考研英语:怎样翻译心情复杂的句子中文句子 南京廖华

2016考研英语:教你如何扩展复杂的英语长难句 _沪江英语学习网
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2016考研英语:教你如何扩展复杂的英语长难句
英语句型看似复杂多变,其实源于两大钻石句型,即①主语+谓语+宾语(S+V+O)和②主语+系动词+表语(S+V+P)(注:本句型总共有4种形式,分别因谓语动词的不同特点而决定谓语之后有无宾语或补足语,具体为:主语+谓语、主语+谓语+宾语、主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语、主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语,为了简明扼要的说明问题,故将其总结为一种句型&主语+谓语+宾语&)。每一成分皆可复杂化,由此加大了句子的理解难度。下面就演示一下这两大基本句型是如何扩展成复杂的长难句的。
一、句子扩展:修饰成分加长
(一)钻石句型①主谓宾句型
The boy (主语) likes (谓语) English (宾语).
1.主语扩展:
The clever boy likes English.
The boy with a book in his hand likes English.
The boy who is full of imagination likes English.
The clever boy who is full of imagination with a book in his hand likes English.
注:主语中心词为the boy, 可以通过加形容词、介词短语、定语从句及其组合等成分使主语复杂化,从而增加理解难度。考研(课程)翻译中的主语考点多为修饰成分繁多的主语。
2.谓语扩展:
The boy likes English very much.
The boy likes English out of interest.
The boy likes English influenced by his parents.
The boy likes English, hoping that one day he can go abroad.
The boy liked English when he was five years old.
注:谓语动词like通过添加副词短语、介词短语、现在分词短语、过去分词短语、状语从句等进行扩展,从而使句子变得复杂,增加了理解难度。考研翻译中注意找准动词及其修饰成分,以弄清逻辑关系。
3.宾语扩展:
The boy likes American English.
The boy likes English, the international language.
The boy likes English which is the most widely spoken language in the world.
The boy likes English spoken by many people nowadays.
The boy likes English, a beautiful language, spoken by many people living in every corner of the world.
注:宾语English通过添加形容词(短语)、同位语、定语从句、分词短语及其组合进行扩展,从而使简单句变得复杂化。考研翻译中要注意这些修饰成分,如分词结构要找出逻辑主语等,定语从句要找出先行词,等等。
(二)钻石句型②主系表句型
The girl (主语) is (系动词) Mary (表语).
各部分扩展:
The girl in a pink hat with a book in her hand is probably Mary a kind-hearted girl of inexhaustible energy which often amazes her classmates.
注:此句的扩展同上(也是通过添加修饰成分变复杂),不再赘述。
二、句子扩展:成分替换
句子的复杂不仅体现在修饰成分繁多上,还体现在句子成分本身的复杂化上,下面就通过句子成分由简单到复杂的替换来演示句子是如何变难的。
(一)钻石句型①主谓宾句型
主语扩展:
The event amazed the world.
What happened on that day amazed the world.
To hold the Winter Olympics in China amazes the world.
Holding the Winter Olympics in China amazed the world.
That China is to hold the Winter Olympics amazes the world.
注:由此可见,充当主语的除了简单的名词(短语)、代词、数词,还可以是形式比较复杂的动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、主语从句。考研翻译中明确这一点,才能打开思路,更好地划分句子成分,从而做到真正理解句意,进而很好的用汉语表达出来。
宾语扩展:
He can hear me.
He can hear the strange sound.
He can hear anything happening in the building.
He can hear the sound from that building.
He can hear a girl crying in the building.
He can hear whatever happens in the building.
He decided to check what&s going on in the building.
He considered going to the building for a look.
注:由此可见,充当宾语的除了简单的名词(短语)、代词、数词,还有形式比较复杂的动词不定式(短语),动名词(短语),宾语从句。同样的,考研翻译中明确这一点也非常重要,有助于打开思路,理清句子成分。
(二)钻石句型②主系表句型
主语扩展:钻石句型①中的主语扩展(成分替换)已经很明确了,此处不再重复。
表语扩展:
They are beautiful.
They are in the zoo.
They are beautiful animals in the zoo.
They are interested in the new invention.
To see is to believe.
That is what we are talking about.
通过下面这个例子,并结合以上句子的扩展,体验一下英文句子的各个成分及结构。
But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.
并列句。第一个分句主干:science does provide us。其中with the best available guide to the future为状语修饰provide,the best available和to the future分别为guide的前置定语和后置定语,由此本句宾语被复杂化; 第二个分句主干:it is critical that...,其中,it为形式主语,that从句为真正的主语,从句主语为名词短语our nation and the world, base...on...为固定搭配,第二个that从句为judgments的定语从句,分词结构concerning...为judgments的后置定语。
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考研英语:怎样翻译复杂的中文句子
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  无论是英译汉还是汉译英,都提出“忠实”、“通顺”为其基本标准,这是大家所公认的。虽然英译汉和汉译英都以“忠实”、“通顺”为其标准,但并不等于它们之间没有差异,更不等于它们没有各自的特点。
  比如,字面和实质往往有很大的差距,“七嘴八舌”就不能译成“七张嘴八条舌头”,“寒暄”也不能译成“寒冷的谈话”,“干脆”也不宜译成“又干又脆”,“在朋友面前我只感到惭愧”(巴金《朋友》),也不宜说成“羞愧”(ashamed),实指“不好意思”(illatease)。
  下面,跨考教育孟老师详细为大家介绍如何进行长句的翻译,首先要进行断句,汉语的断句是个难点汉语是形散意连,断句不如英语那样严格。如何划分汉语的句界之间的关系,在很多情况下要取决于读者的语感和对语句的理解,
  如:每一个人,作为社会的一个成员,有权享受其人格和尊严的自由发展所必需的社会、经济、文化权利,这些权利是通过国家努力和国际合作来实现的,并且与所在国家的组织、资源、现状相一致。
  对于这种比较复杂的中文句子,在正式翻译成英文句子之前,应当按照它的含义,将它划分成不同的部分,以便我们确定英文句子的结构。首先将这个中文句子划分成6个部分,请特别注意,第4部分嵌套在第3部分中间。
  ①每一个人,②作为社会的一个成员,③有权享受 [④其人格和尊严的自由发展所必需的] 社会、经济、文化权利,⑤这些权利是通过国家努力和国际合作来实现的,⑥并且与所在国家的组织、资源、现状相一致。
  这样划分之后,可以初步决定,将第4、5、6部分翻译成三个定语从句,用来修饰第3部分的最后一个单词rights:
  ①Everyone
  ②as a member of society
  ③is entitled to the social, economic and cultural rights
  ④which are necessary to the unrestrained development of his/her personality and dignity
  ⑤which are realized through national effort and international cooperation
  ⑥which are concordant with the organization, resources and situation of each country。
  不过,在英语中,通常是一个定语从句修饰一个名词,很少有三个定语从句修饰一个名词,因此我临时决定,将第4部分改写成一个短语,将第5、6部分合并成一个定语句子,请看:
  ①Everyone
  ②as a member of society
  ③is entitled to the social, economic and cultural rights
  ④necessary to the unrestrained development of his/her personality and dignity
  ⑤which are realized through national effort and international cooperation and concordant with the organization, resources and situation of each country。
  最后,将这5个部分组合起来,就是这个中文句子的英文译文。
  Everyone, as a member of society, is entitled to the social, economic and cultural rights necessary to the unrestrained development of his/her personality and dignity, which are realized through national effort and international cooperation and concordant with the organization, resources and situation of each country。
  另提供一版本如下:
  Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality。
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