UNIX Email Software Survey FAQ [Part 3 of 3]
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UNIX Email Software Survey FAQ [Part 3 of 3]
Archive-name: mail/setup/unix/part3
Last-modified: Mon Feb 21 09:57:37 EST 2000
See reader questions & answers on this topic! -
UNIX EMail Software - a Survey
Chris Lewis
[and a host of others - thanks]
Copyright , 1993, Chris Lewis
Redistribution for profit, or in altered content/format
prohibited without permission of the author.
Redistribution via printed book or CDROM expressly
prohibited without consent of the author.
redistribution must include this copyright notice and
attribution.
Mailshield Author: Lyris Technologies
[Watch this space, see ]
Author: Philip Hazel ()
[Author note: Exim is very highly regarded in the industry, and it,
along with qmail, are the most frequently recommended replacements
for sendmail on UNIX.]
Exim is a mail transport agent (MTA) developed at the University
of Cambridge for use on Unix systems connected to the Internet.
It is freely available under the terms of the GNU General Public
Licence. In style it is similar to Smail 3, but its facilities
are more extensive, and in particular it has options for
verifying incoming sender and recipient addresses, for refusing
mail from specified hosts, networks, or senders, and for
controlling mail relaying.
Exim is intended for use as an Internet mailer, and therefore
handles addresses in
domain format only. It cannot handle
'bang paths', though simple two-component bang paths can be
converted by a straightforward rewriting configuration. However,
there is no problem in interfacing Exim to UUCP systems, provided
they use domain-style addressing.
Exim is in production use at quite a few sites, some of which
move hundreds of thousands of messages per day.
The following operating systems are currently supported: AIX, BSDI, DGUX,
FreeBSD, HI-OSF (Hitachi), HP-UX, IRIX, Linux, MIPS RISCOS, NetBSD,
OpenBSD, DEC OSF1 (aka Digital UNIX), SCO, SCO SVR4.2 (aka UNIX-SV),
SunOS4, SunOS5 (Solaris 2), Ultrix, and Unixware.
Further information can be obtained from the Exim web sites:
(main site, in the UK)
(a mirror in the USA)
Author Daniel Bernstein &&
[Ed note: Qmail, along with Exim, is the most often recommended
sendmail replacement.
Qmail is capable of handling very high mail
volumes. Qmail is one of the few mailers capable of integrating
spam filters directly, however, given how this is done, qmail probably
could not match the volumes of, say, Mailshield - which was designed
for the purpose of filtering spam from the beginning.]
ftp://koobera.math.uic.edu/www/
| ftp://koobera.math.uic.edu/pub/software/
| ftp://koobera.math.uic.edu/www/software/
| ftp://koobera.math.uic.edu/www/software/
| ftp://koobera.math.uic.edu/www/software/
qmail is an MTA for UNIX and UNIX-like systems (including FreeBSD,
Linux, SunOS, Solaris, HP/UX, AIX, amongst others).
It was written by
Dan Bernstein to overcome the limitations of and flaws in sendmail, and
to demonstrate by example that there are better ways of doing some
things (see Maildirs below).
* qmail is Modular
qmail follows the UNIX philosophy of combining small single-purpose
tools together.
Instead of being one enormous setuid-root binary,
qmail comprises a suite of small programs, each of which does one
particular job.
This makes qmail flexible, allowing substitutions
to be made for individual parts of the system according to one's
requirements.
Substituting qmail-qmqpc for qmail-queue, for example, turns qmail
into "mini-qmail" (see below).
For another example, all user
authentication in the POP3 server is done by calling a separate
external utility program, checkpassword, so changing the
authentication scheme merely involves replacing that program.
Even qmail's configuration is modular.
qmail doesn't have large
monolithic configuration files with complex structures, that have to
be read and parsed every time that a new mail process is created,
only to have 70% or more of that information remain unused because
it is irrelevant to the task at hand.
qmail's configuration
comprises individual files in /var/qmail/control, each file having a
single job.
The names of the local domains are listed, one per
line, in /var/qmail/control/locals, for example.
Many configuration
tasks (and FAQ answers!)
are, as a result of this philosophy,
one-liners involving `echo' and `cat'.
* qmail is Secure
qmail was designed to be secure.
Not only does the mail system not
trust the outside world, but different modules in the mail system
don't even trust one another.
Different parts of the mail system
run under different non-privileged UIDs ("qmaild", "qmailr",
"qmailq", &c.).
So, for example, even if the SMTP server
(qmail-smtpd, which runs as user "qmailr") were compromised, the
rest of the system will not be.
qmail has only one setuid binary, qmail-queue which is setuid to one
of the qmail user IDs, not root.
qmail has only two programs that
run as root, qmail-start which spawns the other daemon processes
under the correct UIDs and qmail-lspawn which spawns the local
delivery program qmail-local under the UID and GID of the user being
delivered to.
Neither program writes to any files or spawns any
program under the root user ID.
And, of course, qmail doesn't treat root as a "real" user, and so
never delivers mail as root.
* qmail provides a flexible aliasing/forwarding mechanism, qmail files
qmail supports /etc/aliases and .forward with its fastforward and
dot-forward packages.
However, it is a testament to the power and
versatility of qmail's own "native" aliasing and forwarding
mechanism that both are merely plug-ins that run off it.
With qmail, each user controls all local parts that begin with the
user's username, allowing each user to have an unlimited number of
different local parts.
Delivery to each local part is (optionally)
controlled by a separate .qmail-* file in the user's home directory
Uumail is a very old and obsolete precursor to smail 2.5.
here only because I know that uumail sites still exist.
should not install uumail in new configurations, and existing
uumail sites should convert to something more modern.
smail 2.5: author The UUCP Mapping Project
[Not recommended for general use now.
UUCP is very little used.]
Smail 2.5 is a small, simple and hard-coded rule MTA for use on
UUCP networks.
It understands RFC compliant headers, will
generate RFC compliant Internet-style headers, can
use domains, aliases, a pathalias UUCP routing database, and
is very simple to install.
For full functionality, you will
also want pathalias and a map unpacker.
The one thing
it cannot do by itself is mail-to-pipe and mail-to-file aliasing.
For that, you need Zeeff's lmail, deliver or procmail.
Smail 2.5 has the capability of coalescing addresses into single
UUCP transfers, and knows how to query UUCP for the names
of UUCP neighbors, and autoroute if necessary.
Smail 2.5 has a few bugs that are (usually) pretty rarely seen
in operation.
There have been a number of patches posted for it,
but it is recommended that you do not apply them - some were
ill-conceived, buggy in their own right, or conflicting with others.
The only patches that I feel safe in recommending is Chip
Salzenberg's patches for use with Xenix MICNET - which are
unnecessary unless you are in the unfortunate position of having
to actually *use* MICNET.
Chip Salzenberg's "deliver" package
(see below) combined with "smail-deliver.pch" from comp.sources.unix,
volume 25 issue 107, makes the MICNET modifications to smail
itself unnecessary.
In particular, do not apply the "mail-to-pipe/file" patches that
float around for smail 2.5.
These are a major security hole.
Smail 2.5 can also be used with sendmail as a UUCP router.
Smail 2.5 was posted in comp.sources.unix in 1987, volume 11
with archive name "smail3" (but it isn't the same thing as
smail 3 below).
lmail: Author Jon Zeeff &, &
When you install smail 2.5, you link the original /bin/mail (binmail
above) to /bin/lmail to perform the task of actually delivering the
mail to the user's mailbox (LDA).
Since smail 2.5 was not capable of doing mail-to-pipe and mail-to-file
aliasing, Jon Zeeff wrote a replacement lmail that implemented
these (along with user mailbox delivery).
Jon's program is okay for casual use, but has some pretty serious
Fixed versions are available, but you're probably better
off installing deliver or procmail.
smail 3: Author Ronald S. Karr* && and Landon Curt Noll.
Smail3.x is a domain-capable mail router and delivery program that
works in the UUCP zone and on the Internet and that is capable of
gatewaying between the two.
It was written primarily by me (Ronald
Karr) and Landon Curt Noll, with the blessings of the original
Smail1 and Smail2 authors.
Smail3 supports SMTP, UUCP mail, alias files, .forward files, mailing
list directories, pathalias files, /etc/hosts files, the domain name
system, and can also query uucp for neighboring sites, automatically.
It also supports use of encapsulated SMTP commands for delivery over
UUCP connections, which allows batching of multiple messages into a
single UUCP transaction, and allows many addresses to be passed with a
single message transfer, which can greatly decrease the traffic
generated for large mailing lists.
It is also very simple to configure
with a reasonable certainty of correctness.
Smail3 includes pathalias and a reliable map unpacker.
Rather than using configuration files to resolve addresses based on
their syntax, ala sendmail, Smail3 uses a database metaphore for
resolving addresses based on their contents.
The set of methods that
Smail3 uses for resolving local addresses and hosts is configurable and
extensible.
Smail3's methods for parsing addresses are not
configurable.
It is the opinion of the authors that addressing on the
Internet and in the UUCP zone has become sufficiently standardized that
attempts to allow configurability in this area are now a hindrance to
the correct working of the network.
Questions related to Smail3 are usually discussed in .
There are also two discussion mailing lists.
To join the mailing
lists, send mail to:
The current release of Smail3 is 3.3.x, and can be found on uunet,
in the directory /archive/networking/mail/smail/smail-3.1.29.1.tar.Z.
Smail 3 is covered under the GPL (if it matters)
sendmail: Original author Eric Allman
Sendmail is the granddaddy of all intelligent MTA's.
It can do just
about anything.
It's main problem is that it can do just about
Modification of sendmail's configuration tables (which is
necessary with most vendor-supplied versions) is NOT for novices.
The language of the sendmail.cf is cryptic, but that isn't really
the problem.
The problem is that it's extremely difficult
to know when the rules you are implementing are the right thing--
many sendmail configurations do slightly buggy, or even extremely
buggy, or illegal things.
Default configurations and minimal changing
is the approach to take.
The Sendmail 8.9 configuration
environment
is recommended.
Worse, every vendor's version of sendmail is different, and many
of their sendmail.cf's don't work at all.
HPUX is one example
of where the sendmail.cf is actually pretty sane.
be congratulated.
On the other hand, some vendors, who shall
remain nameless, can't even get their sendmail to deliver to local
users, let alone get their sendmail to speak SMTP on a LAN.
The major problem with sendmail is that it tries to do too many
Rather than confining itself to handling local mail, and
simply routing external mail and leaving transport-specific
format/standards conversions to transport software, it attempts
(nay virually *insists*) that you have to do all of the
format/standards conversions for different transports all at once.
Which results in configuration files that are veritable nightmares
to maintain.
And that many sendmail.cf files depend on out-of-date
standards for different transports, rather than trying to unify
them (as in ).
Indeed, while common wisdom and practice mandates that MTAs don't
rewrite headers, sendmail makes it extremely difficult to *not*
rewrite headers.
Which results in many major systems attempting to
"be nice", yet, totally scramble return addresses and the like.
There are several different sendmail lineages in the world but they
seem to be coming together now with Eric Allman's work creating
sendmail V8.x.
Sendmail V8.1 was shipped with BSD 4.4 UNIX.
It is strongly recommended that anyone contemplating running sendmail
upgrade to at least 8.9.x (see www.sendmail.org), which has a number
of serious security problems fixed, or at least configurable w.r.t.
email spam.
Ie: anti-relay, HELO overflow etc.
Another point to remember is that sendmail, historically, has been
where a large number of severe security holes have been found.
the infamous RTM Internet Worm, to the latest ones "CERT"d in
witthin the past few months.
Indeed, if your application is
security-critical, I recommend that you should *not* use sendmail on
your security-critical systems, such as your firewalls.
Unless your vendor has provided sendmail 8.9 or better, do not expose
it to the Internet.
In particular, SunOS and up to recent Solaris are
extremely susceptable to abuse, _are_ being abused, and cannot be fixed
without upgrading.
The latest Solaris sendmail patch resolves these
Administrators wishing something easier to configure than sendmail,
particularly with the addition of filtering rules, are best advised
to consider using qmail, exim instead, or, using mailshield SMTP
relaying to stand in "front" of sendmail.
Theoretically, all of these problems have been removed from sendmail
8.6.5 (now 8.9) or later, but, there's bound to be more found.
some of this can be due to the much larger installed base of sendmail,
other mailers with improved function partitioning (such as the
channel-oriented MMDF or PP) will usually be inherently more secure.
I am being harsh on sendmail - sendmail programming is, after all, a
good source of reve-) But, if you obtain a good
sendmail 8.9.x, or are willing to spend the time to learn it,
sendmail will do what you want.
Don't, however, even think
of playing with the configuration files without a copy of the
Sendmail book by Costales, Allman and Rickert mentioned in the book
list above.
It is *absolutely* essential.
Sendmail is discussed in .
ZMailer: Original author
Rayan Zachariassen* &&
Current author
Matti Aarnio &&
ZMailer is intended for gateways or mail servers or other large site
environments that have extreme demands on the abilities of the mailer.
Code and Design features:
+ Strong limits on host impact.
+ Secure design (and hopefully implementation).
+ Natural fit for client/server environments.
+ Extremely customizable configuration mechanism.
+ Flexible database interface with support for: sorted files, unsorted
files, dbm, ndbm, gdbm, nis (yellow pages), dns (BIND resolver),
/etc/hosts file, and in-core data.
+ Efficient message queue management.
+ Fast binary-transparent SMTP server and client.
+ MIME-facilities for message transport.
+ Low-technology implementation, with high-tech options for performance.
Default configuration file features:
+ Default configuration will work for most sites.
+ Network protocol support for: smtp, uucp, bitnet, mail to news.
+ An easy way of overriding any external routing information.
+ Automatic handling of mailing lists.
It is available by anonymous FTP from:
(Mr. Aarnio's versions)
Alternate (some of them old) versions:
MMDF: [reviewed by , updated by Randall Atkinson
MMDF is a MTA. It works on the principle that you have communications
channels, both incoming and outgoing, and it arranges for messages to
pass between them.
Strong points include:
* Ability to turn up and down debugging level on the fly
* Very strong on authentication, and permission checking.
* Can block mail based on who it came from, how it got there,
who it is going to.
It is older than sendmail, simpler than sendmail, and it is a great
pity that it was not shipped as standard instead of sendmail.
[MMDF is standard on some systems - primarily SCO UNIX.]
It has one major advantage to people in the UK, in that it knows how to
handle mail addresses in our 'correct' format (Most significant part first,
e.g. net.uu.uunet), as well as the thing the rest of the world uses :-) :-)
A mailing list for MMDF discussion is at
requests for addition to the list to .
MMDF is being maintained at the University Kaisers-Lauten in
The MMDF Users Group has a web site at
PP: Author University College London
PP is a Message Transfer Agent, intended for high volume message
switching, protocol conversion, and format conversion. It is targeted for
use in an operational environment, but may also be useful for investigating
Message related applications. Good management features are a major
aspect of this system. PP supports the 1984 and 1988 versions of the
CCITT X.400 / ISO 10021 services and protocols. Many existing RFC 822
based protocols are supported, along with
conversion to X.400.
PP is an appropriate replacement for MMDF or Sendmail, and also supports
SMTP and UUCP mail.
For more information contact:
The latest version is PP-6.0, which was posted in comp.sources.misc,
volume 27.
[Ed note:]
PP is usually used in combination with the ISODE package, which
also provides copious documentation for PP.
PP itself is
"freeware", but ISODE and the PP documentation is not - site
licenses are rather pricy.
PP is *very* large, and has quite a
number of more esoteric functions, such as FAX transmission using
the appropriate modems.
PP is ideal for large organizations with
demanding email requirements (eg: 100s of machines and 1000s of
users), where PP would be used as "backbone mail servers", and something
simpler on the "client" computers.
It does have _substantial_
learning and support requirements, and is *not* suitable for smaller
installations.
It does, however, shine in large production environments,
where policy-based routing, high levels of security, or extensive
gatewaying to different transports is required.
SVR4 mail: Author AT&T (description written by Tony Hansen,
The System V Release 4 mail system is a domain-capable mail router and
delivery program that works in the UUCP zone and on the Internet and
that is capable of gatewaying between the two.
SVR4 mail supports SMTP, UUCP mail, alias files, forwarding files,
mailing list directories, /etc/hosts files, the domain name system, and
can also query uucp for neighboring sites, automatically.
Release 4.1 also allows batching of multiple messages into a single UUCP
transaction, and allows many addresses to be passed with a single
message transfer, which can greatly decrease the traffic generated for
large mailing lists.)
It is also very simple to configure with a
reasonable certainty of correctness.
It also supports mail-to-pipe and mail-to-file.
SVR4 mail uses configuration files to resolve addresses based on their
syntax, somewhat similar to sendmail, but using regular expressions and
a more easily understood syntax. The set of methods that SVR4 mail uses
for resolving local and remote addresses and hosts is configurable and
extensible.
Questions related to SVR4 mail are usually discussed in .
SVR4 mail is a standard part of System V Release 4; unfortunately, some
vendors have not realized that SVR4 mail is not the same mailer as the
SVR3 mail system, and have replaced it with other inferior mail systems.
deliver: Author Chip Salzenberg* &&
Deliver allows any user to write a shell script that processes all
incoming mail messages for that user.
The system administrator may
also install scripts that process all messages by installing
it as the Local Delivery Agent (lmail replacement).
The output of a script is a list of mail addresses, files and programs
that should receive the message.
It has access to each message as it
is processed, so the action can be content dependent.
The script may
also generate automatic replies, like the "vacation" program, or pass
along a modified version of the original message.
Deliver can be used to construct mail-based services (e.g. automatic
mailing list maintenance).
It can also be used to filter mail
automatically in prearranged ways (e.g. encryption and decryption,
tossing junk mail, or vacation notices).
Deliver was last posted in comp.sources.reviewed, volume 1.
current version is 2.1.12.
It can be retrieved from &ftp:ftp.cs.uni-sb.de/pub/mail/deliver&
procmail: Author Stephen R. van den Berg*
Can be used to create mail-servers, mailing lists, sort your incoming
mail into separate folders/files (real convenient when subscribing to
one or more mailing lists or for prioritising your mail), preprocess your
mail, start any programs upon mail arrival (e.g. to generate different
chimes on your workstation for different types of mail) or selectively
forward certain incoming mail automatically to someone.
Procmail can be used:
- and installed by an unprivileged user (for himself only).
- as a drop in replacement for the local delivery agent /bin/mail
(with biff/comsat support).
- as a general mailfilter for whole groups of messages (e.g. when
called from within sendmail.cf rules).
The accompanying formail program enables you to generate autoreplies,
split up digests/mailboxes into the original messages, do some very
simple header-munging/extraction, or force mail into mail-format (with
leading From line).
Also included is a comprehensive mailinglist/archive management system.
Since procmail is written entirely in C, it poses a very low impact
on your system's resources (under normal conditions, when you don't
start other programs/scripts from within it).
Procmail was designed to deliver the mail under the worst conditions
(file system full, out of swap space, process table full, file table
full, missing support files, una it all doesn't
Should (in the unlikely event) procmail be unable to deliver
your mail somewhere, the mail will bounce back to the sender or reenter
the mailqueue (your choice).
A recent version can be picked up at various comp.sources.misc archives.
The latest version (3.03) can be obtained directly from the ftp-archive at:
rmatik.rwth-aachen.de (137.226.225.3)
(g)zipped:
pub/packages/procmail/procmail.tar.gz
compressed:
pub/packages/procmail/procmail.tar.Z
[Ed note: I had noted reported difficulties in integrating procmail
with System V and/or smail 2.5.
The 2.70 version of Procmail eliminated
these difficulties.]
mailagent: Author Raphael Manfredi* &&
The mailagent is yet another mail filter, written in perl, which
will let you do anything with your mail. It has all the features
you may expect from a filter: mailing lists sorting, forwarding to
MTA or to inews, pre-processing of message before saving into
folder, vacation mode, etc... It was initially written as an
ELM-filter replacement, but has now enough power to also supplant
MMDF's .maildelivery. There is also a support for @SH mail hooks,
which allows you to automatically distribute patches or software
via command mails.
The mailagent was designed to make mail filtering as easy as it can
be. It is highly configurable and fairly complete. Rules are
specified in a lex-like style, with the full power of perl's
regular expressions. The automaton supports the notion of mode, and
header selection has many magic features built-in, to ease the rule
writing process.
To give a simple example, the two following rules:
Subject: /cron output/ { SAVE cron };
To Cc: dist-users
{ FORWARD ; LEAVE };
would save in a folder 'cron' all cron-related mail, and forward
mail from the dist-users mailing list to a friend, leaving a copy
in the system mailbox for immediate processing...
It supports delivery to plain UNIX folder, to MMDF-style folders or
to MH folders with built-in unseen sequence updates, as specified
in your ~/.mh_profile. It may therefore replace MH's slocal program
Mailagent can be dynamically extended (that's the advantage of
having it written in perl) with new filtering commands that will
behave exactly like built- this operation being done
without changing a single source line in the program itself, of
course. It also provides a generic mail server layer, where
user-defined commands can be easily plugged in, mailagent taking
care of the lower-level stuff.
The distribution comes with a set of examples, an exhaustive test
suite, and naturally a detailed manual page. It should be noted
that the mailagent will work even if your system administrator
forbids "| programs" hooks in the ~/.forward, provided you have
access to some sort of cron daemon.
The mailagent program is available from any comp.source.misc
archive and thanks to Christophe Wolfhugel
&&, from ftp.univ-lyon1.fr
(134.214.100.6) under /pub/unix/mail/tools, file
mailagent-3.0.tar.gz
pathalias: Author Peter Honeyman
[Not recommended anymore, due to the shift away from UUCP.
for historical interest, and the occasional use in very special
situations.]
Pathalias reads the UUCP Map Project maps (they need to be extracted
from the postings first) and constructs a database containing the
minimum cost route to any machine in the maps.
This database can
then be used with any mailer that knows how to search the database
(eg: smail 2.5, Zmailer?, and some versions of sendmail.
comes bundled with pathalias).
There were previous versions of this program.
You must use
pathalias version 10 (latest version), because some map format
changes have been made and only pathalias 10 can parse them.
If your pathalias doesn't give a syntax error on:
echo "file {foo}" | pathalias
It's the new one.
There were other route-generating programs, but all (as far as
I know) are very obsolete, and none run as fast as pathalias
(still, which can be rather hard on machines with smallish virtual
memory or RAM capacities).
pathalias 10 is available from comp.sources.unix archives,
volume 22.
A patch was just released in comp.sources.unix
(vol 25) that addresses an oddity when used with smail (not that
I've ever noticed it).
uuhosts: Author John Quarterman
[Not recommended anymore.
Included for historical interest.]
The "defacto" standard UUCP Map Project map unpacker.
a program to arbitrarily view individual map entries.
implements trojan horse/virus security by running under
a "chroot()" system call.
Uuhosts does not appear to be
actively maintained, and the last versions that I have inspected
were unable to easily compress the maps (a full set of maps
is &6000 blocks), had no provision for automatically
running pathalias, and will not work with the newest version
Further, uuhost's header checking is so picky
that the slightest change in the map format will cause
uuhosts to reject map updates.
Use of uuhosts now will require some minor hacking - and this
hacking will stretch your knowledge of Bourne shell programming.
The last edition, "uuhost4" (version 1.69) appears to have
been posted in comp.sources.unix in volume 3, 1986.
Do not be confused by Jan-Piet Mons "uuhost 2.0" program posted
This is not a map unpacker.
It is just
a map viewer, and is a subset of the real uuhosts.
unpackmaps: Author Chris Lewis* &clewis@ferret.ocunix.on.ca&
[Not recommended anymore,-)]
Unpackmaps is a superset of the functionality of uuhosts.
It obtains its security by doing the map unpacking with
a specialized parser that knows the map article format
rather than invoking a shar/shell.
Compression and pathalias
invocation is automatic, correctly takes into account
the change date of local configuration files, and will
work with the latest Cnews.
The newest version of unpackmaps, version 4.1, has been
released to comp.sources.misc, and appeared in volume 34.
This version is entirely written in C, is considerably faster
than unpackmaps 3 or uuhosts, has considerably more features,
and will work with Brian Reids PostScript net maps too.
unshar: Author Lee Ward, modified by Mark Moraes* &&
unshar is evolved from getmaps by Lee Ward.
It is has a specialized
and limited parser that understands most simple shar formats.
capable of automatically unpacking new files from a newsgroup spool
directory, and requires no interaction whatsoever with the news
Apart from UUCP maps, it can be used to automatically and
safely unpack shar files from the sources newsgroups.
It does not
handle some of the newer, esoteric shar formats that do automatic
uudecodes, etc.
Ftp'able from
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