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"Cafe" redirects here. For other uses, see
"Discussing the
in a Paris Café",
17 September 1870
A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café (sometimes spelled cafe) is an establishment which primarily serves hot , related coffee beverages (e.g., , , ), , and other hot beverages. Some coffeehouses also serve cold beverages such as
and . Many cafés also serve some type of food, such as light snacks, , or . Coffeehouses range from owner-operated
to large multinational corporations.
In continental Europe, cafés often serve alcoholic beverages and light food, but elsewhere the term "café" may also refer to a , "" (a small and inexpensive restaurant, colloquially called a "caff"), , or other casual eating and drinking place. A coffeehouse may share some of the same characteristics of a
or , but it is different from a . Many coffee houses in the Middle East and in West Asian immigrant districts in the Western world offer shisha (nargile in Greek and Turkish), flavored tobacco smoked through a .
are a type of coffeehouse that specializes in serving
and espresso-based drinks.
From a cultural standpoint, coffeehouses largely serve as centers of social interaction: the coffeehouse provides patrons with a place to congregate, talk, read, write, entertain one another, or pass the time, whether individually or in small groups. Since the development of , coffeehouses with this capability have also become places for patrons to access the Internet on their
and . A coffeehouse can serve as an informal club for its regular members. As early as the 1950s
era and the 1960s
scene, coffeehouses have hosted
performances, typically in the evening.
Coffeehouses in
became a concern as places for political gatherings to the , who banned them, as well as the drink, for Muslims between 1512 and 1524. In 1530, the first coffeehouse was opened in
and not long after there were many coffeehouses in .
Storyteller () at a coffeehouse in the
chronicler
reports in his writings (1642–49) about the opening of the first coffeehouse in :
Until the year 962 [1555], in the High, God-Guarded city of , as well as in Ottoman lands generally, coffee and coffee-houses did not exist. About that year, a fellow called Hakam from
and a wag called Shams from Damas they each opened a large shop in the district called , and began to purvey coffee.
Various legends involving the introduction of coffee to Istanbul at a "Kiva Han" in the late 15th century circulate in culinary tradition, but with no documentation.
The 17th-century French traveler and writer
gave a lively description of the
coffeehouse scene:
People engage in conversation, for it is there that news is communicated and where those interested in politics criticize the government in all freedom and without being fearful, since the government does not heed what the people say. Innocent games... resembling , hopscotch, and chess, are played. In addition, mollas, dervishes, and poets take turns telling stories in verse or in prose. The narrations by the mollas and the dervishes are moral lessons, like our sermons, but it is not considered scandalous not to pay attention to them. No one is forced to give up his game or his conversation because of it. A molla will stand up in the middle, or at one end of the qahveh-khaneh, and begin to preach in a loud voice, or a dervish enters all of a sudden, and chastises the assembled on the vanity of the world and its material goods. It often happens that two or three people talk at the same time, one on one side, the other on the opposite, and sometimes one will be a preacher and the other a storyteller.
Evolution of the word .
The most common English spelling, café, is the French, Portuguese and Spanish spelling, and was adopted by English-speaking countries in the late 19th century. As English generally makes little use of
includes a tendency to omit them and to place the onus on the readers to remember how it is pronounced, without being given the accents. Thus the spelling cafe has become very common in English-language usage throughout the world, especially for the less formal, i.e. "greasy spoon" variety (although orthographic
often disapprove of it). The Italian spelling, caffè, is also sometimes used in English. In southern England, especially around London in the 1950s, the French pronunciation was often facetiously altered to
and spelt caff.
The English words coffee and café both descend from the Italian word for coffee, caffè—first attested as caveé in Venice in 1570— and in turn derived from the
qahuwa (????). The
term qahuwa originally referred to a type of wine but after the wine ban by , the name was transferred to coffee because of the similar rousing effect it induced. The European awareness of coffee (the plant, its seeds, and the beverage made from the seeds) came through Europeans' contact with Turkey, likely via Venetian-Ottoman trade relations.
word root /kafe/ appears in many European languages with various naturalized spellings, Portuguese, Spanish, and French (café); German (Kaffee);
(кава, 'kava'); and others.
Coffeehouse in , 17th century
A café in , 19th century
In the 17th century,
appeared for the first time in Europe outside the Ottoman Empire, and coffeehouses were established and quickly became popular. The first coffeehouses appeared in
in 1629, due to the traffic between
and the O the very first one is recorded in 1645. The first coffeehouse in England was set up in
in 1652 by a
man named Jacob at the Angel in the parish of St Peter in the East. A building on the same site now houses a cafe-bar called The Grand Cafe. Oxford's , established in 1654, is also still in existence today. The first coffeehouse in
was opened in 1652 in St Michael's Alley, . The proprietor was , the servant of a trader in
goods named Daniel Edwards, who imported the coffee and assisted Rosée in setting up the establishment in St Michael's Alley, Cornhill.
From 1670 to 1685, the number of London coffee-houses began to multiply, and also began to gain political importance due to their popularity as places of debate. By 1675, there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses in England. Pasqua Rosée also established the first coffeehouse in
in 1672 and held a city-wide coffee monopoly until
opened the
in 1686. This coffeehouse still exists today and was a major meeting place of the F , , and
frequented it, and it is arguably the birthplace of the , the first modern encyclopedia. In 1667, Kara Hamie, a former Ottoman
from Constantinople, opened the first coffeeshop in
(then the capital of the ), in the center of the city, where today lies the main building of the . America had its first coffeehouse in , in 1676.
The first cafeteria in Vienna was founded in 1683 by a Ukrainian resident, , who was also the first to serve coffee with milk. There is a statue of Kulczycki on a street also named after him. However the whole
was itself widespread in the country in the second half of the 18th century. The first registered coffee house in Vienna was founded by an Armenian merchant named Johannes Theodat (also known as Johannes Diodato) in 1685. Fifteen years later, four other Armenians owned coffeehouses and had the privilege to serve coffee.
later tried to suppress the London coffeehouses as "places where the disaffected met, and spread scandalous reports concerning the conduct of His Majesty and his Ministers", the public flocked to them. For several decades following the Restoration, the
gathered around
at , in Russell Street, Covent Garden.[] The coffee houses were great social levellers, open to all men and indifferent to social status, and as a result associated with equality and republicanism.
More generally, coffee houses became meeting places where business could be carried on, news exchanged and the
(government announcements) read.
had its origins in
run by Edward Lloyd, where underwriters of ship insurance met to do business. By 1739, there were 551 coffeehouses in L each attracted a particular clientele divided by occupation or attitude, such as
and , wits and , merchants and lawyers, booksellers and authors, men of fashion or the "cits" of the . According to one French visitor, , coffeehouses, "where you have the right to read all the papers for and against the government," were the "seats of English liberty."
The statue of the writer
(-Spain), founded in 1905.
The banning of women from coffeehouses was not universal, but does appear to have been common in Europe. In Germany, women frequented them, but in England and France they were banned.
purportedly wore drag to gain entrance to a coffeehouse in Paris. In a well-known engraving of a
of c. 1700, the gentlemen hang their hats on pegs and sit at long communal tables strewn with papers and writing implements. Coffeepots are ranged at an open fire, with a hanging cauldron of boiling water. The only woman present presides,
in a canopied booth, from which she serves coffee in tall cups.
The traditional tale of the origins of the
begins with the mysterious sacks of green beans left behind when the Turks were defeated in the
in 1683. All the sacks of coffee were granted to the victorious
, who in turn gave them to one of his officers, . Kulczycki began the first coffeehouse in
with the hoard. However, it is now widely accepted that the first coffeehouse was actually opened by an Armenian merchant named Johannes Diodato (Asdvadzadur).
In London, coffeehouses preceded the
of the mid-18th century, European countries. In Ireland and the United Kingdom, a café (with the ) is similar to those in other European countries, while a cafe (without acute accent, and often pronounced "caff") is more likely to be a -style eating place, serving mainly fried food, in particular breakfast dishes.[] which skimmed away some of the more aristocratic clientele.
in 1698 saw the listing of stock and commodity prices that evolved into the .
provided the venue for merchants and shippers to discuss
deals, leading to the establishment of
insurance market, the
, and other related businesses. Auctions in salesrooms attached to coffeehouses provided the start for the great auction houses of
During the 18th century, the oldest extant coffee houses in Italy were established:
England, the
set up coffeehouses for the , as a place of relaxation free of alcohol, an alternative to the
In 18th century,
coffeehouses functioned as early reading centers and the emergence of circulation and subscription libraries which provided greater print access for the public. Coffeehouses were a culture symbol where different worlds came together to discuss topics of the newspapers and pamphlets. Most coffeehouses during the Eighteenth Century were equipped with their own printing presses or resided by book shops which most would later merge with for better business. As coffeehouses grew into public reading centers,
in Dublin expanded, resembling public libraries since they lent books. Some public libraries fees were still too high for the literate class, but book-borrowing from circulating libraries was more affordable. Circulating library keepers would keep fees low because they were also printers, publishers, and newspaper proprietors. One of the first circulating libraries was established by James Hoey in 1735. More competition grew and even more people wanting multiple books at a time. Women were not allowed in the coffeehouses so circulating libraries would target them by carrying books tailored to female readers. Another benefit for circulating libraries was that most were more flexible with their loan terms and rates which increased circulation of books. It was cheaper to have a yearly subscription compared to purchasing books at that time. Having circulating libraries increased people's urge to read more since they could afford the access to books.[] In the 19th and 20th century, coffeehouses were commonly meeting point for
and , across Europe.
Coffeehouse in
, September 1888, by .
In most European countries, such as Austria, Denmark, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, and others, the term café means a restaurant primarily serving coffee, as well as
such as , , ,
pastries, or . Many cafés also serve light meals such as . European cafés often have tables on the
(sidewalk) as well as indoors. Some cafés also serve alcoholic beverages (e.g., ), particularly in Southern Europe.
In the Netherlands and Belgium, a café is the equivalent of a , and also sells alcoholic beverages. In the Netherlands a  () serves coffee, while a
(using the English term) sells soft drugs ( and ) and is generally not allowed to sell alcoholic beverages. In France, most cafés serve as lunch restaurants in the day, and bars in the evening. They generally do not have pastries except during mornings, where a
can be purchased with breakfast coffee. In Italy, cafés are similar to those found in France and known as bar. They typically serve a variety of espresso coffee, cakes and alcoholic drinks. Bars in city centres usually have different prices for consumption at the bar and consumption at a table.
in New York City's
neighborhood, founded
The second location of Starbucks in Seattle was opened in 1977.
Coffee shops in the United States arose from the - and pastry-centered Italian coffeehouses of the
immigrant communities in the major U.S. cities, notably 's
and , 's , and 's . From the late 1950s onward, coffeehouses also served as a venue for entertainment, most commonly
performers during the . This was likely due to the ease at accommodating in a small space a lone performer accompanying himself or herself with only a guitar. Both Greenwich Village and North Beach became major haunts of the , who were highly identified with these coffeehouses.
As the youth culture of the 1960s evolved, non-Italians consciously copied these coffeehouses. The political nature of much of 1960s folk music made the music a natural tie-in with coffeehouses with their association with political action. A number of well known performers like
began their careers performing in coffeehouses.
bemoaned his woman's inattentiveness to her domestic situation due to her overindulgence in coffeehouse socializing in his 1969 song "Coffeehouse Blues". Starting in 1967 with the opening of the historic
coffeehouse,
became known for its thrivin the
chain later standardized and mainstreamed this
From the 1960s through the mid-1980s, churches and individuals in the United States used the coffeehouse concept for outreach. They were often storefronts and had names like The Lost Coin (Greenwich Village), The Gathering Place (Riverside, CA), Catacomb Chapel (New York City), and Jesus For You (Buffalo, NY). Christian music (often guitar-based) was performed, coffee and food was provided, and
were convened as people of varying backgrounds gathered in a casual setting that was purposefully different than the traditional church. An out-of-print book, published by the ministry of David Wilkerson, titled, A Coffeehouse Manual, served as a guide for Christian coffeehouses, including a list of name suggestions for coffeehouses.
In general, prior to about 1990, true coffeehouses were little known in most American cities, apart from those located on or near college campuses, or in districts associated with writers, artists, or the counterculture. During this time the word "coffeeshop" usually denoted family-style restaurants that served full meals, and of whose revenue coffee represented only a small portion. More recently that usage of the word has waned and now "coffeeshop" often refers to a true coffeehouse.
Coffeehouses often sell
or other food items
Cafés may have an outdoor section (terrace, pavement or ) with seats, tables and parasols. This is especially the case with European cafés. Cafés offer a more open public space compared to many of the traditional pubs they have replaced, which were more male dominated with a focus on drinking alcohol.
One of the original uses of the café, as a place for information exchange and communication, was reintroduced in the 1990s with the
or . The spread of modern-style cafés to urban and rural areas went hand-in-hand with the rising use of mobile computers. Computers and Internet access in a contemporary-styled venue help to create a youthful, modern place, compared to the traditional pubs or old-fashioned
that they replaced.
Coffeehouse in
In the Middle East, the coffeehouse (: ?????? maqha; : ???? ?????? qahveh-khaneh; : kahvehane or k?r?thane) serves as an important social gathering place for men. Men assemble in coffeehouses to drink coffee (usually ) and . In addition, men go there to listen to music, read books, play
and , watch TV and enjoy other social activities around the
and in Turkey.
(shisha) is traditionally served as well.
Coffeehouses in Egypt are colloquially called 'ahwah /?hwa/, which is the dialectal pronunciation of ?????? qahwah (literally "coffee") (See also ) Also commonly served in 'ahwah are tea (shāy) and , especially the highly popular
(: karkadeh or ennab). The first 'ahwah opened around the 1850s and were originally patronized mostly by older people, with youths frequenting but not always ordering. There were associated by the 1920s with clubs (), bursa () and gharza (rural inns). In the early 20th century, some of them became crucial venues for political and social debates.
A coffee shop in , Philippines
In China, an abundance of recently started domestic coffeehouse chains may be seen accommodating business people for , with coffee prices sometimes even higher than in the West.
In India, coffee culture has expanded in the past twenty years. Chains like , ,
have become very popular. Cafes are considered good venues to conduct office meetings and for friends to meet.
In Malaysia and Singapore, traditional
shops are called . The word is a
word for coffee (as borrowed and altered from English) and the
dialect word for shop (店; : tiàm). Menus typically feature simple offerings: a variety of foods based on , , and , plus , , and , a malted chocolate drink which is extremely popular in Southeast Asia and Australasia, particularly Singapore and Malaysia.
Singapore also has coffeeshops known as cafes and in the past few years, there has a been a rise in cafe culture with urbanites seeking out specialty coffees. Even with popular joints such as Starbucks and Coffee Bean, the millennials in particular sought for gourmet coffees as well as the relaxing and cosy ambience amidst the hustle and bustle of the city. Moreover, cafes have also changed the social scenes of Singapore. Instead of crowding at shopping malls, the youngsters could now hang out at cafes.
In the Philippines, coffeeshops chains like
became prevalent in upper and middle class professionals especially in . However,
also serve coffee alongside viands. Events such as "Kapihan" often officiated at bakeshops and restaurants that also served coffee for breakfast and merienda.
This section does not
any . Please help
by . Unsourced material may be challenged and . (March 2015) ()
In Australia, coffeeshops are generally called cafés. Since the post- influx of Italian immigrants introduced espresso coffee machines to Australia in the 1950s, there has been a steady rise in café culture. The past decade has seen a rapid rise in demand for locally (or on-site)-roasted specialty coffee, particularly in
and , with the "" remaining a popular coffee drink.
In Cairo, the capital of Egypt, most cafés have shisha (waterpipe). Most Egyptians indulge in the habit of smoking shisha while hanging out at the café, watching a match, studying, or even sometimes finishing some work. In , the capital of Ethiopia, independent coffeehouses that struggled prior to 1991 have become popular with young professionals who do not have time for traditional coffee roasting at home. One establishment which has become well-known is the Tomoca coffee shop, which opened in 1953.
Interior of an espresso bar from , Philippines
The espresso bar is a type of coffeehouse that specializes in
beverages made from . Originating in Italy, the espresso bar has spread throughout the world in various forms. Prime examples that are internationally known are , based in , U.S., and , based in , UK, (the first and second largest coffeehouse chains respectively), although the espresso bar exists in some form throughout much of the world.
The espresso bar is typically centered around a long counter with a high-yield
(usually , automatic or semiautomatic pump-type machine, although occasionally a manually operated lever-and-piston system) and a display case containing pastries and occasionally savory items such as sandwiches. In the traditional Italian bar, customers either order at the bar and consume their beverages standing or, if they wish to sit down and be served, are usually charged a higher price. In some bars there is an additional charge for drinks served at an outside table. In other countries, especially the United States, seating areas for customers to relax and work are provided free of charge. Some espresso bars also sell coffee paraphernalia, candy, and even music. North American espresso bars were also at the forefront of widespread adoption of public
access points to provide
services to people doing work on laptop computers on the premises.
The offerings at the typical espresso bar are generally quite Itali ,
are a common traditional accompaniment to a
or . Some upscale espresso bars even offer alcoholic beverages such as grappa and sambuca. Nevertheless, typical pastries are not always strictly Italianate and common additions include , , , and even . There is usually a large selection of teas as well, and the North American espresso bar culture is responsible for the popularization of the Indian spiced tea drink . Iced drinks are also popular in some countries, including both iced tea and iced coffee as well as blended drinks such as Starbucks' .
A worker in an espresso bar is referred to as a . The barista is a skilled position that requires familiarity with the drinks being made (often very elaborate, especially in North American-style espresso bars), a reasonable facility with some rather esoteric equipment as well as the usual customer service skills.
Haunts for
in particular,
espresso bars and their -topped tables were a feature of 1950s
that provided a backdrop as well as a title for 's 1960 film . The first was The Moka in , opened by
in 1953. With their "exotic
[s],...Coke, Pepsi, weak frothy coffee and...Suncrush orange fountain[s]" they spread to other urban centres during the 1960s, providing cheap, warm places for young people to congregate and an ambience far removed from the global coffee bar standard which would be established in the final decades of the century by chains such as
and . The first coffee house in England was The Angel, which opened in Oxford in 1650.
Café Mélange, Vienna
Coffee shop in Calicut
1921 Café Majestic,
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to []. Stewart, Desmond (1965). . Phoenix House 2012. [...] qahwah, coffee, is pronounced as ahwah; the word for citadel, qal'ah, is pronounced al'ah; in both cases, it should be added, the final 'h' is silent and is often omitted.
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Ahmet Ya?ar, "Osmanl? ?ehir Mek?nlar?: Kahvehane Literatürü / Ottoman Urban Spaces: An Evaluation of Literature on Coffeehouses", TAL?D Türkiye Ara?t?rmalar? Literatür Dergisi, 6, –256.
Antony Wild, Coffee, A Dark History, W. W. Norton & Company, New Y Fourth Estate, London, 2004 .
Types of coffeehouses
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