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英美概况试题3
《英美概况》试题
《英美概况》
I. Multiple Choices: Choose one right
answer from the four choices:
1. The highest mountain in Britain is
A. Scafell B. Ben Nevis
C. the Cotswolds D. the Forth
2. The longest river in Britain is
A. the Clyde B. the Mersey
C. the Severn D. the Thames
3. The largest lake in Britain is
A. the Lough Neage B. Windermere
C. Coniston Water D. the Lake
4. Which part of Britain is always
A. England B. Scotland
C. Wales D. Northem Ireland
5. The immigrants coming to Britain are
mainly from _____.
A. Europe B. the United States
C. Africa D. the West Indies, Indies
and Pakistan 6. The first inhabitants in Britain were _____.
A. the Normans B. the Celts
C. the Iberians D. the Anglo-Saxons
7. British Recorded history began with
A. Roman invasion B. the Norman
C. the Viking and Danish invasion D.
the Anglo-Saxons invasion
8. In 829, _____ actually became the
overlord of all the English.
A. John B. James I
C. Egbert D. Henry I
9. Christmas Day ____, Duke William was
crowned in Westminster Abbey.
A. 1056 B. 1066
C. 1006 D. 1060
10. Henry II was the first king of the
_____ dynasty.
A. Windsor B. Tudor
C. Malcolm D. Plantagenet
11. In 1265 ____ summoned the Great
Council, which has been seen as the earliest parliament.
A. Henry III B. the Pope
C. Barons D. Simon de Montfort
12. The Hundred Years’ war stated in
____ and wa ended in ____, in which the English had lost all the
territories of France except the French port of ____.
A. , Flanders B. ,
C. , Argencourt D. 1346,
1453, Brest
13. The Wars of Roses lasted for _____
years and king _____ was replaced by king _____.
A. 30, Richard III, Henry Tudor B. 50,
Richard III, Henry Tudor
C. 30, Richard I, Henry Tudor D. 50,
Richard I, Henry Tudor
14. The Renaissance began in ____ in
the early ____ century.
A. England, 14 B. England, 15
C. Italy, 14 D. Italy, 15
15. The English Civil War is also
called _____.
A. the Glorious Revolution B. the
Bloody Revolution
C. the Catholic Revolution D. the
Puritan Revolution
16. In _____, a small group of Puritans
sailed from _____ in the Mayflower to be the first settlers in the
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A. 1620, London B. 1620, Plymouth
C. 1720, London D. 1720, Plymouth
17. In the 18th century, there appeared
____ in England, which owed a great deal to the invention of
A. the Industrial Revolution B. the
Bourgeois Revolution
C. the Wars of the Roses D. the
Religious Reformation
18. English colonial expansion began
with the colonization of _____ in 1583.
A. Canada B. Australia
C. India D. Newfoundland
19. _____ was famous for his abdication
because of his marriage with a divorced American:
A. Edward VIII B. Edward VII
C. George VI D. George VII
20. In January _____ Britain became a
member of the European Economic Community.
A. 1957 B. 1967
C. 1973 D. 1979
21. soon after _____, Britain not only
gave up its econmic hegemony but also suffered a deep loss of its
position of industrial leadership.
A. 1900 B. the First World War
C. the Second World War D. 1960
22. In the 1970s among the developed
countries, Britain maintained the lowest _____ rate and the highest
_____ rate.
A. inflation, growth B. growth,
C. growth, divorce D. growth, birth
23. The following are all reasons of
British decline of coal industry except _____.
A. the exhaustion of old mines B.
costly extraction
C. little money being invested D. the
labour shortage
24. Britain’s foreign trade is mainly
with _____.
A. developing countries B. other
Commonwealth countries
C. other developed countries D. EC
25. The House of Lords is presided over
A. the Lord Chancellor B. the Queen
C. the Archbishop of Canterbury D. the
Prime Minister
26. A General Election is held every
_____ years and there are _____ members of Parliaments are
A. five, 600 B. five, 650
C. five, 651 D. four, 651
27. The Prime Minister is appointed by
_____ and he or she always sits in _____.
A. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the
House of Commons
B. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the
House of Lords
C. the Queen, the House of Commons
D. the Queen, the House of Lords
28. The ultimate authority for
law-making resides in _____.
A. the Queen B. the Cabinet
C. the House of Lords D. the House of
29. The sources of British law include
A. statutes, common law, equity law and
European Community law
B. statutes, common law and equity
C. statutes, common law and European
Community law
D. a complete code and statutes
30. In criminal trials by jury, _____
passes sentenced and _____ decide the issue of guilt or
innocence.
A. the judge, the jury B. the judge,
C. the jury, the jury D. the Lord
Chancellor, the jury
31. ____ tries the most serious
offences such as murder and robbery.
A. Magistrates’ courts B. Youth
C. district courts D. The Crown
32. London’s Metropolitan Police Force
is under the control of _____.
A. the England secretaries B. the
Scottish Secretaries
C. Northern Ireland Secretaries D. the
Home Secretary
33. The National Health Service was
established in the UK in _____ and based at first on _____.
A. 1948, Acts of Parliament B. 1958,
Acts of Parliament
C. 1948, the Bill of Rights D. 1958,
the Bill of Rights
34. The non-contributory social
security benefits include the following except _____.
A. war pension B. child benefit
C. family credit D. unemployment
35. Except that _____ may not be a
Roman Catholic, public offices are open without distinction to
members of all churchs or of none.
A. the lord Chancellor B. the Prime
C. the Speaker D. the ministers of all
departments
36. About 90 per cent of the state
secondary school population in the UK attend _____.
A. independent schools B. junior
C. independent schools D. primary
37. There are some ____ universities,
including the Open University.
A. 900 B. 290
C. 90 D. 50
38. In Britain, children from the age
of 5 to 16 can _____ by law.
A. receive completely free
B. receive parly free education
C. receive no free education if their
families are rich
D. receive no free education at all
39. With regard to its size, the USA is
the _____ country in the world.
A. largest B. second largest
C. third largest D. fourth largest
40. In the following rivers, _____ has
been called the American Ruhr.
A. the Mississippi B. the Missouri
C. the Hudson D. the Ohio
41. Among the following rivers, _____
forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the U.S.
A. the Potomac B. the Columbia
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42. All the following universities and
colleges are located in New England, except _____.
A. Yale B. Harvard
C. Oxford D. Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
43. The nation’s capital city
Washington D.C. and New York are located in _____.
A. the American West B. the Great
C. the Midwest D. the Middle Atlantic
44. The Midwest in America’s most
important _____ area.
A. agricultural B. industrial
C. manufacturing D. mining in
45. In the case of Brown versus Board
of Education, the Supreme Court ruled that _____.
A. separate educational facilities had
been illegal
B. educational facilities had been
separate but equal
C. educational facilities had been
D. separate educational facilities were
inherently unequal
46. The Chinese Exclusion Act was
passed in _____.
A. 1882 B. 1883
C. 1900 D. 1924
47. The first immigrants in American
history came from ____ and ____.
A. Ireland/France B. England/China
C. Scotland/England D.
England/Netherland
48. Uncle Tom’s Cabin and
Roots are two novels which give a vivid description of the
miserable life of the _____.
A. early settlers B. Puritans
C. native Indians D. black slaves
49. According to American historians
and specialists in demography, there are _____ great population
movement in the history of the United States.
A. two B. three
C. four D. five
50. Many early Chinese immigrants
worked in the mining industry, especially in the _____.
A. gold mines B. silver mines
C. coal mines D. copper mines
51. The Declaration of Independence was
drafted by _____.
A. James Madison B. Thomes
C. Alexander Hamilton D. George
Washington
52. On July 4, 1776, _____ adopted the
Declaration of Independerce.
A. the First Continental Congress
B. the Second Continental Congress
C. the Third Continental Congress
D. the Constitutional Convention
53. The victory of _____ was the
turning point of the War of Independence.
A. Saratoga B. Gettysburg
C. Trenton D. Yorktown
54. Ten amendments introduced by James
Madison in 1789 were added to the Constitution. They are knows as
A. the Articles of Confederation B. the
Bill of Right
C. the Civil Rights D. Federalist
55. President Jefferson bought _____
from France and doubled the country’s territory.
A. New Mexico B. the
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C. Kansas D. Ohio
56. The Declaration of Independence
came from the theory of British philosopher _____.
A. Paul Revere B. John Locke
C. Cornwallis D. Frederick Douglass
57. During the WWII, the Axis powers
were mainly made up by __.
A. Germany, France and Japan B. France,
Japan and Britain
C. Germany, Italy and Britain D.
German, Italy and Japan
58. The Progressive Movement is a
movement demanding government regulation of the _____ and _____
conditions.
A. economy/political B.
social/political
C. economy/social D.
political/cultural
59. As a result of WWI, _____ was not
one of the defeated nations.
A. Germany B. Austro-Hungary
C. Ottoman D. Russia
60. The aim of President Roosevelt’s
New Deal was to “save American _____.”
A. economy B. politics
C. society D. democracy
I. Multiple Choices: Choose one right
answer from the four choices.
1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. D
6. C 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. D
11. D 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. D
16. B 17. A 18. D 19. A 20. C
21. C 22. B 23. D 24. C 25. A 26. C 27.
C 28. D 29. A 30. A
31. D 32. D 33. A 34. D 35. A 36. D 37.
C 38. A 39. D 40. D 41.C 42. C 43. D 44. A 45. D 46. A 47. D 48. D
49. C 50. A 51. B 52. B 53. A 54. B 55. B 56. B 57. D 58. C 59. D
60. D 61. C 62. B 63. D 64. C 65. D 66. D 67. B 68. C 69. C 70. D
71. B 72. B 73. B 74. D 75. D
II. Fill in the blanks:
1. Ceographically speaking, the north
and west of Britain are _______, while the east and south-east are
mostly______.
2. Welsh is located in the ______ of
Great Britain.
3. The ancestors of the English ______,
while the Scots, Welsh and Irish the ______.
4. In the mid-5th century, three
Teuronic tribes ______, _____, and _____ invaded Britain. Among
them, the _____ gave their name to English people.
5. The battle of _______ witnessed the
death of Harold in October, 1066.
6. Under William, the ______ system in
England was completely established.
7. The property record in William’s
time is known as ______, which was compiled in _____.
8. _____’s grave became a place of
pilgrimage in and beyond chaucer’s time after he was murdered.
9. ______ was the deadly bubonic
plague, which reduced England’s population from four million to
______ million by the end of the 14th century.
10. One of the consequences of the
Uprising of 1381 was the emergence of a new class of ______
11. James I and his son Charles I both
believed firmly in ______.
12. During the Civil War, the Cavaliers
supported ________, while the Roundheads supported _______.
13. After the Civil War, Oliver
Cromwell declared England a ______, later, he became _________.
14. In 1707, the Act of _______ united
England and ______.
15. The two parties originated with the
Glorious Revolution were _____ and _______. The former were the
forerunners of the ______ Party, the latter were of the ______
16. In 1765, the Scottish inventor
_____ produced a very efficient _____ that could be applied to
textile and other machinery.
17. After the Industrial Revolution,
Britain became the “______” of the world.
18. During the Second World War
________ led Britain to final victory in 1945.
19. In 1974 and 1977, the two ______
shock caused inflation to rise dramatically.
20. Natural gas was discovered in 1965
and oil in 1970 under _______.
21. _______ has Europe’s largest
collection of foreign owned chip factories.
22. New industries in Britain
include______, ______ and other high-tech industries.
23. The party which wins the second
largest number of seats becomes the official ______, with its own
leader and “______ cabinet”.
24. The Prime Minister is appointed by
______, and his/her official residence is _____.
25. There are two tiers of local
government throughout England and Wales: _____ and ______.
26. The criminal law in Britain
presumes the _____ of the accused until he has been proved guilty
beyond reasonable doubt.
27. The jury usually consists of
_______ persons in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and _____
persons in Scotland.
28. The ultimate court of appeal in
civil cases throughout the UK is _______.
29. In Britain the welfare state
applies mainly to _____, national insurance and ______.
30. The two established churches in
Britain are ____ and _____.
31. Education in the UK is compulsory
for all between the ages of (______ in Northen Ireland) and
32. In the past children in Britain
were allocated to different secondary schools on the basis of
selection tests known as _______, which was replaced by ______.
33. Education after 16 in the UK is
divided into _____ and ______.
34. The most-known universities in
Britain are _____ and _____ which date from the _____ and _____
centuries.
35. In ____, Alaska and Havaii became
the 49th and 50th states.
36. In the Great Lakes, only _____
belongs to U.S. completely while the other four are shared with
37. _______ is separated from the main
land by Canada.
38. The Rockies, the backbone of the
North American Continent, is also known as _____.
39. _____ is the largest continental
state in area in the U.S.
40. The West can be divided into three
parts: the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains and _____.
41. The South is the headquarters of a
large segment of the ______ and ________ industry.
42. New England is sometimes called the
______ of America.
43. _______ is considered to be one of
the characteristics of the American people since one in five moves
to a new home every year.
44. The first blacks were brought to
north America as slaves in _____.
45. The largest group of
Asian-Americans are the ______.
II. Fill in the blanks:
1. highlands, lowlands 2. west 3.
Anglo-Saxons, Celts 4. Jutes, Saxons, Angles, Angles 5. Hastings 6.
feudal 7. Domesday Book, 1086 8. Thomas Becket 9. Black Death, two
10. yeomen 11. the Divine Right of Kings 12. the king, the
Parliament 13. Commonwealth, Lord Protector 14. Union, Scotland 15.
Whigs Tories Liberal Conservative 16. James Watt steam engine 17.
workship 18. Winston Churchill
19. oil 20. the North Sea 21. Scotland
22. microprocessors and computer, biotechnology 23. Opposition,
shadow 24. the Queen, No. 10 Downing 25. country councils, district
councils 26. innocence 27. 12, 15 28. the House of Lords 29. the
National Health Service, social security 30. the Church of England,
the Church of Scotland 31. 5, 4, 16 32. eleven-plus, comprehensive
schools 33. further education, high education
34. Oxford, Cambridge, 12th, 13th 35.
1959 36. Lake Michigan 37. Alaska 38. the Continental Divide 39.
Texas 40. the Intermountain Basin and Plateau 41. rocket/missile
42. birthplace 43. Mobility 44. 1619 45. Chinese-Americans
III. Explain the following terms.
1. the Hardian’s Wall:
2. Alfred the Great
3. William the Conqueror
4. the battle of Hastings
5. Domesday Book
6. the Great Charter
7. the Hundred Years’ War
8. Joan of Arc
9. the Black Death
10. the Wars of Roses
11. Bloody Mary
12. Elizabeth I
13. Oliver Cromwell
14. the Bill of Rights
15. Whigs and Tories
16. James Watt
17. Winston Churchill
18. Agribusiness
19. the British Constitution
20. Queen Elizabeth II
21. the Opposition
22. the Privy Council
23. common law
24. the jury
25. the NHS
26. comprehensive schools
27. public schools
28. the Great Lakes
29. New England
30. baby boom
31. the Chinese Exclusion Act
32. the Bill of Rights
33. the Emancipation Proclamation
34. the Constitutional Convention
35. the Progressive Movement
36. the Peace Conference
37. the Truman Doctrine:
38. the Marshall Plan
39. the New Frontier
40. checks and balances:
IV. Answer briefly the following
questions:
1. What do you know about the Roman
invasion of Britain?
2. Why did the William the Conqueror
invade England after Edward’s death?
3. What were the consequences of the
Norman Conquest?
4. What were the contents and the
significance of the Great Charter?
5. What do you know about the English
Renaissance?
6. Why did the Restoration take
7. How did the “Glorious Revolution”
break out? What was the significance of it?
8. What is your comment on land
enclosures in England?
9. How did the English Industrial
Revolution proceed?
10. What do you know about the Chartist
Movement and the People’s Charter? What’s your comment on them?
11. How did the Labour Party come into
12. What is a constitutional monarchy?
When did it begin in Britain?
13. What is the role of the Monarchy in
the British government?
14. What are the main functions of
Parliament?
15. Why do the criminal convicts like
to be tried first before the magistrates’ courts?
16. What does the civil courts system
17. What is meant by the term “welfare
state” in Britain?
18. What is the most important
established Church in Britain? How is it related to the Crown and
linked with the State?
19. What distinguishes the Open
University from all other British Universities?
20. Say something about the three
immigration waves.
21. Why did the early settlers come to
America? Who were the Pilgrims? Who were the Puritans? What were
the features in the colonial period which had influence on later
American development?
22. What were the causes of the War of
Independence?
23. What was unusual about the Article
of Confederation? What was the struggle at the Constitutional
Convention? How was the conflict solved?
24. Why did the Civil War break out?
How did the war end?
25. What were the contents of the New
26. What was the impact of the Vietnam
War-on American society?
27. Who was McCarthy and what was
McCarthyism?
28. What is counterculture? What are
some of the forms of counterculture?
29. What are the functions of the
30. What are some of the
characteristics of American education?
III. Explain the following terms.
1. the Hardian’s Wall: It was one of
the two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts out of
the area they had conquered.
2. Alfred the Great Alfred was a strong
king of the wisemen. It was created by the Anglo-Saxons to advise
the king. It’s the basis of the Privy Council which still exists
3. William the Conqueror William was
Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct, 1066 and defeated king
Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christams Day the
same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal
system in England.
4. the battle of Hastings In 1066, King
Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold as king. William,
Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two armies
met near Hasting. After a day’s battle, Harold was killed and his
army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the
way of the Roman conquest.
5. Domesday Book Under William, the
feudal system was established. William sent officials to compile a
property record known as Domesday Book, which completed in 1086. It
was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085. It
stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and
ownership of the land. It seemed to the English like the Book of
doom on Judgement Day.
6. the Great Charter King John’s reign
caused much discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to
sign a document, known as Mangna Cara, or the Great Charter. It has
63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of
English liberities, its spirit was the limitation of the king’s
powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the
7. the Hundred Years’ War It referred
to the intermittent war between France and England that last from
1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly
economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French
refused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were
successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all
their possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a
blessing for both countries.
8. Joan of Arc She was a national
heroine of France during the Hundred Years’ War. She successfully
led the French to drive the English out of France.
9. the Black Death It was the deadly
bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century. It
swept through England without warning and any cure, and sparing no
victims. It killed between half and one-third of the population of
England. Thus, much land was left untended and labour was short. It
caused far-reaching economic consequences.
10. the Wars of Roses They referred to
the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York
between 1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red rose,
and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism received
its death blow and the king’s power became supreme. Thdor monarchs
ruled England and Wales for over two hundred years.
11. Bloody Mary Henry VIII’s daughter
and a devout Catholic. When she became Queen, she persecuted and
burnt many Protestants. So she was given the nickname “Bloody
Mary”. Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French
port of Calais.
12. Elizabeth I One of the greatest
monarchs in British history. She reigned England, Wales and Ireland
for 45 years and remained single. Her reign was a time of confident
English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and
other arts, in exploration and in battle.
13. Oliver Cromwell The leader during
the Civil War who led the New Model Army to defeat the king and
condemned him to death. Then he declared England a Commonwealth and
made himself Lord of Protector. He ruled England till the
restoration of charles II in 1660.
14. the Bill of Rights In 1689, William
and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. The
bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession, confirmed the
principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech
within both the two Houses. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy
15. Whigs and Tories It referred to the
two party names which originated with the Glorious Revolution of
1688. The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and
supported the right to religious freedom for Noncomformists. The
Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were
reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a coalition with
dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The Tories were the
forerunners of the Conservative Party.
16. James Watt The Scottish inventor
who produced an efficient steam engine with rotary motion that
could be applied to textile and other machinery.
17. Winston Churchill Prime Minister of
Britain during the Second World War. He took over Chamberlain in
1940 and received massive popular support. He led his country to
final victory in 1945. He was defeated in the general election of
1945, but returned to power in 1951.
18. Agribusiness It refers to the new
farming in Britain, because it’s equipped and managed like an
industrial business with a set of inputs into the farm of processes
which occur on the farm, and outputs or products which leave the
farm. The emphasis is upon intensive farming, designes to give the
maximum output of crops and animals.
19. the British Constitution There is
no written constitution in the United Kingdom. The British
Constitution is not set out in any single document, but made up of
statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines
common law and interpret statues.
20. Queen Elizabeth II The present
Sovereign, born in 1926, came to the throne in 1952 and was crowned
in 1953. The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation, the center of
many national ceremonies and the leader of society.
21. the Opposition In the General
Election, the party which wins the second largest number of seats
becomes the offcial Opposition, with its own leader and “shadow
cabinet”. The aims of the Opposition are to contribute to the
formulation of policy and legislation, to oppose government
proposals, to seek amendments to government bills, and to put
forward its own policies in order to win the next general
22. the Privy Council Formerly the
chief source of executive power. It gave the Sovereign private
(“privy”) advice on the government of the country. Today its role
is mainly formal, advising the Sovereign to approve certain
government decrees and issuing royal proclamation. Its membership
is about 400.
23. common law A written law gathered
from numerous decisions of the courts and other sources.
24. the jury A legal system established
in England since king Henry II. The jury consists of ordinary,
independent citizens summoned by the court: 12 persons in England,
Wales and Northern Ireland, and 15 persons in Scotland. In criminal
trials by jury, the judge passes sentence but the jury decide the
issue of guilt or innocence.
25. the NHS The National Health Service
was established in the UK in 1948 and based first on Acts of
Parliament. This Service provides for every resident a full range
of medical services. It is based upon the principle that there
should be full range of publicly provided services designed to help
the individual stay healthy. It is now a largely free service
26. comprehensive schools State
secondary schools which take pupils without reference to ability
and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of
the children in a district. About 90 per cent of the state
secondary school population in GB attend comprehensive school.
27. public schools Fee-paying secondary
schools which are longestablished and have gained a reputation for
their high academic standards, as well as their exclusiveness and
snobbery. The boys’ public schools include such well-known schools
as Eton and Harrow, and girls’ famous schools include Roedean. Most
of the members of the British Establishment were educated at a
public school.
28. the Great Lakes The Great Lakes are
the most important lakes in the United States. They are Lake
Superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake
Michigan —— the only one entirely in the U.S. —— Lake Huron, Lake
Erie and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the
United States except Lake Michigan.
29. New England New England is made up
of six states of the North-East. They are Maine, New Hampshire,
Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. It is
sometimes called the birthplace of America.
30. baby boom “baby boom” refers to the
great increase of birth rate between 1946 and 1964. People born in
this period are called baby bammers.
31. the Chinese Exclusion Act It was
passed by the U.S. Congress in may, 1882. It stopped Chinese
immigration for ten years.
32. the Bill of Rights In 1789, James
Madison introduced in the House of Representations a series of
amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments
and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them were ratified
in 1791 and became the first ten amendments to the Constitution ——
the Bill of Rights.
33. the Emancipation Proclamation
During the Civil war, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation
to get more support for the Union at home and abroad. It granted
freedom to all slaves.
34. the Constitutional Convention In
1787, a conference was held in Philadelphia to consider what should
be done to make the Articles of Confederation adequate. All the
delegates agreed to revise the Articles of Confederation and draw
up a new plan of government. After struggle, the Constitution was
ratified at last. This conference is called the Constitutional
Convertion.
35. the Progressive Movement The
Progressive Movement is a movement demanding government regulation
of the economy and social conditions. It spread quickly with the
support of large numbers of people across the country. It was not
an organized campaign with clearly defined goals.
36. the Peace Conference The Peace
Conference or the Paris Conference, began on January 18, 1919. The
conference was actually a conference of division of colonies of
Germany, Austro-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire and the grabbing of
as much as possible from the defeated nations. It was dominated by
the Big Four (the United States, Britain. France, and Italy)
37. the Truman Doctrine: On March 12,
1949, President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine in a speech
to the joint session of Congress. The Truman Doctrine meant to say
that the U.S. government would support any country which said it
was fighting against Communism.
38. the Marshall Plan On June 5, 1947,
the Secretary of State George Marshall announced the Marshall Plan,
which meant that in order to protect Western Europe from possible
Soviet expansion, the United States decided to offer Western
European countries economic aid.
39. the New Frontier It was the
President Kennedy’s program which promised civil rights for blacks,
federal aid to farmers and to education, medical care for all and
the abolition of poverty.
40. checks and balances:
The government is divided into three
branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial, each has
part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of
government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches.
The three branches are thus in balance. This called “checks and
balances”.
IV. Answer briefly the following
questions.
1. What do you know about the Roman
invasion of Britain? —— In 55 BC and 54 BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman
general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius
invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years Britain was
under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.
British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.
2. Why did the William the Conqueror
invade England after Edward’s death? —— It was said that king
Edward had promised the English throne to William but the Witan
chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In
October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William
defeated Harold and killed him. On Christmas Day, William was
crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of
3. What were the consequences of the
Norman Conquest? —— The Norman Conquest of 1066 is one of the best
known events in English history. It brought about many
consequences. William confiscated almost all the land and gave it
to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a
strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely
established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened,
and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture,
language, manners, and architecture were been introduced. The
church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church
courts were separated from the civil courts.
4. What were the contents and the
significance of the Great Charter? —— The Great Charter, or the
Magna Carta, was document signed in 1215 between the barons and
king John. It had altogether 63 clauses, of which the most
important contents were these: (1) no tax should be made without
the approval of the Grand C (2) no freeman should be
arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of his property except by the law
(3) the church should possess all its rights and
(4) London and other towns should retain their ancient
r (5) there should be the same weights and
measures throughout the country. The Great Charter was a statement
of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the
barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation
of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the
limitation of the powers of the king, but it has long been regarded
as the foundation of English liberties.
5. What do you know about the English
Renaissance? —— Renaissance was the revival of classical literature
and artistic styles in European history. It began in Italy in the
early 14th century and spread to England in the late 15th century.
The English Renaissance had 5 characteristics: (1) English culture
was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by
contemporary Europeans under the influ (2)
England as an insular country followed a course of social and
political history which was to a great extent independent of the
course of history else where in E (3) Owning to the great
genius of the 14th century poet chaucer, the native literature was
vigorous enough and experienced in assimilating foreign influences
without bei (4) English Renaissance literature
is chiefly artistic, rather than philoso (5)
the Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England. The
English Renaissance was largely literary, and achieved its finest
expression in the so-called Elizabethan drama. Its finest exponents
were Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, and William Shakespeare.
6. Why did the Restoration take place?
—— When Oliver Cormwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son,
Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell’s generals
occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The
Parliament thus was elected in 1660, and to resolve the crisis, it
asked the late king’s son to return from his exile in France as
king Charles II. It was called the Restoration.
7. How did the “Glorious Revolution”
break out? What was the significance of it? —— In 1685 Charles II
died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James, who was
brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic, He hoped to rule
without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no
more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years. So the
English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant
king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne.
William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively
smooth, with no bloodshed, no any execution of the king. This was
known as the Glorious Revolution. William and his wife Mary were
both protestants and became co-monarchs. They accepted the Bill of
Rights. It’s the beginning of the age of constitutional
8. What is your comment on land
enclosures in England? —— Agricultural enclosure became frequent in
the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It has good as well as bad
results: (1) Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great
(2) more vegetables, more milk and more dairy
produce were consumed, and die (3) enclosure
was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the
enclosures. They were forced to look for work in towns, which
rapidly became hopelessly over crowded. It also lead to mass
emigration, particularly to the New W (4) a new class
hostility was introduced into rural relationships. Concentration of
land in fewer hands increased the price of land and dashed the
labourers’ hopes of even owning his own land. Many became wage
labourers, earning low rates in spite of agriculture’s new
prosperity.
9. How did the English Industrial
Revolution proceed? —— The Industrial Revolution began with the
textile industry. It’s characterized by a series of inventions and
improvements of machines, such as John Ray’s flying shuttle, James
Hargreaves’ spinning Jenny, Richard Arkwright’s waterframe and
Samuel Cropton’s mule. The Scottish inventor James Watt produced a
very efficient steam engine in 1765, which could be applied to
textile and other machinery. The most important element in speeding
industrialization was the breakthrough in smelting iron with coke
instead of charcoal in 1709. Similar developments occurred in the
forging side of the iron industry which enabled iron to replace
wool and stone in many sectors of the economy. Improved
transporation ran parallel with production. As a result of the
industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the
world”; no other country could compete with her in industrial
production.
10. What do you know about the Chartist
Movement and the People’s Charter? What’s your comment on them? ——
The Chartist Movement was an industrial working class movement that
happened in England from 1836 to 1848. In 1836 a group of skilled
workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men’s
Association. They drew up a charter of political demands (known as
the People’s Charter) in 1838, which had six points: (1) the vote
for all adult males, (2) voting by secret ballot, (3) equal
electoral districts, (4) abolition of property qualifications for
members of Parliament, (5) payment of members of Parliament, and
(6) annual Parliament, with a General Election every June. Support
for these six demands was loudly voiced all over the country. Other
working men formed Chartist groups throughout the country to press
Parliament to accept the 6 points. But Parliament rejected them for
three times. In the end, the Chartist Movement failed. It failed
because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of
coordination with trade-unionism. The working class was still
immature. The Chartist Movement, however, the first nation wide
working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. The
6 points were achieved very gradually over the period of ,
although the sixth has never been practical.
11. How did the Labour Party come into
being? —— As the new working class became established in the
industrial towns in the late 18th century, they became aware of the
power which they could possess if they acted together instead of
separately. So various working class organizations were formed
which brought about the formation of the Labour Party. The Labour
Party had its origins in the Independent Labour Party, which was
formed in January, 1893 and Led by Keir Hardie, a Scottish miner.
The foundation of an effective party for labour depended on the
trade unions. In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP,
and a number of small societies set up the Labour Representation
Committee (LRC). The LRC changed its name to be Labour Party in
time for the general election which was called for 1906. The Labour
Party remains one of the two major parties in Britain until
12. What is a constitutional monarchy?
When did it begin in Britain? —— A constitutional monarchy is a
governmental system in which the head of State is a king or a queen
who reigns but does not rule. The country is namely reigned by the
Sovereign, but virtually by His or Her Majesty’s Government —— a
body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever
political party the electorate has voted into office, and who are
responsible to Parliament. The Constitutional Monarchy in Britain
began in 1689, when king William and Queen Mary jointly accepted
the Bill of Rights, which guaranteed free speech within both the
House of Lords and the House of Commons and constitutional
monarchy, of a monarchy with power limited by Parliament began.
13. What is the role of the Monarchy in
the British government? —— The sovereign is the symbol of the whole
nation. In law, he/she is head of the executive, an integral part
of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief
of all the armed forces of the crown and the “supreme governor” of
the established church of England.
14. What are the main functions of
Parliament? —— The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass
(2) to provide the means of carrying on the work of
government by (3) to examine government policy
and administration, including propo (4) to
debate the major issues of the day.
15. Why do the criminal convicts like
to be tried first before the magistrates’ courts? —— A Magistrates’
court tries summary offences and “either way” offences. It is open
to the public and the media and usually consists of three unpaid
“lay” magistrates. A magistrates’ court sits without a jury. The
criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has
been proved guilty bey every possible step is
taken to deny to the prosecution any advantage over the defence. No
accused person has to answer the questions of the police before
he is not compelled to give evidence or to submit to
cross-examination in court.
16. What does the civil courts system
do? —— The civil courts system does the following jurisdiction: (1)
actions founded up (2) trust and mortgages
(3) actions for
(4) cases involving
disputes between l (5) admiralty cases and
and (7) divorce cases and other family matters.
17. What is meant by the term “welfare
state” in Britain? —— The welfare state is a system of government
by which the state provides the economic and social security of its
citizens through its organization of health services, pensions and
other facilities. The system is funded out of national insurance
contributions and taxation. In Britain the term applies mainly to
National Health Service (NHS), national insurance and social
18. What is the most important
established Church in Britain? How is it related to the Crown and
linked with the State? —— The most important established Church in
Britain is the Church of England. It is uniquely related to the
Crown in that the Sovereign must be a member of that church and, as
“Defender of the Faith”, must promise on his or her accession to
uphold it. Church of England archbishops, bishops and deans of
cathedrals are appointed by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime
Minister. The Church is also linked with the State through the
House of Lords, in which the two archbishops (of Canterbury and
York), the bishops of London, Durham and Winchester, and 21 other
senior bishops of London, Durham and Winchester, and 21 other
senior bishops have seats
19. What distinguishes the Open
University from all other British Universities? —— The Open
University is non-residential university which is “open” to all to
become students. It offers degree and other courses for adult
students of all ages in Britain and other member countries of the
EU. It was founded in 1969 and began its first courses in 1970. It
was a combination of specially produced printed texts,
correspondence tuition, television and radio broadcasts and
audio/video cassettes. For some courses, there are residential
schools. There is a network of study centers for contact with
part-time tutors and counselors, and with fellow students.
20.Say something about the three
immigration waves. —— The first immigration wave began in the mid
1810s, grew steadily during the 1830s and 40s and reached the
highest point in 1845. The second wave covered the period between
1860 and 1890. The third wave was the largest of the three. It
happeded between 1890 and 1914.
21. Why did the early settlers come to
America? Who were the Pilgrims? Who were the Puritans? What were
the features in the colonial period which had influence on later
American development? —— The early settlers came to America either
for the opportunity to realize their dreams and better their lives
or for the freedom from religious and governmental persecution. The
Pilgrims were persons who suffered religious persecution in England
and went to Holland and later moved to America in 1620. The
Puritans were the members of a Protestant group in England who
wanted to purify the Church of England. Dissatisfied and threatened
in England, they saw America as a refuge and migrated to America
since 1630. There were a number of features in the colonial period
which had influence on later American development. They were:
representative form of government, rule of law, respect of
individual rights, religious tolerance and a strong spirit of
individual enterprise.
22. What were the causes of the War of
Independence? —— The economy in the thirteen colonies developed
very fast and people wanted more power to detemine their own
business. But the policy of the British government was to bring the
development under control and to collect more taxes from the
colonies. On April 19, 1775, on their way to Concord to seize the
military supplies of the militia there, the British soldiers met
armed militiamen. The shots were fired, the War of Independence
23. What was unusual about the Article
of Confederation? What was the struggle at the Constitutional
Convention? How was the conflict solved? —— The Article of
Confederation was unusual in many ways. First, it provided for no
king. The drafters blamed the troubles with Britain on king George
III. So they decided not to have a king but to have a republic.
This was revolutionary. Second, while the Articles created a
central government in the form of a Congress, the emphasis was
still on state powers. Third, the Articles of Confederation was a
written constitution for the United States. No important country in
the world at that time, including Britain, had a written
constitution. At the Constitution Convertion the delegates all
agreed it was impossible to try to patch up the Articles of
Confederation, and decided to ignore them and draw up a new plan of
government. Here contradictions emerged between the bigger states
and smaller states, between the industrial commercial interests and
landed interests, etc. In the end, the conflict was resolved by the
“Great Compromise” of July 16, giving each state and equal vote in
the Senate but making representation in the House reflect the size
of each state’s population.
24. Why did the Civil War break out?
How did the war end? —— In the early 1800s, the Northern states
turned from farming to manufacturing. Black slavery soon
disappeared in the North. But things were different in the South.
The South expanded both its agriculture and its slavery. The
problem of slavery became a serous political issue. The
abolitionists tried to abolish slavery while the South tried to
keep it. When Abraham Lincoln was elected President, the Southern
states broke away and formed a new nation. Then Lincoln was
determined to maintain the Union and the war broke out on April 12,
1861, Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at
home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery. So he
issued Emancipation Proclamation. Thus England and France stood by
the Union’s side. Many black slaves joined the Union Army. After a
series of battles, Robert Lee could no longer hold Richmond. He
surrendered on April 9, 1865. The Civil War ended.
25. What were the contents of the New
Deal? —— The New Deal included th (1)
establishment and strengthening of government regulation and
control of banking, credit and currency systems, overcoming the
financial crisis and restriction of certain extreme practices of
(2) federal government management of relief and
establishment of social security system such as the formation of
the Civilian Conservation Crops and the setting-up of the Tennessee
Valley A (3) stimulation of the recover of industry and
(4) formulation and implementation of federal labour
laws to raise the role of labour in the rel
(5) improvement of the situation of minorities and members of
certain religious groups.
26. What was the impact of the Vietnam
War-on American society? —— The Vietnam War had a great impact on
American society. (1) The United States was weakened as a result of
the long war. (2) American society had never been so divided since
the Civil War. (3) There was serious disagreement with in the
ruling circle. (4) The image of the United States, especially the
image of the American armed forces, was discredited.
27. Who was McCarthy and what was
McCarthyism? —— Joseph R. McCarthy was U.S. Senator. He started his
campaign by saying on Feb. 9, 1950 that he had the names of over
200 Communists in the State Department. His campaign of accusation
and anti-Communist hysteria was called McCarthyism.
28. What is counterculture? What are
some of the forms of counterculture? —— Counterculture is a
movement of revolt against the moral values, the aesthetic
standards, the personal behavior and the social relations of
conventional society. Revolutionaries became models for some
people. Many young people experimented with drugs. Music,
especially rock music, became the chief vehicle for the
counterculture attack on the status quo.
29. What are the functions of the
Congress? —— The Congress has many functions, but the most central
is the passage of law. One of the most important non-legislative
functions of the Congress is the power to investigate. A second
important power is to compel testimony from unwilling witness and
to cite for contempt of Congress witness who refuse to testify, and
for perjury those who give false testimony.
30. What are some of the
characteristics of American education? ——(1) Formal education in
the United States consists of elementary, secondary and higher
education. (2) Public educations is free and compulsory. (3)
Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of
American education. (4)Education is a function of the states, not
the federal government.
V. Write about 150 on the following
1. Why and how did the English
Parliament come into being? —— After king John died in 1216, his
son became Henry III. He filled the most important offices with
foreigners, undertook an expensive war which ended in the loss of a
large land and demanded more money to enable his son to be king of
Sicily. So the barons rebelled. Under the leadership of Simon de
Montfort, they defeated the king in 1264. In 1265, Simon de
Montrort summoned the Great Council to meet at Westminster,
together with two knights from each country and two citizens from
each town. This meeting has been considered as the earliest
parliament. The Great Council developed later into the Lords and
the Commons known as a parliament. Both Houses were called to agree
to taxation. The Commons could present petitions to the king which
were the first parliamentary bills. But Parliament only met by
royal invitation. Its role was to offer advice, not to make
decisions. The most important part of Parliament was the House of
2. How did the Civil Wars break out?
What were the consequences of the Civil Wars? —— Charles I, also
believed “the Divine Right of kings”. His prerogative rights should
not be challenged by anyone. It encouraged confrontation with
Parliament, whose members had become increasingly Puritan in
sympathy. He managed to rule England for 11 years without
Parliament. But in 1640, Charles needed money and feared the
invasion of the Scots and had to call the Long Parliament. Then a
whole series of measures were introduced by the Parliament limiting
the authority of the Crown while increasing its own. Thus, by 1642,
the king and the commons were at each other’s throats, war was
inevitable. In 1642, the first Civil War broke out. By autumn 1646,
Parliament held most of England and next year Charles was captured
but escaped. He made a deal with the Scots who invaded England but
were defeated by Cromwell. Thus was the beginning of the Second
Civil War. In November 1648, the king was captured again and
condemned to death. The English Civil Wars have been seen a
conflict between Parliament and the king, but also as a conflict
between the economic interests of the urban middle classes and the
traditional economic interests of the Crown. The English Civil Wars
not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the
foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded
as the beginning of modern world history.
3. Tell briefly the history of the
two-party system in the United States. What are the characteristics
of the two major parties in the United States today? —— Political
parties are the basis of the American political system. In general,
America has a two-party system. This means that two major political
parties-now the Democrats and the Republicans-dominate politics at
the federal, state and local levels. There have been four periods
in the history of political parties in America. The first periods
of the party system began with the first two major parties or camps
—— the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists led by Alexander
Hamilton. Most of the Anti-Federalists later accepted the
Constitution with the Bill of Rights, and began to call themselves
Democratic-Republican. After the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson,
the Democratic-Republican Party split. The main faction, led by
Andrew Jackson, called themselves the Democratic Party, while the
faction opposed to Jackson formed the Whig Party in 1834. As the
struggle over slavery intensified, the majority of the Whig Party,
part of the democrats, and other anti-slavery elements founded in
1854 the Republican Party. The third phase of the two-party system
ran from the 1860s to the 1920s with the Republican Party
dominating the political scene for most of the time. The fourth
period began with Franklin D. Roosevelt’s coming into power and
lasted till the 1980s. In this period, for about 50 years, with
short interruptions, the Democratic Party was dominant. The Two
major parties are really not very different today. But this does
not mean there is not difference between them. On economic issues,
the Democrats traditionally favour government intervention while
the Republicans stress the role of the market more. On social
issues the Democrats support a strong social security system while
the Republicans oppose large government social security programs.
In spite of these differences, the two parties both believe in
individualism, defend capitalism and uphold private ownership of
means of production. In terms of organization the two parties are
actually loose political coalitions.
4. What were the causes and
consequences of the War of 1812? —— The causes leading to the war
were the following: (1) A war between Britain and France was going
on in Europe. First the American government adopted a policy of not
allowing trading with both countries. Later the U.S. government
changed its policy by stating that if any of the two countries gave
up its blockade against American shipping, the U.S. world lift the
prohibition. In 1811, the U.S., on the condition that France would
drop its blockade against American shipping, lifted the ban. This
angered the British. (2) The Americans resented the British
practice of impressing or forcibly removing seamen from American
ships on the grounds that they were British subjects. (3) The U.S.
wanted to take advantage of the War in Europe, when Britain and
France had no time to look after their interests in the New World,
to expand into Canada or Spanish Florida. This harmed the interests
of the British. —— The war had great impact on the development of
the Unite States. Firstly, the war made people realize the
importance of a strong national government. Secondly, the war
strengthened the feeling of national unity and patriotism. Thirdly,
for almost 10 years after the war, the Americans turned their
attention to the devlopment of the western part of the continent.
Fourthly, it made both Britain and the United States realize their
disputes should be slove through negotiation. A shaky peace in 1814
turned into lasing peace between the two countries.
5. What role does the community college
play? What functions does it perform? What is it important in
American higher education? What is the guiding principle of such a
college? —— The community college as an institution is one of the
most important innovations in the history of American higher
education more accessible and in meeting the needs of educated
adults, employees of local business, professional requiring
certification as well as community organizations. It performs five
main functions. First, it prepares students for transferring to a
BA program at a four-year institution. Second, it provides
vocational training for people who are already working or expect to
be working in the future. Third, it gives remedial instruction to
higher school students who are underprepared for college
academically and adults who did not learn basic skills in
elementary or secondary school. Fourth, it offers recreational,
cultural activities for adults who are not seeking regular
vocational or academic skill. Fifth, it absorbs students in a
four-year program who are not qualified into a lower-status
vocational program. The guiding principle of community college is
higher education for everyone and the philosophy that equality must
mean equal opportunity for self-realization and for the recognition
of individual differences.
英汉双语美文阅读精选
Walk&A&Little&Slower,&Daddy请慢…
Beautiful&Quotes美丽箴言(双语)
突破阅读障碍&制胜考研英语
The&Road&Not&Taken&《未选择的路…
long&time&no&see
&The&Value&of&Time
用心良苦&英文版&张宇&-&Now&you&a…
Would&You&Come&Home&Tonight
i&believe&i&can&fly&歌词中英对照
Chinese&President&salutes&teache…
Positive&Mental&Attitude
Join&Hands&for&a&Brighter&Future…&&&&&&&&&&&&&
《归去来兮辞》&林语堂译
Success&in&Life
The&Military&Power&of&the&People…
好父亲应该做的100件事Fatherhood:… Top&10&Commencement&Speeches&Quo…
never&ceases&to&amaze&me
人的寿命取决于基因?Live&to&100-I…
practice&makes&perfect
China&becomes&South&Africa's&big…
Far&away&from&home-Groove&Covera…
The&Music&Within&Heart
Saying&Good-bye&to&Cambridge&Aga…
China&says&local&govt&debt&risk&…
Chinglish&Vs&American&Spoken&Eng…
For&the&Young,&There’s&a&Silver&…
《见或不见》&&《See&me…
《Desperate&Housewives》（绝望主…
Build&up&our&mind
UN&chief&urges&societies&to&empo…
Love&Your&Life
The&life&I&desired
April&Showers&Bring&May&Flowers
Butterfly&Kisses&蝶吻
Property&prices&still&rising&in&…
Chance&to&Reform&IMF
Eight&Cousins&-&Chapter&5&&&
Eight&Cousins&-&Chapter&4
Eight&Cousins&-&Chapter&3
Eight&Cousins&-&Chapter&2
Eight&Cousins&-&Chapter&1
Money&that&grows&on&trees
奥巴马演讲&本拉登已被击毙
Letter&that&Changed&My&Life父亲最后的拥抱&In&praise&of&hugs
Don't&Let&Weakness&Limit&Your&po…
Childhood&and&Poetry
My&Very&First&Love
Mother's&Hands
The&origin&of&Mother's&Day&&&&&&&&
This&Was&My&Mother
will&you&still&love&me&tomorrow&…
Big&at&Heart心胸开阔
Listening&Is&Powerful&Medicine&…
传奇英文版歌词传奇英文版Fairy&Ta…
雨中节奏歌词rhythm&of&the&rain
.Happiness&equates&with&fun?
Taste&the&Wind（品味寒风）
★＿★&有一种幸福叫忘记……
Volunteers&take&up&call&to&hit&t…
Everybody&Listen&To&Me
一次难忘的旅行(An&unforgetful&tr…
学会学习(Learn&How&to&Learn)
love&is&a&river
A&Boy&and&His&Tree
Children's&Nmerical&Skills
The&source&of&Energy&&
Go&Out&To&Travel&
The&furthest&distance&in&the&wor…
Inspiration&from&Life&
一个值得终生铭记的计算题！--&态…
生而为赢————Youth&青春
Touched&by&Love
Actions&speak&louder&than&words
诗经&国风·周南
Sixty-Seven&Years&-&Sixty-Seven&…
Mother's&Day
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