2015年3月GMAT语法机经
摘要： 以下是环球教育带来的2015年3月GMAT语法机经
以下是环球教育带来的2015年3月GMAT语法机经：
语法的话考平行结构太多了，这个要看好，未划线的更要看，就靠没有划线的部分来混淆你呢。
【分析】那就来个平行结构大总结吧~！(来自曼哈顿)
一、平行结构标志词
前后连接的A和B必须词性相同，结构一致，甚至&数&一致。
二、平行元素
有时候be, can, to&会被省略掉，(省略仅仅针对非从句而言)
The division WAS opening offices, hiring staff, AND investing in equipment.
The railroad CAN EITHER lose more money OR solve its problems.
They wanted TO increase awareness, spark interest, AND motivate purchases.
两个从句平行，为了避开歧意必须都要用引导词引导
Wrong: I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND I pay low taxes.
Right: I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND WHERE I pay low taxes.
同时引导词也可以不一样
There are many people WHO speak English BUT WHOSE parents do not.
但是&引导词&前面的词不可以省略 (即平行成分不可或缺，检验办法：去掉没有问题的平行成分链接到谓语来检查是否ambiguity)
Wrong: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND WHO are not.?
Right: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not.
此句中&those&不能省略，但是&popular&可以省略。
通常逗号原则
A and B／A ,B，and C/A,B,C,and D
特殊逗号原则
当连接两个元素是长的独立句子时候，会用A，and B
I really like candy apples, AND I eat them often.
分层并列&&无论并列的元素有多少，同一个并列连词连接的必须结构相似，词性相同。可以在一个句子同时用不同的并列连词，表示不同的层次。
She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH disregard for human life AND property. AND THAT it should therefore be shut down.
四、常用的并列习语
五、句子里的动词不一定都平行，很有可能是动词的-ing或者-ed形势，表示伴随。逻辑上必须也要平行。
Sal applied himself in his new job, arriving early every day, skipping lunch regularly, AND leaving late every night.
六、系动词两边的成分要并列：表达的是&主语是什么／主语在什么情况下&
即系动词表示的是两边的东西必须是同质的，如下例，名词对名词，而不能对应动名词。
Wrong: The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love.
Right: The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love.
不但词性要相同，词义也要相应。下例中，提名代表了前进的一步，抽象内容对抽象内容，而政治家则不能代表向前的一步。
Wrong: Upon being nominated, this politician REPRESENTS a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country.
Right: The nomination of this politician REPRESENTS a step forward in urban- rural relations in this country.
七、平行高阶
1．名词有两种形式：实体名词(时间、地点、人、事件)，动作名词(eruption, pollution, change, growth等)，二者不能平行
2．动名词：简单动名词，（动名词＋名词）
Tracking satellites accurately is important for the space agency.
复杂动名词（含有修饰成分，经常是前面加一个冠词a/an/the+of的介宾短语）
The accurate tracking of satellites is important for the space agency.
简单动名词不能和复杂动名词平行。且只有复杂动名词才能与动作名词平行。
Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions, significant reductions in overall troop levels, raising the rebel flag on holidays, AND a general pardon.
Right: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions, significant reductions in overall troop levels, THE raising OF the rebel flag on holidays, AND a general pardon.
其中withdrawal, reductions, pardon都是动作名词，而the raising of是复杂名词。
The accurate tracking of satellites -复杂动名词； tracking satellites -简单动名词
在所有的动名词中，永远选择复杂动名词（通常带OF）而不是简单动名词。
Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions AND releasing certain political prisoners.
Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions AND THE releasing OF certain political prisoners.
Right: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions AND THE RELEASE OF certain political prisoners.
3．如果一个动词有具体的名词形式，就不要用动名词，如extract就有名词extraction
4．不定式平行，若有3个及以上元素，是否省略To看前一个
It is critical to suspend activities, notify investors, AND say not
OG13. 37. Dressed as a man and using the name Robert Shurtleff, Deborah Sampson, the first woman to draw a soldier's pension, joined the Continental Army in 1782 at the age of 22, was injured three times, and was discharged in 1783 because she had become too ill to serve.
(A) 22, was injured three times, and was discharged in 1783 because she had become
(B) 22, was injured three times, while being discharged in 1783 because she had become
(C) 22 and was injured three times, and discharged in 1783, being
(D) 22, injured three times, and was discharged in1783 because she was
(E) 22, having been injured three times and discharged in 1783, being
平行结构; 逻辑含义
过去时用于描述过去发生的事件，过去完成时用于描述过去某一时点或时间之前发生并完成的事件。过去完成时的使用首先要有明确的时间点进行提示，第二要合理的体现出&已经完成&的含义。
当并列的短语中都包含is/was/were时，只有当其表示相同意义，即都为be动词或助动词时，才可省略。
(A) C 需要找一个joined..., was injured..., and was discharged...的平行结构，只有此选项符合要求; 使用过去完成时表明了she become too ill to serve是发生在was discharged in 1783之前; she become too ill to serve就是仅修饰最后半个句子, 所以作者在这里特意用逗号把后半个句子和前面区分开为了避免歧义，because状从修饰的只是最后的动作，所以放在最后。
(B) while从句的事情与主句时间不是发生在同一时间，使用while时间状语错误，同时破坏句子平行结构； being使用多余，while being构成了被动语态的过去进行时态，这个动作应该是一个过去式动词。
(C) 第一个and多余，应改为逗号；discharge应该使用被动语态；being现在分词作状语修饰discharged表伴随结果，逻辑不合理。
(D) 动词并列，injured应该用被动，前要补出was才能与joined和was discharged并列；because she was中用了一般过去时也是可以的。
(E) 用了having been injured&and discharged做前面主句的伴随状语，表明be injured and discharged发生在joined之前，逻辑错误；and前面没有逗号隔开使得in 1783的修饰对象改变，原文是在1783年退役，现在是被伤了3次及退役都发生在1783，同时being修饰的对象把be injured也包括了进去。
1、语法考动词后加不加s, it 还是they的题比较多。
【分析】主谓一致。如果一个句子中有多个动词和主语，要找好对应关系，再判断单复数。下面总结一下主谓一致中比较重要的知识点。
（一）容易引起主语不明显的两个情况
1)插入语：在主语和谓语之间插入一些说明的成分
介宾短语（of,／for by,／in,／with／,at,／to,／on,／from 后面的词不是主语可以忽略，所以要学会看到介词跳读。）
（Near Galway）, the HOUSES （ON the road TO Spiddle ）ARE gorgeous.
2)前置短语：在主语之前放一些修饰成分
(When the auditors left), the executive (who had been interviewed) was glad.
说明：从句始终只是句子中辅助的成分，类似大形容词，大名词或大副词。
(二)and 和表示连接的词
1）and 连接几个不同的名词的时候构成复数结构，谓语动词要用复数。有且只有&and&可以将单数主语改编成复数主语。其他添加伴随连接词的单数主语，依然是单数主语。
2）其他连接性的词（along with, in addition to, as well as, together with, including）虽然也表达&and&的意思，但是连接不同的名词，只是起着修饰的作用，不会改变主语的单复数，不影响谓语动词。
&Joe, as well as his friends, IS going to the beach.
&Mathematics, in addition to history and science, IS a required subject.
3）一些表示学科的词（physics, mathematics）、一些活动－有氧运动（aerobics）和一些疾病－糖尿病（diabetes）虽然以S结尾，仍属于单数名词，谓语动词用单数
（三）either or, neither nor
1）就近原则：离谓语动词近的是单数，谓语动词就用单数；复数就用复数
Neither the coach nor the players ARE going to the beach.
Neither the players nor the coach IS going to the beach.
2）若仅仅只有either or neither, 没有or 、nor，则谓语动词一定要用单数
（四）集合性名词：在GMAT中一般被认为是单数名词，看做一个整体，跟单数谓语
People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra（乐队）, team
Items: baggage, citrus（橙类）, equipment, fleet（舰队／小河）, fruit, furniture
The CROWD in the stands IS cheering loudly as the home TEAM TAKES the field.
Our ARMY of a hundred thousand soldiers IS attacking the enemy.
（五）非限制性的代词，一般用单数
Anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing, each, every, someone, somebody,
something, everyone, everybody, everything, whatever,& whoever, either&or..; neither&nor..
特殊情况，如果遇到 ASNAM&Some,any,none,all,more/most&需要根据后面的&OF的介宾短语&中的名词内容确定谓语的单复数
1)Some, 谓语单复数，取决于SOME后面的词的单复数。需要看介宾短语词！
Some of the money was stolen from my wallet.
Some of the documents were stolen from the bank.&
2)Any, None永远跟单数。
Any of these women IS a suitable candidate for marriage to my son.
Technically，none of + plural noun can take either a singular or a plural verb form.
其中，not one 永远是单数
Not one of my friends IS here this weekend.
3)all ,more/most, part, half, 谓语要看后面的介宾短语中的名词单复数。
(六)each & every 两个词如果放在复数主语之前用单数，复数主语之后用复数
Every dog and cat has paws. They each are great tennis players.
由each/every开头+任何名词（不论单复数）一律用谓语单数。
（七）量词
A number of +复数主语+复数谓语（a number of 可以看成是some/many）
The number of +复数/单数主语+单数谓语
Majority（多数）, minority（少数民族／少数）, and plurality（多数）
这些词既可以是单数也可以是复数，根据其修饰的主语（of 后面的词）决定其单复数。通常表示一个大群体的一部分时，用复数。
a group of/ a body of/ an array of/ a series of/ s asset of/ a portion of+复数名词，谓语动词用单数
（八）倒装：主语的单复数向后看
Wrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.
&&& Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.
Wrong: There IS a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.
&&& Flip it! A young man and an older woman ARE there at the bus stop.
&&& Right: There ARE a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.
Uncertain: Pong is a classic game from which have/has descended many current computer pastimes.
Flip it! Pong is a classic game from which many current computer pastimes HAVE&&&& descended.
Right: Pong is a classic game from which HAVE descended many current computer pastimes.
The Anasazi settlements at Chaco Canyon were built on a spectacular scale with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, were connected by a complex regional system of roads.&&
(A) with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, were
(B) with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each,
(C) of more than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms, each that had been
(D) of more than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms and with each
(E) of more than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms, each had been
考点: 句子结构(Grammatical Structure) 逻辑表达(Logical Predication) 有效用词(Diction)
　　1) 一个完整的句子之中只能有一个谓语动词，两个谓语动词之间必须有连词进行连接
　　2) each型独立主格,强调句尾名词,形式为:
句子 + 复数名词结尾, each + 介词短语/形容词短语/-ed形式/-ing形式。
E.G. Chinese, the most ancient of living writing systems, consists of tens of thousands of ideographic characters, each character a miniature calligraphic composition inside its own square frame.
(A) 划线的were作为谓语和划线部分之前的谓语were重复，应该去掉或者用连词and连接;
(B) Correct，of up to 600 rooms each作为插入语修饰structures，connected分词跳过插入语修饰前面最邻近的名词structures.
(C) 将 with改变成of后，介词的修饰对象发生改变;原句with结构修饰built,而of结构修饰的是将插入语变成句子一部分后，each同 位语修饰的对象也发生改变，变成了修饰最邻近的rooms而不是structures，rooms被马路连接不符合题目原意和逻辑表达;each同位语从 句用过去完成时同样没有必要性.
(D) 按D答案给出的句意，with each和on a spectacular scale平行，但each connected by改变了原文的句意，原文没有表达出每一个都被连接的意义
(E) 如果each做代词指代主语应该在each前面加上连词and，E答案中each后面是完整句子但没有连词进行连接;had been过去完成时没有必要性。
还考了一题，某名人想要一个政治职务，并不介意通过自己的名声来获得该职位，考了averse后面加to还是against的用法。
【分析】查了很多词典好像没有averse against的用法。例句中的用法都是averse to + n. 这道题应该肯定还有其他的区分点，大家到考场上仔细看一看，不要以to和against的区分就断定答案。
Averse adjective
Having a strong feeling of opposition, antipathy, repugnance, etc.; opposed:
E.g. He is not averse to having a drink now and then.
还有一道语法好像是讲员工期权，公司会买回部分防止股价波动过大，xxxxxx, the company announced _________，选项有A E&&that it plans ...
【分析】如果是announced that 后面就要用不晚于announced的时态，可能是过去时也可能是完成时。另外总结一下announce这种报道性词语的用法。
在一些报道性的词语后面一定跟that
Indicate, claim, contend, report, announce, assert, believe, confess, demonstrate, doubt, expect, hold, know, mention, observe, proclaim, reason, recognize, repeat, state, think , warn, be convinced , be certain, be assured, agree, declare, find, reveal, rule ,show
Too Short: The study INDICATES the problem has vanished.
Better: The study INDICATES THAT the problem has vanished.
有一个比较特殊的词就是say,之后不必跟that，就可以跟一个句子
The water was so cold that people SAID polar bears would shiver.
PREP. The company announced that its profits declined much less in the second quarter than analysts had expected it to and its business will improve in the second half of the year.
(A) had expected it to and its business will improve
(B) had expected and that its business would improve
(C) expected it would and that it will improve its business
(D) expected them to and its business would improve
(E) expected and that it will have improved its business
考点: 平行对称（Parallelism）、动词形式（Verb Form）、句子结构（Grammatical Construction） 过去完成时: 当某一个动作发生在过去的某一个动作之前,应该使用过去完成时 宾语从句的并列: announced that& and that&and在连接句子时，只能连接并列的独立句子（即主句），and后面的句子不能与从句并列。
(A) it to多余; its前面必须加上that,构成宾语从句的并列:announced that& and that&
(B) 正确, 注意到了前后两个分句的发生先后关系,正确的使用了过去完成时;and that和 announced that并列
(C) 从逻辑上看,expect发生在announced之前,应该用过去完成时;expected it中的it多余;由于整个句子的时间框架是过去, will应该该为would
(D) them没有指代对象且多余;and后面应该加上that跟announced that构成并列
(E) will应该改为 现在完成时不对,根据in the second half of the year判断imporve应该用将来的某一种时态句子结构: The company announced that&and that its business would&
居然有一道讲胡锦涛访问非洲国家的，只记得部分好像是 a tour of eight nations that is to involve&excursion history site. 其他选项还有as involving / which involves.
【分析】大家在考场上一定要看清which/that指代什么，应该用involve还是involves。下面总结一下这道题可能涉及的修饰的知识点。
（一）名词和其修饰语必须互相靠近，就近修饰；如果修饰语靠近另外一个名词，则会产生误解。
Wrong: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods.
Right: To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods.
（二）修饰限制性名词修饰，一般用the；无逗号隔开的，用 两两配套
&&& 非限制性名词修饰，一般用this/these：有逗号隔开的，用which
Non-essential: This mansion, WHICH HAS BEEN RECENTLY PAINTED RED, is owned by the Lees.
Essential: The mansion THAT HAS BEEN PAINTED RED is owned by the Lees.
但是当which前面有介词的时候，例如for which，可能不需要that, 但是依然需要逗号原则。
Non-essential: This mansion. FOR WHICH I YEARN, is owned by the Lees.
Essential: The mansion FOR WHICH I YEARN is owned by the Lees.
（三）Which不能修饰一个句子，which只能指代它前面的一个名词
Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, WHICH has led to a rise in property values.（此句中which指的是neighborhood,错）
Right: The recent decrease in crime in our neighborhood has led to a rise in property values.
PREP. Sixty-five million years ago, according to some scientists, an asteroid bigger than Mount Everest slammed into North America, which, causing plant and animal extinctions, marks the end of the geologic era known as the Cretaceous Period.
(A) which, causing plant and animal extinctions, marks
(B) which caused the plant and animal extinctions marking
(C) and causing plant and animal extinctions that mark
(D) an event that caused plant and animal extinctions, and it marks
(E) an event that caused the plant and animal extinctions that mark
考点: 句子结构(Grammatical Construction)、指代一致(Agreement), 逻辑表达(Logical Predication) 连词and在连接句子时, 只能连接并列的独立句子(即主句), and后面的句子不能与从句并列。which需要有具体的名词指代对象, 不能用于修饰前句整 句描述的事情, 即不能指代句子。现在分词作非限定性修饰成分, 修饰先行词, 表示主动、有动作正在进行还在延续的含义; 相反, 使用过去分词作非限定性修饰成分, 修饰先行词, 表示被动, 或者表示动作已经结束。
补充说明:位于句尾逗号后的同位语, 如a(an) finding/discovery/theory/event等, 概括前句内容，对内容进行进一步拓展说明。这种结构一般意味着句子的结束。在这种结构后面再出现连词接完整的句子的, 一般为错误选项。
(A) which需要有具体的指代对象，不能用于修饰前句整句描述的事情;causing现在分词表示动作正在进行或还在延续，含义不正确。
(B) which需要有具体的指代对象，不能用于修饰前句整句描述的事情;marking前面需要有逗号
(C) and causing没有平行对象
(D) and it marks&.完整独立句子，构成run-on错误;it指代不清，可以指代an asteroid，也可以指代an event，且 it 优先指代同在句子中充当主语成分的 an asteroid，不符合逻辑。
(E) Correct
Except for variation in A,B,C(三个国家), the production of XXX is, with its.
The scientists&engineering of XXX is V(一个形容词) of &..
【分析】第一句划线是production of XXX is, 第二句是我回忆的那部分，之后的都没划线。第一句的考点是主谓一致。
划线部分里的两个is还有一个its应该是主谓一致的区分点。还是那句话，狗主的回忆不一定正确，大家一定要以实战题目为准。
GMAT 在80%~90%情况下认为复数不能用所有格，如humans&
Wrong: Certain humans' parasites have been shown to provide bacterial resistance and protection
Right: Certain parasites in humans have been shown to provide bacterial resistance and
protection
整句划线：That allowing the price of sth. to rise and the cost of sth. to decrease is a mis-concept.我选的a，其他的修饰成分有问题，要么就是语义有问题。
【分析】That引导的主语从句。考点应该有主谓一致和平行。下面总结一下主语从句的知识点。
（一）that 引导的主语从句
that在句中不做成分。当主语从句位于句首时，不能省略：
That he likes books of this kind is very interesting.
= It&s very interesting (that) he likes books of this kind.
当谓语动词是seem, appear, be a pity.be a wonder, be likely等时，使用形式主语It，而将真正的主语放在句尾，这时从属连词that可省略：It appeared to scientists on earth (that) the stars had moved.
（二）Whether/if 引导的主语从句
表不确定的主语从句位于句首的时候则必须用whether，不能用if.
如果用It 作形式主语时,whether和If都可以引导主语从句。
（三）what引导的主语从句（其实是连接代词/连接副词啦）
what 引导主语从句，在从句中充当主语、宾语。
What he often holds in his hand is a dictionary.
= He often holds a dictionary in his hand.
who, whatever, whoever, whose, who 可引导主语从句，在从句中充当成分。&&
Where/when/how/why也可引导主语从句， 在从句中充当状语。
注意that和what引导主语从句时候的区别：that不做成分，what做成分：
What you said about him makes him sad.&& What 在主语从句中做said的宾语
That you don&t like him makes him sad.&&& That 在主语从句中不做成分
（四）注意使用主语从句时，主句的谓语动词单复数。基本原则是，一般用单数（因为是一个从句么，从句一般都是单数）；但是如果根据主句上下文确定是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数。
(OG) What scientists know about dinosaur brains comes from studies of the cranium, the bony house of the brain located in the back of the skull.
这里what scientists know about dinosaur brains 这个主语从句后面的谓语动词应该用单数（comes）。
What is much more difficult to determine is the reason for their decoration, the use to which primitive people put the caves, and the meaning of the magnificently depicted animals.
The subject of the quoted clause is the short clause &what is much more difficult to determine&. On the GMAT, always regard a clause as singular when it is the subject of another clause. This means that you should choose &is& rather than &are& for this sentence.
什么时候用复数？
网上的资料：What I need is money./What I need are&books. 这里what I need这个主语从句后面的谓语动词应该根据后面的名词来决定（IT is money/THEY are books），所以一个用is, 一个用are。
Ron的解释：
Performed last weekend were three plays. (correct) （这里没有主语，介词前面是个状语。所以由three plays来决定）
*Performed last weekend was three plays. (incorrect)
Sophocles's Oedipus cycle is three plays. (correct) （这里cycle是主语，所以还是单数）
*Sophocles's Oedipus cycle are three plays. (incorrect)
（五）如果由and连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句，谓语动词用单数。
When they will start and where they go have not been decided yet.
When and where the meeting will begin has not been decided.
The fact of some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably on a spectrum of genetic relatedness.
(A) The fact of some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably
(B) That some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly while others look quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely that they vary considerably
(C) With some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar, it highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely considerable variation
(D) With some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar, it is a fact that highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely a considerable variation
(E) Because some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly and others look quite dissimilar, this fact highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably
1. one与another搭配;some和others搭配;each和the other搭配;each other和others搭配
2. namely是的用法十分灵活：(=that is to say, along with).它是副词，后面不能直接加句子
　(1)补充说明前面离它最近的名词成分;e.g.: The other change, namely the increase in electronic equipment, has slowed down.
　(2)补充说明句子主语;e.g.：One group of people seems to be forgotten, namely pensioners.
　(3)namely后面跟从句解释前面的名词成分;e.g.: On the next trip, I solved part of the problem, but after discussing the situation with AB on the phone an alternative
namely, that from 1987 onwards I would spend my winters playing for Queensland.
(A) the fact后面用of无法完全解释fact的内容，应该用that引导的同位语从句，来说明twins发生了什么fact(更多详见补充);namely是副词，后面直接加句子错，应该加上连词
(B) C namely that修饰that引导的名词性从句(名词性从句相当于名词)，根据这一点可以迅速排除C,E个选项。本句是namely上述的第2种用法，本句亦可调 换顺序改为第一种用法：That some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly while others look quite dissimilar, namely that they vary considerably, highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs.
另外，&namely that they vary...&和&namely considerable variation&都是没有问题的，这一点直接排除A,E，留下B,C,D。
(C) It无所指;with独立主格做伴随状语，其所修饰的主语必须能够&被伴随&，而在此it逻辑意思上无法&被伴随&;variation与feature并不对等，因此namely无补充说明对象。
(D) It指代正确，因为是结构it is a fact that结构的一部分，强调句;a fact无所指;with独立主格错误同C; namely无补充说明对象。
(E) Because引导的是原因状语从句，而并不是名词性从句，使得this fact无所指;namely后应该加上that。
Like Innuit, 某种民族和另外一种民族（明显3个并列），the **民族的人谓语+宾语。这题也简单，错误选项很明显，比如后半句开头是the life of the**民族...&
【分析】这道题考比较。大家要注意比较对象的对等~在这里比较对象是Innuit这个民族，所以后面的主句的主语肯定也要是民族，the life of the ...做主语明显错误。 下面总结一下这道题中可能涉及的比较知识点。
（一）Like和As
Like 是一个介词，因此like后面只能跟名词（或者动名词作名词，如like swimming, skating is great exercise）， 代词或者名词短语。（不能跟从句／介词短语）
As 既可以跟介宾短语，又可以跟连词（后面可以跟句子）。表示列举的时候，只能用as,不能用like。
（二）比较的三点重要规则
比较的对象具有同等逻辑意思
Wrong: Frank's build, LIKE his brother, is broad and muscular.
Right: Frank's build, LIKE his brother's, is broad and muscular.
Right: Frank's build, LIKE that of his brother, is broad and muscular. 所有格的平行
Right: Frank, LIKE his brother, has a broad and muscular build.
比较要从结构上保持平行 动名词和不定式相比
Wrong: I like to run through forests more than I enjoy walking through crowds.
Right:& I like running through forests MORE THAN walking through crowds.
关于省略：省略多是用于省略
1. 所有格后的名词& 2. 单位& 3. 整个从句& 4. verbs, especially helping verbs.
后面的两种情况多出现在：主系表结构和主谓+状语的情况下（即没有状语的情况）
重要：helping words的省略不能作为一个排除选项的split！
所有格省略
前句有明确说明所有物是什么东西，后句的就可以省略，用所有格表示。
P.S. 所有格/所有物可以代表单数和复数，只有逻辑意思合理就行。
EG: My car is bigger than Brian's [car]. My toes are longer than Brian's [toes].
比较从句可以省略宾语、谓语甚至整个从句，只要逻辑意思合理。
EG: Whereas I drink 2 quarts of milk a day, my friend drinks 3 [quarts].
I walk faster than Brian [walks].
有些句子为了不造成歧义，需要添加动词和情态动词，以保持逻辑含义鲜明。
EG: Visual eats more carrots than donuts. (donuts必须为宾语才能省略，表示Visual eats more carrots than Visual eats donuts)
Ambiguous: I like cheese more than Yvette. {Yvette could be subject or object.}
Right: I like cheese more than Yvette DOES. (=than Yvette likes cheese)
Right: I like cheese more than I DO Yvette. (= than I like Yvette)
OG13. Authoritative parents are more likely than permissive parents to have children who as adolescents are self-confident, high in self-esteem, and responsibly independent.
(A) 窗体顶端
(A)(Authoritative parents are more likely than permissive parents to have children who as adolescents are self-confident, high in self-esteem, and responsibly independent.&&
(B) Authoritative parents who are more likely than permissive parents to have adolescent children that are self-confident, high in self-esteem, and responsibly independent.&
(C) Children of authoritative parents, rather than permissive parents, are the more likely to be self-confident, have a high self-esteem, and to be responsibly independent as adolescents.
(D) Children whose parents are authoritative rather than being permissive are more likely to have self-confidence, a high self-esteem, and be responsibly independent when they are an adolescent.&
(E) Rather than permissive parents, the children of authoritative parents are the more likely to have self-confidence, a high self-esteem, and to be responsibly independent as an adolescent.&
考点：grammatical, construction, logical predication&
compares authoritative parents to permissive parents in terms of the kinds of adolescent children they are likely to have；children of authoritative parents的characteristics应该要平行。窗体底端
(A) 句子比较正确；characteristics平行正确
(B) Fragment sentence，没有主句谓语
(C) 把children和permissive parents错误比较；more likely to后不平行
(D) being冗余；they和adolescent不一致
(E) 把children和permissive parents错误比较
还有一道题，选择despite开头的，别的答案都不对，虽然平时练习og什么的despite一般都排除掉，但是这题，选择despite,题干应该是 despite developing more than a quarter of a century, 主+谓+宾结构。
【分析】这道题考到despite的用法。意思相近的词有in spite of, although, though, even though。下面总结一下这些词的用法。
In spite of 和 despite是介词，因此后面只能跟名词或动名词。
Although, though 和even though是连词，因此后面跟句子。
in spite of + noun &In spite of feeling terribly sick, I went to work every day that week.
although + clause &Although it was raining heavily, we finished the game of football.
despite + noun& Despite being severely handicapped, he managed to complete the race.
though + clause Our new neighbors are quite nice, though their dog is a bit of a nuisance.
even though + clause& Even though he had a strong Welsh accent, we understood most of what he was saying
OG13. Despite its covering the entire planet, Earth has a crust that is not seamless or stationary, rather it is fragmented into mobile semirigid plates.
(A) Despite its covering the entire planet, Earth has a crust that is not seamless or stationary, rather it is
(B) Despite the fact that it covers the entire planet, Earth&s crust is neither seamless nor is it stationary, but is
(C) Despite covering the entire planet, Earth&s crust is neither seamless nor is it stationary, but rather
(D) Although it covers the entire planet, Earth&s crust is neither seamless nor stationary, but rather
(E) Although covering the entire planet, Earth has a crust that is not seamless or stationary, but
考点：idiom, parallelism, logical predication&
1) when，though，although等词，满足以下两个条件时，可以省略从句主语：主从句主语一致或者从句谓语动词是be
although + clause / v-ing / v-ed / adjective 都是可以被接受的用法
2) despite是介词后跟名词或短语
3) neither X nor Y but rather Z
(A) dangling participle；it is fragmented不恰当且使得句子不符语法；neither&nor&but rather好于not&or&rather
(B) 平行结构被nor后的is it及but后的is打破
(C) 行结构被nor后的is it打破
(D) 平行结构正确； despite和although意思相近--&despite是介词后跟名词或短语而although是连词后跟完整从句
(E) dangling participle；不该用although；平行结构neither X nor Y but rather Z中rather可省略但不是最优选择
这题有点难度，考了renege on这个固定搭配！好魔性好变态！还好狗主词汇量hold住了！迷惑选项有renege about/to等！
【分析】Renege on 违背
Renege vi./ vt./ n. 违背
Many worried that the mayor would renege on any pledge to not resort to layoffs.
If a dealer tries to renege or make changes, take your business to the next lowest bidder.
还考了both and平行结构；主谓一致，比如主语是they，宾语是it，后面从句动词要用单数，而根据语义后半句的主句动词又要用复数和they保持一致，比较复杂(此题实在想不起题干了，反正宾语单数是a kind of bird)
【分析】关于主谓一致的知识点请大家回顾第二题。
regulation& &require that&&/ requiring 的用法。
【分析】首先注意词性。regulation是名词，require 是动词，requiring是动名词。所以大家一定也要注意看非划线的部分~ 下面总结一下require的用法, 以及类似的暴力词引导的命令性虚拟语气。
（一）require的用法
require sb./sth. to do&
She requires time to write.
She requires her friend to do work.
Her friend is required to do work
命令性虚拟语气: require that sb./sth. +动词原形& (省略should)
require of sb. to do sth.
She requires that her friend do work.
She requires of her friend that work be done.
（二）命令性的虚拟语气
一般形式： 主语+命令性动词+that+从句主语+虚拟动词原型
暴力词－只能用that从句的命令虚拟语气，不能用不定式：demand, dictate（命令）, insist, mandate（授权、命令）, propose, recommend, request, stipulate（规定）, suggest
省略SHOULD& We demand THAT HE BE here.
其中propose,当句子中的两个动词发起者均是一个主语时，可以用不定式。
The attorneys proposed to meet the following day.
暴力词－只能用不定式的：advise, allow, forbid, persuade, want
We allow HIM TO BE here.
暴力词－既可以接that从句的命令虚拟语气，又可以接不定式：ask, beg, intend, order, prefer, urge, require
We require THAT HE BE here. O R We require HIM TO BE here.
具有命令性的词汇的名词形式同样应用虚拟语气
Right: His demand THAT he BE paid full severance was not met.
形容词性的命令词汇既可用虚拟语气，也可用不定式：如essential, advisable, crucial, desirable, fitting, imperative, important, mandatory, necessary, preferable, urgent, vital
It is essential THAT Gary BE ready before noon.
It is essential for Gary to be ready before noon.
例外暴力词－prohibit
常见用法：prohibit sth；prohibit from doing；prohibit sb from doing
The agency PROHIBITED Gary FROM WORKING on weekends.
GWD. A New York City ordinance of 1897 regulated the use of bicycles, mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required of cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and it granted pedestrians right-of-way.
(A) regulated the use of bicycles, mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required of cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and it granted
(B) regulated the use of bicycles, mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, granting
(C) regulating the use of bicycles mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required cyclists that they keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and it granted
(D) regulating the use of bicycles, mandating a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, requiring of cyclists that they keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and granted
(E) regulating the use of bicycles mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and granted
平行结构(parallelism)
(A) regulate 与mandate, require并列逻辑意思不合理；and后面的it granted没有平行对象，it 应该省略；require sb. to do sth.
(B) regulate与mandate，require并列逻辑意思不合理；三个动词并列，最后一个动词前应该加and；granting 做伴随逻辑意思不合理
(C) mandate，require和grant 并列，it应该省略；sth require of sb that...do... ；Require +that 从句(使用动词原形表示虚拟语气)
(D) regulating与mandating，requiring并列逻辑意思不合理，就算并列，requiring前应该加and；如果 regulating 与mandating，requiring，grant并列，grant应改为granting；如果四个动词并列，该句子就缺乏谓语动词
(E) Correct
and 的平行结构，非常复杂。
【分析】关于平行结构请大家回顾第一题~
assume 的搭配。
【分析】查了牛津，assume可以跟名词、that和to be。assume that引导的是虚拟语气。也有可能是考assumed to be。翻两道例题出来给大家感受一下。
GWD. Until a few centuries ago, any large bones discovered in the fields or caves of Europe, now known to be large prehistoric animals, were usually assumed to be the remains of giants and were often displayed as curiosities in castles, palaces, town halls, churches, and monasteries.
now known to be large prehistoric animals, were usually assumed to be
presently known as from large prehistoric animals, were usually assumed as&
bones now known to be those of large prehistoric animals, were usually assumed to be
bones known at present as of large prehistoric animals, were usually assumed as those of&
currently known as those of large prehistoric animals, were usually assumed to be those of
关键在考是否需要加those&of指代。
known to be 表示acknowledged as,而known as 表示named； assumed as搭配错误，所以排除BDE。
剩下AC，因为bones不可能to be animals，故排除A。正确答案：C
Affording strategic proximity to the Strait of Gibraltar, Morocco was also of interest to the French throughout the first half of the twentieth century because they assumed that if they did not hold it, their grip on Algeria was always insecure.
if they did not hold it, their grip on Algeria was always insecure&&
without it their grip on Algeria would never be secure&&
their grip on Algeria was not ever secure if they did not hold it&&
without that, they could never be secure about their grip on Algeria&&
never would their grip on Algeria be secure if they did not hold it&
这道题从assumed that 可以看出考察的是虚拟语气，因此只需要判断选项的主句与从句的时态是否正确就清楚了。
if X did, Y would do& means &Unlikely case (in the future)
if X had done, Y would have done means & CASE THAT NEVER HAPPENED (in the past)
was应该为would be；句子wordy and imprecise
was应该为would be；it可以指代morocco或algeria
that替换成it指代morocco；could never be secure about their grip awkward
倒装句awkward；it可以指代morocco或algeria
a rate increased 5 percent，中间还有修饰啥的，注意主谓一致。
【分析】考点好像是同位语还有狗主说的主谓一致。同位语可以修饰前置名词词组的中心词，也可以修饰修饰词。大家实战时一定要注意同位语是紧邻修饰。来做道同位语的例题~
OG. Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, is finding uses in medicine, archaeology, and criminology.
Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,
Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, having the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission&
A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,&
A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying it,
A technique that was originally developed for detecting air pollutants and has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying the substance, called proton-induced X-ray emission,&
要避免a long sentence with multiple modifiers。
选项分析：
developed&修饰technique正确；called..做同位语正确；非限定性从句which&放在emission之后正确
句首地两个长modifiers很awkward；having引导的modifier似乎修饰了第一个modifier
called&应该放在technique之后且加上逗号；which修饰了emission错误
called&应该放在technique之后且加上逗号；which修饰了emission错误has the ability to wordy
called&应该放在technique之后且加上逗号；has the ability to wordy
前面没有not only， 5个选项都没有，但是后面有but also。&
【分析】语法君还真没没有见过这样的用法。有没有小伙伴能帮大家解释一下？? Not only&but also 是固定搭配，有时候也会省略also，即not only&but&, 还有一种的用法not&but&下面是Ron对于三种用法的解释。
&not only ... but also ...&
&not only ... but ...&
&not ... but ...&
The difference here is strictly one of MEANING.
The first tw the last one is TOTALLY different.
(1) &not only ... but also ...& is used to refer to two descriptions that REINFORCE each other (i.e., both have the same connotation -- two good things, two bad things, two helpful things, etc.), but are fundamentally independent.
this drug is not only an alertness aid, but also an antidepressant.
--& &alertness aid& and &antidepressant& are TWO GOOD THINGS that have basically NOTHING TO DO WITH EACH OTHER.
therefore, &not only ... but also&.
(2) &not only ... but ...& is also used to refer to two descriptions that REINFORCE each other, but it's generally used when the second description EXPANDS or GOES BEYOND the first.
ryan not only competed in all the events, but won first prize in three of them.
--& note that &won first prize in three of [the events]& is an EXTENSION of &compet[ing] in all the events&. these are not independent.
the above difference between (1) and (2) is subtle, and is therefore not terribly important. however, you MUST be able to tell those from the next one:
(3) &not ... but ...& is used when the FIRST thing is EXPECTED, ASSUMED, or PREVIOUSLY THOUGHT, but is REFUTED / CONTRADICTED / DISPROVED by the SECOND thing.
the snacks known as &french fries& were invented not in france, but in belgium.--& the initial assumption, which is refuted, is that french fries are from france.
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