily, forever, all the time,
always, constantly, continually, repeatedly等连用。如:
  She is always complaining. 她总是在抱怨。
  (3) 现在进行时表示按计划或已安排好要做的事
  这一用法只适用于某些动词,如:go, come, leave, start, arrive,
return, spend, sail, meet, fly等。如:
  The guest is leaving by train tonight.
客人今晚坐火车走。
  (4) 补充说明
在不少情况下,表示正在进行的动作的汉语句子,并没有“正在”这样的字眼,但在译为英语时必须用进行时态。如:
   heavily. 下大雨了。
  How is everything going? 事情进展如何?
  [2] 有些动词通常不能用进行时。不能用进行时的动词有:
  表示感觉或感情的词,如:hear, see, smell, taste, feel,
seem, notice, hate, love, like, want, wish, refuse, prefer,
forgive等。
  表示存在或所属的词,如:exist, stay, remain, obtain, have,
own, form, contain等。
  表示认识或理解的词,如:understand, know, remember,
forget, believe, think, doubt等。
现在完成时
  (1) 现在完成时表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态
  现在完成时的这种用法通常与由since或for引导的时间连用。如:
  The old man have lived here for more than
twenty years. 老人已在此住了20多年了。
  (2) 现在完成时表示过去发生的对现在有影响的动作
  [1] 现在完成时的这种用法有时不带时间状语,有时可以和already, before,
ever, just, lately, never, once, recently,
yet等一些所指时间不具体的时间状语连用。如:
  Have you ever been to Australia? 你去过吗?
  [2] 有时现在完成时和now, today, this morning, this
week, this year等表示现在的时间状语连用。如:
  I haven' t seen him today. 我今天没见过他。
  I have seen him only once this year.
我今年只见过他一次。
  (3) 现在完成时在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来完成的动作
  I'll go to the party as soon as (or when) I
have finished my homework.
  我完成作业后就去参加聚会。
  (4) 现在完成时和until now, so far, in the past few
years, up to the present等表示从某时到目前这段时间的状语连用 I have not heard from
her so far. 到目前为止,我没有收到过她的信。
  We have learned five hundred words up to the
  到目前为止,我们已学了五百个生词。
  但要注意:当意义明确时,适用现在完成时的句子可以不用时间状语。如:
  He has done a lot of work. 他干了许多工作。
  She has told me about her story.
她跟我讲过她的故事。
现在完成进行时
  1.概念:表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚刚开始,也可能仍在继续,并可能延续到将来。
  2.基本结构:have/has +been+doing
  3.时间状语:since+时间点,for+时间段等。
  4.例子:I have been sitting here for an
  The chirdren have been watching TV since six
  (1) 现在完成进行时表示从过去一直持续到现在的动作或刚刚结束的动作
  I've been writing letters all this
  我写了一上午信。(动作不再继续)
  O'Neil is ill. He' s been lying in the bed for
three weeks.
  在病中,已卧床3个星期了。(动作会继续下去)
  (2) 现在完成进行时表示从过去到现在的重复性动作
  现在完成进行时的这种用法所表示的并不是一直在进行的动作,而是断断续续地反复发生的动作。如:
  What have you been doing all this
  你一直都在干什么来着?(动作可能继续下去)
  That reporter has been contributing articles
to this magazine all these years.
  这些年那个记者一直为这家杂志撰稿。(断断续续地反复发生的动作)
一般过去时
  1.概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
  2.时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before
yesterday, last week,last(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now,
at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time,
  3.基本结构:be动词;行为动词 的过去式
  4.否定形式:was/were+在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。
  5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did
提问,同时还原行为动词。
  6.例句:She often came to help us in those
  I didn't know you were so busy.
  (1) 一般过去时表示过去的动作或状态
  [1] 一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。
  与一般过去时连用的时间状语有:yesterday, last night(week,
year, month, Sunday),then, at that time, at that moment, just now,
a few days(weeks, months, years) ago等。例句:
  Lucy turned off all the lights before she went
  出门前露茜关了所有的灯。
  [2] 一般过去时也可以与today, this week(month,
year)等时间状语连用,但这些时间状语应指过去。如:
  Did you see him today?
你今天见他了吗?(today指今天已过去的某一时刻)
  [3] 一般过去时还可以和for或since引导的时间状语连用。如:
  I stayed there for two months.
我在那里呆了两个月。
  Nothing happened since then.
打那以后什么事都没有发生。
  (2) 有时一般过去时的时间状语或是在上下文、或是暗含于句中
  Who was that? 那人是谁?
  I saw Ker in town. 我在城里看见了。
  (3) 一般过去时在时间和条件状语从句中表示过去将来的动作或状态。
  Hans said he would let us know if he got any
  汉斯说要是得到消息就告诉我们。
过去进行时
  1.概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
  2.时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that
time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
  3.基本结构 s+was/were+doing
  4.否定形式:s+was/were + not + doing.
  5.一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写)
  6.例句:At that time she was working in a PLA
  When he came in, I was reading a
newspaper.
  (1) 过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的动作
  [1] 过去进行时通常和时间状语连用。如:
  We were having dinner when they came.
  他们来的时候,我们正在吃饭。
  [2] 过去进行时表示过去某段时间内持续的动作。如:
  Carlos was staying at home all last
  上周整整一周都在家呆着。
  They were building a dam last spring.
去年春天他们一直在修一个水坝。
  [3] 过去进行时表示与过去某个动作同时发生的动作。如:
  I was reading while she was writing.
我在读书,她在写字。
  [4] 有时过去进行时用于,位于其后的when引导的表示意外发生的情况:
  I was walking in the street when it began to
  我正在街上走着,突然下起了雨。
  (2) 过去进行时表示过去将来的动作
  过去进行时的这种用法多表示过去的打算,通常仅限于come, go, leave,
depart, start等一些表示移动的动词。如:
  He didn't know whether she was coming.
他不知道她是否会来。
  The delegation was departing three days later.
代表团打算三天后动身。
过去完成时
  1.概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。
  2.时间状语:before, by the end of last year(term,
month…),etc.
  3.基本结构:had + done.
  4.否定形式:had + not + done.
  5.一般疑问句:had放于句首。
  6.例句:As soon as we got to the station, the
train had left.
  By the end of last month. We had reviewed four
  基本结构:主语+had+过去分词(done)
  ①肯定句:主语+had+过去分词+其他
  ②否定句:主语+had+not+过去分词+其他
  ③一般疑问句:Had+主语+过去分词+其他
  ④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
  (1) 过去完成时表示过去某时之前结束的动作或状态
  When he got there, the train had already
  他到了那儿时火车已经离开了。
  Ina realized she had made a mistake.
  艾娜意识到她犯了个错误。
  (2) 过去完成时与when等从句连用
  had+just / barely / hardly /
s}

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