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pCO2: millimeters of mercury, mmHg
35&45 mmHg
38&52 mmHg
70&100 mmHg
28&48 mmHg
19&25 mmol/L
19&25 mmol/L
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
Hematocrit (%)
RBC's ( x 106 /ml)
RDW (RBC distribution width)
11.5%&14.6%
MCV: mean corpuscular volume
82&98 femtoliters (fl)
MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin
26&34 picograms (pg)
MCHC%: mean corpuscular hemoglobin content
31–38 gm/dL or 31%&38%
Platelet count
100,000 to 450,000
WBC total: adults and children &2 years
4,500&10,000 or 4.5&10 x 109/liter (SI units)
WBC total: children &2 years
6,200&17,000 or 6.2&17 x 109/liter (SI units)
WBC total: neonates
9,00&30,000 or 9&30 x 109/liter (SI units)
Neutrophils
Band neutrophils (immature or stab neutrophils)
0&400 per ml
Lymphocytes
100&700 per ml
Eosinophils
50&500 per ml
Basophils (also called mast cells)
25&100 per ml
4.7&6.1 x 106 RBCs per
microliter (mcL, μL) or 4.7&6.1 x 1012/liter
(L) (2nd value is in SI
4.2&5.4 x 106 RBCs/µL or
4.2&5.4 x 1012/L
4.0&5.5 x 106 RBCs/µL or
4.6&4.8 x 1012/L
4.8&7.1 x 106 RBCs/µL or
4.8&7.1 x 1012/L
Children 150,000&450,000
platelets per mm3 or 150&450 x 109/L (SI
Adults 150,000&400,000 platelets per mm3
or 150–400 x 109/L (SI units)
Children 7.4&10.4 μm3
or 7.4&10.4 fL
Adults 7.4&10.4 μm3 or
7.4&10.4 fL
partial thromboplastin time (PTT) 60&70 seconds
activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) 30&40 seconds
prothrombin time (PT) 11.0&12.5 85%&100%
42%&52% or 0.42&0.52 volume fraction (SI
37%&47% or 0.37&0.47 volume fraction
Pregnant women
1st trimester: 35%&46%
2nd trimester:
3rd trimester: 34%&44%
Postpartum: 30%&44%
in general, a normal hemoglobin level is about one-third the
value of the hematocrit
14&18 grams per deciliter (g/dL) or 8.7&11.2
millimoles per liter (mmol/L) (SI units)
12&16 g/dL or 7.4&9.9 mmol/L
Pregnant women
1st trimester: 11.4&15.0 g/dL or 7.1&9.3
2nd trimester: 10.0&14.3 g/dL or 6.2&8.9 mmol/L
3rd trimester: 10.2&14.4 g/dL or 6.3&8.9 mmol/L
Postpartum: 10.4&18.0 g/dL or 6.4&9.3 mmol/L
9.5&15.5 g/dL
14&24 g/dL
BUN: blood urea nitrogen
7&20 mg/dL or 3.6&7.1mM (mmol/L)
8.8&10.3 mg/dL
Calcium, ionized
2.5&4.5 mg/dL or 1.0&1.4mM
Ferritin (ng/ml)
Folate (ng/dL)
Glucose, fasting (mg/dL)
Glucose (2 hours postprandial) (mg/dL)
Hemoglobin A1c
Iron (mcg/dL, μg/dL)
Lactic acid (milliequivalents/liter, meq/L)
LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), international units/liter: IU/L
56&194 IU/L
Osmolality
289&308 mOsm/kg
SGOT (AST)
& 35 IU/L (20&48)
SGPT (ALT)
Total iron binding capacity (TIBC)
250&420 μ/dL
Transferrin
& 200 mg/dL
Uric acid&&& (male)
2.0&8.0 mg/dL
Uric acid&&& (female)
2.0&7.5 mg/dL
CK-MB (cardiac)
creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
8&150 IU/L
creatinine (mg/dL)
0.5&1.4 or &133mM (mmol/L)
Total protein
2.2&4.2g/dL
Albumin/Globulin ratio
1.1&2.4 (calculated)
Free T3 (&18 years of age)
2.3&4.2 pg/ml
Total serum T3 (&20 years of age)
80&200 ng/dL
Free serum T4 (thyroxine)
0.5&2.1 ng/dL (10&23pmol/L)
Total serum T4 (thyroxine)
4.5&12.5 μg/dL (58&161nmol/L)
0.25&4.30 microunits/ml
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D]
16&65 pg/mL
40&160 pmol/L
11-deoxycortisol (compound S)
&30 nmol/L
0.06&3.0 mg/L
0.2&9.0 nmol/L
17- women follicular phase
0.2&1.0 mg/L
0.6&3 nmol/L
17- women luteal phase
0.5&3.5 mg/L
1.5&10.6 nmol/L
25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]
8&80 ng/mL
20&200 nmol/L
Acetoacetate
&0.3 mmol/L
Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), 8am
9&52 pg/mL
7&27&27 pmol/L
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT)
kat = katal, the amount of enzyme which transforms 1 mole
of substrate per second
0&0.58 mkat/L
3.5&5.5 g/dL
&135 nkat/L
Aldosterone
5&19 mg/dL
14&53 nmol/dL
Aldosterone, 8am, (patient supine, 100 mmol/L Na+ and 60&100 mmol/L K+
&220 pmol/L
Alpha fetoprotein (adult): α-fetoprotein
Alpha1 antitrypsin (α1-antitrypsin)
85&213 mg/dL
0.8&2.1 g/L
Ammonia, as NH3
10&80 mg/dL
0&47 mmol/L
60&150 U/L
0.8&3.2 mkat/L
0.8&1.3 ng/mL
3.0&5.0 nmol/L
3.5&7.0 nmol/L
Angiotensin II, 8am
10&30 pg/mL
10&30 nmol/L
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
&670 nkat/L
Antinuclear antibody agglutination
&1:80 titer
&1:80 titer
Arginine vasopressin (AVP), random fluid intake
1.5&6.0 ng/L
1.4&5.6 pmol/L
Arterial blood gas [HCO3&]
Arterial Blood
21&30 meq/L
21&28 mmol/L
Arterial blood gas PCO2
kiloPascal (kPa) is a pressure measurement
Arterial Blood
35&45 mmHg
4.7&5.9 kPa
Arterial blood gas pH
Arterial Blood
Arterial blood gas PO2
Arterial Blood
80&100 mmHg
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
0.4&1.0 mg/dL
23&57 mmol/L
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST, SGOT)
0&0.58 mkat/L
AVP (Arginine vasopressin), random fluid intake
1.5&6.0 ng/L
1.4&5.6 pmol/L
Basophils (BASO)
Beta-Hydroxybutyrate: β-hydroxybutyrate
&300 mmol/L
Bilirubin, Direct
0.1&0.3 mg/dL
1.7&5.1 mmol/L
Bilirubin, Indirect
0.2&0.7 mg/dL
3.4&12 mmol/L
Bilirubin, total
0.3&1.0 mg/dL
5.1&17 mmol/L
Bleeding time (Simplate)
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
10&20 mg/dL
3.6&7.1 mmol/L
Calcitonin Men
&13.8 pg/mL
&13.8 ng/L
Calcitonin Women
&6.4 pg/mL
9&10.5 mg/dL
2.25&2.62 mmol/L
Calcium, ionized
4.5&5.6 mg/dL
1.1&1.4 mmol/L
Carbon dioxide content
23&28 meq/L
23&28 mmol/L
Carbon dioxide tension (PCO2)
Arterial blood (sea level)
35&45 mmHg
4.7&5.9 kPa
Carboxyhemoglobin non-smoker
Carboxyhemoglobin smoker
0.021&0.042
75&300 mg/dL
1.4&5.6 mmol/L
Carotenoids
50&300 mg/dL
0.9&5.6 mmol/L
Ceruloplasmin
27&37 ng/dL
270&370 mg/L
98&106 meq/L
98&106 mmol/L
Cholesterol (see Table in )
Chorionic gonadotropin, Beta-subunit (B-hCG), men and nonpregnant women
70&155 mg/dL
11&24 mmol/L
Cortisol, am
5&25 mg/dL
140&690 nmol/L
Cortisol, pm
3&12 mg/dL
80&330 nmol/L
Cortisol Urinary Free
10&50 mg/dL
25&140 nmol/dL
Creatine kinase-MB
& 3% of total
&0.03 of total
Creatinine
&1.5 mg/dL
&133 mmol/L
Creatinine kinase (CK); females
&3.17 mkat/L
Creatinine kinase (CK); males
&3.92 mkat/L
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
7&31 nmol/L
Delta-aminolevulinic acid
&1.5 mmol/L
DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone)
7&31 nmol/L
DHEA sulfate
500&2500 mg/dL
1.3&6.8 mmol/L
EOS (eosinophils)
Eosinophils (EOS)
Erythrocyte count
4.15&4.90 × 106/mm3
4.15&4.90 × 1012/L
Erythropoietin
&180 pmol/L
E women (higher at ovulation)
20&60 pg/mL
70&220 pmol/L
Euglobulin lysis time
Fatty acids, free (nonesterified)
15&400 ng/mL
15&400 mg/L
10&200 ng/mL
10&200 mg/L
Fibrinogen
150&400 mg/dL
2.5&20 ng/mL
&4.3 nmol/L
Folate, red cell
Red blood cells
160&855 ng/mL
&95 nmol/L
Folic acid
150&450 ng/mL cells
340&1020 nmol/L cells
Folic acid
3&16 ng/mL cells
7&36 nmol/L cells
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); men
0.9&15 mIU/mL
0.9&15 IU/L
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); postmenopausal women
34&96 mIU/mL
34&96 IU/L
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); women ovulatory surge
2.3&21 mIU/mL
2.3&21 IU/L
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); women mature, premenopausal, except at
1.4&9.6 mIU/mL
1.4&9.6 IU/L
FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)
0.9&15 mIU/mL
0.9&15 IU/L
40&180 pg/mL
40&180 ng/L
50&100 pg/mL
50&100 ng/L
Glucose fasting (diabetes mellitus)
&140 mg/dL
&7.8 mmol/L
Glucose fasting (normal)
75&115 mg/dL
4.2&6.4 mmol/L
Glucose: 2 hour post prandial (impaired glucose tolerance)
140&200 mg/dL
7.8&11.1 mmol/L
Glucose: 2 hour post prandial (normal)
&140 mg/dL
&7.8 mmol/L
Glucose: 2 hour postprandial (diabetes mellitus)
&200 mg/dL
&11.1 mmol/L
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Hb = hemoglobin
12.1 ± 2 IU/g Hb
0.78 ± 0.13 MU/mol Hb
Growth hormone, after 100 g oral glucose
Ham's test (acid serum)
Haptoglobin (serum)
50&220 mg/dL
0.5&2.2 g/L
HbF (Hemoglobin, fetal)
HCT; females (hematocrit)
HCT; males (Hematocrit)
Hematocrit (HCT); females
Hematocrit (HCT); males
Hemoglobin A1c
Whole Blood
0.038&0.064
Hemoglobin A2 (HbA2)
0.015&0.035
12&16 g/dL
120&160 g/L
14&18 g/dL
140&180 g/L
H whole blood females
12&16 g/dL
7.4&9.9 mmol/L
H whole blood males
13&18 g/dL
8.1&11.2 mmol/L
H fetal (HbF)
Insulin, fasting
Serum or Plasma
6&26 mU/mL
43&186 pmol/L
60&150 mcg/dL (μg/dL)
11&29 mmol/L
Iron Saturation
Iron-binding capacity
250&370 mg/dL
45&66 mmol/L
Lactate (Lactic acid)
6&16 mg/dL
0.67&1.8 mmol/L
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
100&190 U/L
1.7&3.2 mkat/L
Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes Fraction 1 (of total)
Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes Fraction 2 (of total)
Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes Fraction 3 (of total)
Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes Fraction 4 (of total)
Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes Fraction 5 (of total)
LAP (leukocyte alkaline phosphatase)
13&100 m/L
0.2&1.6 mkat/L
LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase)
100&190 U/L
1.7&3.2 mkat/L
&1.9 mmol/L
Leukocyte Alkaline phosphatase (LAP)
13&100 m/L
0.2&1.6 mkat/L
Leukocyte Count (WBC, white blood cell count)
4.3&10.8 × 103/mm3
4.3&10.8 × 109/L
0&2.66 mkat/L
Lipoprotein (a)
0&300 mg/L
1.3&13 mIU/mL
1.3&13 IU/L
L women mature, premenopausal, except at ovulation
0.8&26 mIU/mL
0.8&26 IU/L
L women ovulatory surge
25&57 mIU/mL
25&57 IU/L
L women postmenopausal
40&104 mIU/mL
40&104 IU/L
Lymphocytes (Lymphs)
Lymphs (lymphocyes)
1.8&3 mg/dL
0.8&1.2 mmol/L
MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin)
28&33 pg/cell
28&33 pg/cell
MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration)
32&36 g/dL
320&360 g/L
MCV (mean corpuscular volume)
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
28&33 pg/cell
28&33 pg/cell
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
32&36 g/dL
320&360 g/L
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Mono (monocytes)
Monocytes (Mono)
Neutrophils (Poly, PMN)
Osmolality
285&295 mosmol/kg serum water
285&295 mmol/kg serum water
Oxygen percent saturation (sea level)
B, arterial
0.97 mol/mol
Oxygen tension (PO2)
80&100 mmHg
Parathyroid hormone
10&60 pg/mL
10&60 ng/L
Parathyroid hormone-related protein
&1.3 pmol/L
&1.3 pmol/L
Arterial Blood
Phosphatase, acid
0.90 nkat/L
Phosphatase, alkaline
30&120 U/L
0.5&2.0 nkat/L
Phosphorus, inorganic
3&4.5 mg/dL
1.0&1.4 mmol/L
130,000&400,000/mm3
130&400 × 109/L
PMN (neutrophils, Poly)
Poly (neutrophils, PMN)
3.5&5.0 meq/L
3.5&5.0 mmol/L
P men, prepubertal girls, preovulatory women, postmenopausal
P women, luteal, peak
2&20 ng/mL
6&60 nmol/L
2&15 ng/mL
Prostate specific antigen &40 years
0.0&4.0 ng/mL
0.0&4.0 mg/L
Prost male &40 years
0.0&2.0 ng/mL
0.0&2.0 mg/L
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA); female
&0.5 ng/mL
Protein, total
5.5&8.0 g/dL
Protoporphyrin, free erythrocyte (FEP)
16&36 mg/dL of red blood cells
0.28&0.64 mmol/L of red blood cells
PSA, free, in males 45&75 years, with PSA values between 4 and 20 mg/mL
&25% associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
&0.25 associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
0.5&1.5 mg/dL
60&170 mmol/L
RDW (Red cell distribution width)
Red cell distribution width (RDW)
Reverse T3 (rT3)
2.6&18.9 ng/dL
0.04&0.29 nmol/L
Rheumatoid factor
rT3 (Reverse T3)
2.6&18.9 ng/dL
0.04&0.29 nmol/L
136&145 meq/L
136&145 mmol/L
Sucrose hemolysis
230&420 pg/dL
3.5&6.5 pmol/L
T3 (Total)
60&181 ng.dL
0.9&2.8 nmol/L
3&10 ng/mL
10&35 nmol/L
&3.5 nmol/L
Thyroglobulin
0&60 ng/mL
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
0.4&5.0 mU/mL
0.4&5.0 mU/L
Thyroxine (T4)
5&12 mg/dL
64&154 nmol/L
Transferrin
230&390 mg/dL
2.3&3.9 g/L
Triglycerides
&160 mg/dL
&1.8 mmol/L
Troponin I
0&0.4 ng/mL
0&0.4 mg/L
Troponin T
0&0.1 ng/mL
0&0.1 mg/L
TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)
0.4&5.0 mU/mL
0.4&5.0 mU/L
2.5&8.0 mg/dL
150&480 mmol/L
1.5&6.0 mg/dL
90&360 mmol/L
20&100 mg/dL
0.7&3.5 mmol/L
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
0&75 nmol/L
Vitamin B12
200&600 pg/mL
148&443 pmol/L
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
4&24 mg/dL
106&638 nmol/L
Vitamin B6
5&30 ng/ml
20&121 nmol/L
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
0.4&1.0 mg/dL
23&57 mmol/L
Vitamin D3: 1,25-dihydroxy
25&45 pg/mL
60&108 pmol/L
Vitamin D3: 25- winter
14&42 ng/mL
34.9&105 nmol/L
Vitamin D3: 25- summer
15&80 ng/mL
37.4&200 nmol/L
5&18 mg/mL
12&42 mmol/L
von Willebrand's antigen
WBC (leukocyte count, white blood cell count)
4.3&10.8 × 103/mm3
4.3&10.8 × 109/L
Westergren Sed R females & 50 y/o
Westergren Sed R females & 50 y/o
Westergren Sed R males & 50 y/o
Westergren Sed R males &50 y/o
White blood cell count (leukocyte count, WBC)
4.3&10.8 × 103/mm3
4.3&10.8 × 109/L
75&120 mg/dL
11.5&18.5 mmol/L
Michael W King, PhD | ©
themedicalbiochemistrypage.org, LLC | info @
themedicalbiochemistrypage.org
Last modified: February 19, 2015Math Refresher Physics Simulation
Here is a quick math refresher on calculus and trig, to help you enjoy the math behind the
at MyPhysicsLab.
Derivatives
The notation for the first derivative of a function x(t), with respect to the variable t, can be written as
d&dt& x(t)
These are all equivalent.& The notation for the second derivative is x'' or x''(t).
Here are some of the basic rules for calculating derivatives.& In the following k and n are real non-zero constants.
And h(t), g(t) are functions of t.
First consider powers of t.
The general rule is
d&dt& t n = n t n & 1 &&&& for any n & 0
Here are some examples of derivatives of powers, using the above rule:
d&dt& t = 1
d&dt& t 2 = 2 t
d&dt& (t 3 + t 2 + t + 1) = 3t 2 + 2t + 1
d&dt& 1&t = d&dt& t &1 = & t &2 = &1&t 2
Here are some basic rules about derivatives:
d&dt& k = 0 &&&& (k = constant)
d&dt& (k h(t)) = k &d&dt&h(t)
&&&& (k = constant)
d&dt& (h(t) + g(t)) = d&dt&h(t) +
d&dt& (h(t) & g(t)) = h&g' + h'&g &&&& The product rule
Here are derivatives of some very important special functions
d&dt&sin(t) = cos(t)
d&dt&cos(t) = &sin(t)
d&dt&e t = e t
d&dt&ln(t) = 1&t &&&& Natural logarithm
The all-important chain rule lets us take the derivative of functions of functions (also called function composition):
d&dt&h(g(t)) = h'(g(t)) & g'(t)
&&&& The chain rule
It's important to get good at using the chain rule.
Here are some examples of the chain rule in action:
d&dt& sin(h(t)) = cos(h(t)) h'(t)
d&dt& sin(t 2) = 2 t cos(t 2)
d&dt& e h(t) = h'(t) e h(t)
d&dt& e k t = k e k t &&&& (k = constant)
d&dt& e t 2 = 2 t e t 2
d&dt& ln(h(t)) = h'(t) & h(t)
The quotient rule gives us the derivative of a ratio of functions:
g h' & h g'
&&&& The quotient rule
Using the chain rule and the product rule we can derive the quotient rule:
d&dt& h(t)&g(t) =
d&dt& (h & 1&g) =
h' & (1&g) +
h & (&g'&g2) =
(g h' & h g') & g2
Trig Identities
First, a note on some confusing notation:
an exponent of &1 on a trig function means the inverse of that function (not the reciprocal!).
tan&1(x) = arctan(x)
tan2(x) = (tan(x))2
The best way to get comfortable with trigonometry is to think in terms of the unit circle. Most of these identities then become obvious.
sin(&x) = &sin x
cos(&x) = cos x
tan(&x) = &tan x
sin x = cos(&&2 & x)
cos x = sin(&&2 & x)
sin(0) = 0
cos(0) = 1
sin(&&2) = 1
cos(&&2) = 0
sin(&) = 0
cos(&) = &1
sin(3&&2) = &1
cos(3&&2) = 0
sin(x + 2n&) = sin x &&&& n an integer
cos(x + 2n&) = cos x &&&& n an integer
The famous pythagorean theorem gives us the following identity
cos2x + sin2x = 1
formulas are
cos(x + y) = cos x cos y & sin x sin y
cos(x & y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
sin(x & y) = sin x cos y & cos x sin y
This web page was first published April 2001.}