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【科普】口舌是非多----图示最常见的口腔问题 Top Problems in Your Mouth
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Top Problems in Your Mouth
This content is selected and controlled by WebMD's editorial staff and is brought to you by Colgate.
Protect your lips in the sun and wind to help prevent cold sores.Cold Sores Though they’re also called fever blisters, you don’t get cold sores from fevers or colds. Cold sores are usually passed via a kiss, shared utensils, or other close contact. These small, fluid-filled mouth blisters may appear on the lips or just near them. Though they’ll
go away in a few days, most people want to ease their pain. OTC creams and ointments do that and speed healing.
Repeat sores may require a prescription.Regular brushing and flossing can help prevent canker soresCanker SoresNo one knows what causes these small, painful blisters inside your mouth. Triggers include hypersensitivity, infection, hormones, stress, and not getting enough of some vitamins. Also called aphthous ulcers, canker sores can show up on your tongue, cheek, even gums. They usually last a week or two. Persistent, severe canker sores can be treated with numbing creams or prescription treatments.See white, creamy patches inside your mouth? You may have thrush.ThrushCaused by candida yeast, thrush is most common in older adults or babies. But a weakened immune system, antibiotics, diabetes or certain medications such as
inhaled corticosteroids can give candida a chance to grow wild. Wiping away the patches will cause soreness. See a doctor for a firm diagnosis.Leukoplakia is whitish like thrush, but is raised.LeukoplakiaLeukoplakia is the mouth’s reaction to an irritant, like rough teeth, badly-fitting dentures, chronic smoking, even sun exposure to the lips. It usually is painless, but may be sensitive to touch or heat. Usually harmless, leukoplakia generally clears up in a few weeks after you remove the irritant. But sometimes leukoplakia can also be a precancerous condition that shows up as white patches or plaques in the mouth.
Persistent patches may need a dentist’s care.It looks dramatically odd, but black hairy tongue is harmless.Black Hairy TongueThis painless condition occurs when the little bumps on your tongue grow long and trap the bacteria that live in your mouth -- making your tongue look black and hairy. There can be lots of causes for black hairy tongue, including antibiotic use, poor oral hygiene, smoking, drinking a lot of tea or coffee, and not producing enough saliva. Brushing your tongue and using a tongue scraper is usually all you need to treat it, though sometimes medication is necessary.Lichen planus: It’s a recurrent rash caused by inflammation.Lichen PlanusA rare rash that shows up as lacy, white patches or red shiny bumps on the inside of the cheeks, but also on the
tongue, could be lichen planus. No one knows what causes it or the resulting inflammation. Generally, mild lichen planus doesn’t need any treatment. If it causes pain or ulcers, it can be treated with oral and topical medication. Oral lichen planus can be chronic and may increase the risk for oral cancer. Lichen planus can also affect skin, scalp, nails, and genitals.Geographic tongue looks alarming, but it’s usually painless.Geographic TongueWhen parts of your tongue are missing some of their small bumps (called papillae), you end up with raised and lowered spots, giving your tongue a map-like appearance. The spots can change location, pattern, and size within minutes to hours. Geographic tongue is harmless and can come and go over time. It usually doesn’t need any treatment. If there’s pain, over-the-counter pain relievers and anti-inflammatory medications can help.Don’t ignore mouth sores t they could be cancer.Mouth Cancer A mouth sore that doesn’ unexplained numbness in the face, mouth, problems chewing, speaking or swallowing -- these are a few of the symptoms of mouth cancer. The causes can include smoking cigarettes and using smokeless tobacco, drinking heavily, overexposure to the sun, and a family history of cancer. Don’t let fear keep you from the doctor -- oral cancer that is caught early is treatable and curable.Prevent gingivitis by brushing and flossing.Gum DiseaseRed, swollen, or bleeding gums could be gingivitis, which can cause teeth to loosen and fall out. Also called gum disease, gingivitis – a form of periodontal disease -- can happen when an illness, medication, plaque, or other problem leaves gums vulnerable to bacterial infection. Prevention is the best strategy. That means daily flossing and brushing, as well as regular dental visits. Severe gingivitis may require antibiotics.Untreated gingivitis can lead to periodontal disease.Periodontal DiseaseWith periodontal disease like gingivitis, bacteria in plaque can cause receding gum lines. Pockets form that become infected and can cause bone loss. Proper oral hygiene can help prevent periodontal disease. Smoking, poor diet, and stress can make it worse. See your dentist to treat receding gumsToothaches can be caused by cavities, abscess, and other tooth problems.Cavities, Abcesses, & DiscolorationFlossing and brushing daily helps prevent teeth problems like cavities, abscesses, and tooth discoloration. Your dentist can spot these problems before they become painful. Don’t mess around with a severe toothache. Dental infections can spread to the face, skull, and even to the bloodstream.See your dentist as soon as possible if your toothache lasts longer than 1 or 2 days or if you have a fever, earache, or pain when you open your mouth wide.Not all chips and cracks in your teeth need treatment, but most do.Chipped TeethMunching on ice or hard candies, grinding or clenching teeth, even exposing teeth to heat and cold can lead to chips, cracks, and breaks in your teeth. Tiny chips or cracks may not be a bother. But anything more could lead to pain or permanent tooth damage. Your dentist can offer dental bonding, tooth contouring, porcelain veneers, and crowns to fix badly damaged teeth.Halitosis may have many causes.Bad BreathUnbrushed teeth have food particles around them that promote bacteria and cause bad breath. Persistent bad breath or a bad taste in your mouth may be from continuous breathing through your mouth, dry mouth, a sign of gum disease, or even diabetes. Fight bad breath by brushing your teeth and tongue, drinking water, and avoiding food triggers. See your dentist if bad breath persists.Aspirin burn is caused by -- what else -- mouth burns from aspirinAspirin BurnEver let an aspirin nestle in your cheek, near an aching tooth? While you may hope this relieves
pain faster, instead the acid in the aspirin burns a white, rough lesion into your gums or cheek. Preventing aspirin burn is simple -- swallow those pain relievers! Treatment for aspirin burn is just as basic: Time. Simple burns should heal in about two weeks.Amalgam tattoo is a harmless stain from the amalgam in fillings.Amalgam TattooEver notice a small blue-gray “stain” in a soft part of your mouth after dental work? Called amalgam tattoos, they occur when a tiny piece of amalgam filling gets embedded in your cheek or gum. The silver in the amalgam leaches into your mouth’s soft tissue, resulting in what looks a bit like a tiny tattoo. Amalgam tattoos pose no harm. But if the blue-gray spot grows or changes color, that’s not an amalgam tattoo. Ask your dentist to check it outA clicking sound when you chew could be a temporomandibular joint problem.TMJA problem with the jaw called temporomandibular joint syndrome can cause
severe pain in the jaw, face, ear, or neck. Clenching, tooth grinding, or injury can all cause TMJ, but the results are often the same: pain, headaches, dizziness, even trouble swallowing. Treatment may involve rest, a mouth guard, medication, or surgery.
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初译：Top Problems in Your Mouth 口舌是非多----图示最常见的口腔问题This content is selected and controlled by WebMD's editorial staff and is brought to you by Colgate. 这些内容由高露洁提供，由WebMD编辑组挑选、编辑。Protect your lips in the sun and wind to help prevent cold sores. Cold Sores 避免嘴唇风吹日晒，有助于预防唇疱疹唇疱疹Though they’re also called fever blisters, you don’t get cold sores from fevers or colds. Cold sores are usually passed via a kiss, shared utensils, or other close contact. These small, fluid-filled mouth blisters may appear on the lips or just near them. Though they’ll go away in a few days, most people want to ease their pain. OTC creams and ointments do that and speed healing. Repeat sores may require a prescription.虽然唇疱疹既被称为“感冒疮”，又被称为“火泡”，但其并非因感冒发烧而起。通常唇疱疹会通过接吻、共用洗漱用品、或其他亲密接触而传染。这些小水泡可能出现在唇上或嘴唇附近。虽然几天内会消退，但大部分患者都希望能减轻疼痛。OTC 乳膏及软膏都有减轻疼痛的作用，而且可以加速伤口愈合。若唇疱疹反复发作就需要处方药治疗了。Regular brushing and flossing can help prevent canker sores按时刷牙、用牙线清洁有助于预防溃疡Canker Sores溃疡No one knows what causes these small, painful blisters inside your mouth. Triggers include hypersensitivity, infection, hormones, stress, and not getting enough of some vitamins. Also called aphthous ulcers, canker sores can show up on your tongue, cheek, even gums. They usually last a week or two. Persistent, severe canker sores can be treated with numbing creams or prescription treatments.我们不知道是什么导致我们口腔里出现这些令人痛苦的小溃疡。可能是过敏、感染、激素、压力以及缺乏某些维生素。该病同时又被称为阿弗他溃疡，它会出现在舌头上、脸颊内侧甚至是牙龈上。通常会持续一周或两周时间。长时间的严重溃疡可以用含麻醉成分的乳膏或处方药进行治疗。See white, creamy patches inside your mouth? You may have thrush.你的口内是否出现白色、乳白色斑点？如果是，你可能患上了鹅口疮。ThrushCaused by candida yeast, thrush is most common in older adults or babies. But a weakened immune system, antibiotics, diabetes or certain medications such as inhaled corticosteroids can give candida a chance to grow wild. Wiping away the patches will cause soreness. See a doctor for a firm diagnosis.鹅口疮鹅口疮由念珠菌感染所致，是老年人和婴儿最常见的口腔疾病。免疫力低下、服用抗生素、患糖尿病、或服用某些药物（如吸入性糖皮质激素）都会使念珠菌滋生。擦去这些斑块会引起疼痛。找医生做进一步确诊。Leukoplakia is whitish like thrush, but is raised.粘膜白斑病与鹅口疮一样发白，但其斑块凸起。LeukoplakiaLeukoplakia is the mouth’s reaction to an irritant, like rough teeth, badly-fitting dentures, chronic smoking, even sun exposure to the lips. It usually is painless, but may be sensitive to touch or heat. Usually harmless, leukoplakia generally clears up in a few weeks after you remove the irritant. But sometimes leukoplakia can also be a precancerous condition that shows up as white patches or plaques in the mouth. Persistent patches may need a dentist’s care.粘膜白斑病粘膜白斑病是口腔对刺激的一种反应，比如牙齿不齐、假牙咬合不佳、长期吸烟、甚至是嘴唇日晒。粘膜白斑病通常不会痛，但对碰触和热刺激敏感。粘膜白斑病通常无害，一般在刺激消除后数周内消退。但是有些时候，粘膜白斑病可能是癌症前期症状，表现为口腔内出现白色斑块。若斑块持续不好则需要看牙医。It looks dramatically odd, but black hairy tongue is harmless.看上去可能非常恐怖，但是黑毛舌并没有太大危害。Black Hairy TongueThis painless condition occurs when the little bumps on your tongue grow long and trap the bacteria that live in your mouth -- making your tongue look black and hairy. There can be lots of causes for black hairy tongue, including antibiotic use, poor oral hygiene, smoking, drinking a lot of tea or coffee, and not producing enough saliva. Brushing your tongue and using a tongue scraper is usually all you need to treat it, though sometimes medication is necessary.黑毛舌黑毛舌不痛，是由于舌头上乳突长大并包裹了口腔内细菌所致，使你的舌头看上去像长了黑毛。产生黑毛舌的原因有很多，其中包括服用抗生素、口腔不卫生、吸烟、饮大量茶和咖啡以及唾液分泌不足。虽然有时也需要药物治疗，但刷一刷舌头，或者用刮舌器刮一刮通常就能消除。 Lichen planus: It’s a recurrent rash caused by inflammation.扁平苔藓：由炎症导致的一种重复发作性丘疹。Lichen PlanusA rare rash that shows up as lacy, white patches or red shiny bumps on the inside of the cheeks, but also on the tongue, could be lichen planus. No one knows what causes it or the resulting inflammation. Generally, mild lichen planus doesn’t need any treatment. If it causes pain or ulcers, it can be treated with oral and topical medication. Oral lichen planus can be chronic and may increase the risk for oral cancer. Lichen planus can also affect skin, scalp, nails, and genitals.扁平苔藓颊部或舌部条纹状白色斑块或红色发亮斑块即可能为扁平苔藓，是一种罕见丘疹。尚不知其致病原因，也不知其会引起何种炎症。一般来讲，轻微的扁平苔藓无需任何治疗。如果引起疼痛或溃疡，可以采用口服给药或局部给药治疗。口腔扁平苔藓病程可能持续较长，而且会增加口腔癌的风险。扁平苔藓同样也会感染皮肤、头皮、指甲和生殖器。Geographic tongue looks alarming, but it’s usually painless.地图舌看上去触目惊心，但通常没有痛感。Geographic TongueWhen parts of your tongue are missing some of their small bumps (called papillae), you end up with raised and lowered spots, giving your tongue a map-like appearance. The spots can change location, pattern, and size within minutes to hours. Geographic tongue is harmless and can come and go over time. It usually doesn’t need any treatment. If there’s pain, over-the-counter pain relievers and anti-inflammatory medications can help.地图舌当舌头部分乳突消失，舌头就变得凹凸不平，使你的舌头看上去就像地图一样。数分钟到数小时内，这些斑块的部位、形状和大小就会改变。地图舌并没有什么危害，会随时间自行消退。通常并不需要任何治疗。如果感到疼痛，可以用些非处方止疼药和消炎药。Don’t ignore mouth sores t they could be cancer.如果口腔溃疡持续数周，请不要掉以轻心；有可能是癌症。Mouth Cancer A mouth sore that doesn’ unexplained numbness in the face, mouth, problems chewing, speaking or swallowing -- these are a few of the symptoms of mouth cancer. The causes can include smoking cigarettes and using smokeless tobacco, drinking heavily, overexposure to the sun, and a family history of cancer. Don’t let fear keep you from the doctor -- oral cancer that is caught early is treatable and curable.口腔癌口腔溃疡数周不愈；面部、口腔或颈部出现莫名的麻木感；咀嚼、说话或吞咽困难，---这些都是口腔癌的一些症状。吸烟或嚼无烟烟草、酗酒、过度日晒、以及有家族癌症史都可能患口腔癌。不要因为害怕而不去看医生—及早发现口腔癌可以治愈。Prevent gingivitis by brushing and flossing.通过刷牙、用牙线清洁牙齿来预防齿龈炎。Gum Disease齿龈炎Red, swollen, or bleeding gums could be gingivitis, which can cause teeth to loosen and fall out. Also called gum disease, gingivitis – a form of periodontal disease -- can happen when an illness, medication, plaque, or other problem leaves gums vulnerable to bacterial infection. Prevention is the best strategy. That means daily flossing and brushing, as well as regular dental visits. Severe gingivitis may require antibiotics.齿龈炎表现为牙龈红肿、出血，会导致牙齿松动、脱落。齿龈炎是一种牙周疾病：疾病、药物、齿菌斑或其他使牙龈易受细菌感染的疾病都会导致齿龈炎。最好的办法就是预防。也就是每天用牙线清洁，按时刷牙，并定期看牙医。齿龈炎严重则需服用抗生素。Untreated gingivitis can lead to periodontal disease.齿龈炎不予治疗会引起牙周疾病。Periodontal DiseaseWith periodontal disease like gingivitis, bacteria in plaque can cause receding gum lines. Pockets form that become infected and can cause bone loss. Proper oral hygiene can help prevent periodontal disease. Smoking, poor diet, and stress can make it worse. See your dentist to treat receding gums牙周疾病像齿龈炎这类牙周疾病，齿菌斑中的细菌会导致牙龈萎缩。牙周袋受到感染，并导致牙齿脱落。保证口腔卫生有助于预防牙周疾病。吸烟、饮食不合理及压力会加重牙周疾病。若牙龈萎缩，请牙医进行治疗。Toothaches can be caused by cavities, abscess, and other tooth problems.龋齿、脓肿及其他牙病会引起牙疼。Cavities, Abcesses, & DiscolorationFlossing and brushing daily helps prevent teeth problems like cavities, abscesses, and tooth discoloration. Your dentist can spot these problems before they become painful. Don’t mess around with a severe toothache. Dental infections can spread to the face, skull, and even to the bloodstream.See your dentist as soon as possible if your toothache lasts longer than 1 or 2 days or if you have a fever, earache, or pain when you open your mouth wide.龋齿、脓肿&牙齿变色每天清洁牙齿有助于预防龋齿、脓肿及牙齿变色等牙病。在这些牙病导致疼痛之前牙医就能发现这些问题。严重牙痛不要乱揉，因为牙齿感染会扩散到面部、头骨，甚至进入血液。如果牙痛持续超过1到2天或者出现发烧、耳朵痛以及张大嘴时疼痛要尽快看牙医。Not all chips and cracks in your teeth need treatment, but most do.并非所有牙齿裂缝都需要治疗，但大部分需要治疗。Chipped TeethMunching on ice or hard candies, grinding or clenching teeth, even exposing teeth to heat and cold can lead to chips, cracks, and breaks in your teeth. Tiny chips or cracks may not be a bother. But anything more could lead to pain or permanent tooth damage. Your dentist can offer dental bonding, tooth contouring, porcelain veneers, and crowns to fix badly damaged teeth.牙齿缺口嚼冰或硬糖、磨牙咬牙，甚至是牙齿过热过冷刺激都会导致牙齿碎裂，破坏牙齿。小的碎裂可能并无大碍。但是再稍微加重就会导致疼痛或者导致牙齿永久损伤。牙医可以通过粘合牙齿、修补牙齿边缘、做烤瓷、镶假齿冠来固定严重损坏的牙齿。Halitosis may have many causes.口臭有多种原因。Bad BreathUnbrushed teeth have food particles around them that promote bacteria and cause bad breath. Persistent bad breath or a bad taste in your mouth may be from continuous breathing through your mouth, dry mouth, a sign of gum disease, or even diabetes. Fight bad breath by brushing your teeth and tongue, drinking water, and avoiding food triggers. See your dentist if bad breath persists.口臭不刷牙会使食物碎屑残留在牙齿周围，滋生细菌，导致口臭。长期口臭可能是由于一直用口腔呼吸、口干、牙周疾病甚至是糖尿病造成的。通过刷牙、刮舌头、饮水、避免异味食物可以清除口臭。如果持续口臭可以求助牙医。Aspirin burn is caused by -- what else -- mouth burns from aspirin什么是阿司匹林烧伤？Aspirin BurnEver let an aspirin nestle in your cheek, near an aching tooth? While you may hope this relieves pain faster, instead the acid in the aspirin burns a white, rough lesion into your gums or cheek. Preventing aspirin burn is simple -- swallow those pain relievers! Treatment for aspirin burn is just as basic: Time. Simple burns should heal in about two weeks.阿司匹林烧伤（由于局部应用乙酰水杨酸导致粘膜出现不规则的白斑）你是否把阿司匹林贴在脸颊内侧，靠近疼痛的牙齿旁边过？虽然你这样做可能是希望能快速减轻疼痛，但相反，阿司匹林的酸性会把你的牙龈或脸颊内侧烧成白色，造成损伤。要预防阿司匹林烧伤很简单—只要把这些止疼药吞下去就可以了。治疗阿司匹林烧伤与碱灼伤一样：慢慢会自行恢复。普通的灼伤会在两周内痊愈。Amalgam tattoo is a harmless stain from the amalgam in fillings.采用银汞合金补牙导致的银汞合金斑纹类反应无害。Amalgam TattooEver notice a small blue-gray “stain” in a soft part of your mouth after dental work? Called amalgam tattoos, they occur when a tiny piece of amalgam filling gets embedded in your cheek or gum. The silver in the amalgam leaches into your mouth’s soft tissue, resulting in what looks a bit like a tiny tattoo. Amalgam tattoos pose no harm. But if the blue-gray spot grows or changes color, that’s not an amalgam tattoo. Ask your dentist to check it out银汞合金斑纹补牙以后，你是否注意到在口腔软组织中存在蓝灰色小斑块？这种小斑块叫做银汞合金斑纹，当银汞合金充填剂小块进入脸颊或牙龈时就会发生这类反应。银汞合金中的银进入口腔软组织，就会产生小小的刺青样斑纹。银汞合金斑纹并没有危害。但是如果蓝灰色斑块不断增长或者改变颜色，那就不再只是银汞合金斑纹了，需要让牙医进行检查。A clicking sound when you chew could be a temporomandibular joint problem.当你咀嚼时听到咔嚓一声，可能是颞下颌关节出了问题。TMJA problem with the jaw called temporomandibular joint syndrome can cause severe pain in the jaw, face, ear, or neck. Clenching, tooth grinding, or injury can all cause TMJ, but the results are often the same: pain, headaches, dizziness, even trouble swallowing. Treatment may involve rest, a mouth guard, medication, or surgery.颞下颌关节(TMJ)下颌骨问题称为颞下颌关节紊乱综合征，可能导致下颌、面部、耳朵和脖子剧痛。咬牙、磨牙或者外伤都会导致TMJ问题，而且结果通常都一样：疼痛、头痛、眩晕、甚至吞咽困难。可以通过休息、口腔护理、药物治疗或手术治疗来处理。
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编译：还请诸位战友指正！口舌是非多----图示最常见的口腔问题避免嘴唇风吹日晒，有助于预防唇疱疹唇疱疹虽然唇疱疹既被称为“感冒疮”，又被称为“火泡”，但其并非因感冒发烧而起。通常唇疱疹会通过接吻、共用洗漱用品、或其他亲密接触而传染。这些小水泡可能出现在唇上或嘴唇附近。虽然几天内会消退，但大部分患者都希望能减轻疼痛。OTC 乳膏及软膏都有减轻疼痛的作用，而且可以加速伤口愈合。若唇疱疹反复发作则需要处方药治疗。按时刷牙、用牙线清洁有助于预防溃疡溃疡我们不知道是什么导致我们口腔里出现这些令人痛苦的小溃疡。可能是过敏、感染、激素、压力以及缺乏某些维生素。溃疡同时又被称为阿弗他溃疡，会出现在舌头上、脸颊内侧甚至是牙龈上。通常会持续一周或两周时间。长时间的严重溃疡可以用含麻醉成分的乳膏或处方药进行治疗。你的口内是否出现白色、乳白色斑点？如果是，你可能患上了鹅口疮。鹅口疮鹅口疮由念珠菌感染所致，是老年人和婴儿最常见的口腔疾病。免疫力低下、服用抗生素、患糖尿病、或服用某些药物（如吸入性糖皮质激素）都会使念珠菌滋生。擦去这些斑块会引起疼痛。如果出现这类症状，找医生做进一步确诊。粘膜白斑病与鹅口疮一样发白，但其斑块突出。粘膜白斑病粘膜白斑病是口腔对刺激的一种反应，比如牙齿不齐、假牙咬合不佳、长期吸烟、甚至是阳光照射嘴唇。粘膜白斑病通常不会痛，但对碰触和热刺激敏感。粘膜白斑病通常无害，一般在刺激消除后数周内消退。但是有些时候，粘膜白斑病可能是癌症前期症状，表现为口腔内出现白色斑块。若斑块持续不好则需要看牙医。看上去可能非常恐怖，但是黑毛舌并没有太大危害。黑毛舌黑毛舌不痛，是由于舌头上乳突长大并包裹了口腔内细菌所致，使你的舌头看上去像长了黑毛。产生黑毛舌的原因有很多，其中包括服用抗生素、口腔不卫生、吸烟、饮大量茶和咖啡以及唾液分泌不足。虽然有时也需要药物治疗，但刷一刷舌头，或者用刮舌器刮一刮通常就能消除。 扁平苔藓：由炎症导致的一种重复发作性丘疹。扁平苔藓颊部或舌部条纹状白色斑块或红色发亮斑块即可能为扁平苔藓，是一种罕见丘疹。尚不知其致病原因，也不知其会引起何种炎症。一般来讲，轻微的扁平苔藓无需任何治疗。如果引起疼痛或溃疡，可以采用口服给药或局部给药治疗。口腔扁平苔藓病程可能持续较长，而且会增加口腔癌的风险。扁平苔藓同样也会感染皮肤、头皮、指甲和生殖器。地图舌看上去触目惊心，但通常没有痛感。地图舌当舌头部分乳突消失，舌头即变得凹凸不平，使其看上去就像地图一样。这些斑块的部位、形状和大小在数分钟到数小时时间内就会发生改变。地图舌并没有什么危害，会随时间自行消退。通常并不需要任何治疗。如果感到疼痛，可以用些非处方止疼药和消炎药。如果口腔溃疡持续数周，请不要掉以轻心；有可能是癌症。口腔癌口腔溃疡数周不愈；面部、口腔或颈部出现莫名的麻木感；咀嚼、说话或吞咽困难，---这些都是口腔癌的一些症状。吸烟或嚼无烟烟草、酗酒、过度日晒、以及有家族癌症史都可能患口腔癌。不要因为害怕而不去看医生--—及早发现口腔癌可以治愈。通过刷牙、用牙线清洁牙齿来预防齿龈炎。齿龈炎齿龈炎表现为牙龈红肿、出血，会导致牙齿松动、脱落。齿龈炎是一种牙周疾病：疾病、药物、齿菌斑或其他使牙龈易受细菌感染的疾病都会导致齿龈炎。最好的办法就是预防。也就是每天用牙线清洁，按时刷牙，并定期看牙医。齿龈炎严重则需服用抗生素。齿龈炎不予治疗会引起牙周疾病。牙周疾病像齿龈炎这类牙周疾病，齿菌斑中的细菌会导致牙龈萎缩。牙周袋受到感染，并导致牙齿脱落。保证口腔卫生有助于预防牙周疾病。吸烟、饮食不合理及压力会加重牙周疾病。若牙龈萎缩，请牙医进行治疗。龋齿、脓肿及其他牙病会引起牙疼。龋齿、脓肿&牙齿变色每天清洁牙齿有助于预防龋齿、脓肿及牙齿变色等牙病。在这些牙病导致疼痛之前牙医就能发现这些问题。严重牙痛不要乱揉，因为牙齿感染会扩散到面部、头骨，甚至进入血液。如果牙痛持续超过1到2天或者出现发烧、耳朵痛以及张大嘴时疼痛要尽快看牙医。并非所有牙齿裂缝都需要治疗，但大部分需要治疗。牙齿缺口嚼冰或硬糖、磨牙咬牙，甚至是牙齿过热过冷刺激都会导致牙齿碎裂，破坏牙齿。缺失小块可能并无大碍。但是再稍微加重就会导致疼痛或者导致牙齿永久损伤。牙医可以通过粘合牙齿、修补牙齿边缘、做烤瓷、镶假齿冠来固定严重损坏的牙齿。口臭有多种原因。口臭不刷牙会使食物碎屑残留在牙齿周围，滋生细菌，导致口臭。长期口臭可能是由于一直用口呼吸、口干、牙周疾病甚至是糖尿病造成的。通过刷牙、刮舌头、饮水、避免异味食物可以清除口臭。如果持续口臭可以求助牙医。什么是阿司匹林烧伤？阿司匹林烧伤（由于局部应用乙酰水杨酸导致粘膜出现不规则的白斑，译者注）你是否把阿司匹林贴在脸颊内侧，靠近疼痛的牙齿旁边过？虽然你这样做可能是希望能快速减轻疼痛，但相反，阿司匹林的酸性会把你的牙龈或脸颊内侧烧成白色，造成损伤。要预防阿司匹林烧伤很简单—只要把这些止疼药吞下去就可以了。治疗阿司匹林烧伤与碱灼伤一样：慢慢会自行恢复。普通的灼伤会在两周内痊愈。采用银汞合金补牙导致的银汞合金斑纹类反应无害。银汞合金斑纹补牙以后，你是否注意到口腔软组织中存在蓝灰色小斑块？这种小斑块叫做银汞合金斑纹，当银汞合金充填剂小块进入脸颊或牙龈时就会发生这类反应。银汞合金中的银进入口腔软组织，就会产生小小的刺青样斑纹。银汞合金斑纹并没有危害。但是如果蓝灰色斑块不断增长或者改变颜色，那就不再只是银汞合金斑纹了，需要让牙医进行检查。如果你在咀嚼时听到咔嚓一声，可能是颞下颌关节出了问题。颞下颌关节(TMJ)下颌骨问题称为颞下颌关节紊乱综合征，可能导致下颌、面部、耳朵和脖子剧痛。咬牙、磨牙或者外伤都会导致TMJ问题，而且结果通常都一样：疼痛、头痛、眩晕、甚至吞咽困难。可以通过休息、口腔护理、药物治疗或手术治疗来处理。 （丁香）
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