用CSS3设置text元素的大小写 - 星云互动 - ITeye技术网站
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下面的例子展示了你如何设置capitalization，通过text-transform样式。
text-transform样式接收下面的值。
capitalize-首字母大写
uppercase-所有字母大写
lowercase-所有字母小写
&!DOCTYPE html&
&title&Setting the text capitalization on a text element in CSS&/title&
&div style="text-transform:"&1) The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&/div&
&div style="text-transform:"&2) The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&/div&
&div style="text-transform:"&3) The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&/div&
&div style="text-transform:"&4) The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.&/div&
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你可能喜欢R语言字符串函数详解 - 推酷
R语言字符串函数详解
一、以下为stringr包的字符串处理函数：
1. 字符串的大小写转换
upper(string, locale = &&)
lower(string, locale = &&)
title(string, locale = &&)
```r library(stringr)#加载包 dog &- &The quick brown dog& str
upper(dog) #将英文字符串转换成大写 str
lower(dog) #将英文字符串转换成小写 str
title(dog) #将英文字符串中的单词首字母转换大写
locale可设置不同的语种
upper(&i&, &en&) # English str
upper(&i&, &tr&) # Turkish ```
2. invert_match 返回非匹配模式的起始位置
numbers &- &1 and 2 and 4 and 456&
num_loc &- str_locate_all(numbers, &[0-9]+&)[[1]] #匹配数字，返回数字的起始位置
str_sub(numbers, num_loc[, &start&], num_loc[, &end&])
text_loc &- invert_match(num_loc) #返回不匹配数字的起始位置
str_sub(numbers, text_loc[, &start&], text_loc[, &end&])
3. modifiers 指定模式的类别
fixed(pattern, ignore_case = FALSE)：Compare literal bytes in the string. This is very fast, but not usually what you want for non-ASCII character sets.
coll(pattern, ignore_case = FALSE, locale = NULL, ...)：Compare strings respecting standard collation rules.
regex(pattern, ignore_case = FALSE, multiline = FALSE, comments = FALSE, dotall = FALSE, ...)：默认使用正则表达式
boundary(type = c(&character&, &line
break&, &sentence&, &word&), skip
word_none = TRUE, ...)：Match boundaries between things.
pattern： Pattern to modify behaviour.
ignore_case： Should case differences be ignored in the match?
locale： Locale to use for comparisons. See stri
list() for all possible options.
...： Other less frequently used arguments passed onto stri
collator, stri
regex, or stri
multiline： If TRUE, $ and ^ match the beginning and end of each line. If FALSE, the default, only match the start and end of the input.
comments： If TRUE, whitespace and comments beginning with # are ignored. Escape literal spaces with \ .
dotall： If TRUE, . will also match line terminators.
type： Boundary type to detect.
none： Ignore &words& that don’t contain any characters or numbers - i.e. punctuation.
```r pattern &- &a.b& strings &- c(&abb&, &a.b&) str
detect(strings, pattern) str
detect(strings, fixed(pattern)) str_detect(strings, coll(pattern))
coll() is useful for locale-aware case-insensitive matching
i &- c(&I&, &\u0130&, &i&) i str
detect(i, regex('i', TRUE)) str
detect(i, fixed(&i&, TRUE)) str
detect(i, coll(&i&, TRUE)) str
detect(i, coll(&i&, TRUE, locale = &tr&))
Word boundaries 单词边界
words &- c(&These are some words.&) str
count(words, boundary(&word&)) #统计语句中单词的个数 str
split(words, & &)[[1]] #将语句分割成单个词组，最后一个单词带有标点 str_split(words, boundary(&word&))[[1]]#最后一个单词不带有标点
使用正则表达式
all(&The Cat in the Hat&, &[a-z]+&)#区分大小写 str
all(&The Cat in the Hat&, regex(&[a-z]+&, TRUE))#忽略大小写的差异
all(&a\nb\nc&, &^.&) str
all(&a\nb\nc&, regex(&^.&, multiline = TRUE))
all(&a\nb\nc&, &a.&) str
all(&a\nb\nc&, regex(&a.&, dotall = TRUE)) ```
4. str_c 连接字符串
str_c(..., sep = &&, collapse = NULL)
str_join(..., sep = &&, collapse = NULL)
c(&Letter: &, letters[1:5]) str
c(&Letter&, letters[1:5], sep = &: &) #sep可设置连接符 str
c(letters[1:5], & is for&, &...&) str
c(letters[-26], & comes before &, letters[-1]) str
c(letters) str
c(letters, collapse = &&) #collapse 将一个向量的所有元素连接成一个字符串，collapse设置元素间的连接符 str_c(letters, collapse = &, &)
Missing inputs give missing outputs
str_c(c(&a&, NA, &b&), &-d&)
NA to display literal NAs:
replace_na(c(&a&, NA, &b&)), &-d&) ```
5. str_conv 指定字符串的编码
str_conv(string, encoding)
x &- rawToChar(as.raw(177))
str_conv(x, &ISO-8859-2&) # Polish &a with ogonek&
str_conv(x, &ISO-8859-1&) # Plus-minus
6. str_count 计算字符串中的匹配模式的数目
str_count(string, pattern = &&)
fruit &- c(&apple&, &banana&, &pear&, &pineapple&)
str_count(fruit, &a&) #计算向量fruit的每个元素含有a的数目
str_count(fruit, &p&)
str_count(fruit, &ap&)
str_count(fruit, &e&)
str_count(fruit, c(&a&, &b&, &p&, &p&))
str_count(c(&a.&, &...&, &.a.a&), &.&) #正则表达式中‘.’是指单个字符，不仅仅是字符‘.’
str_count(c(&a.&, &...&, &.a.a&), fixed(&.&))#fixed(&.&)指字符‘.’
7. str_detect 检测字符串中是否存在某种模式
str_detect(string, pattern)
```r fruit &- c(&apple&, &banana&, &pear&, &pinapple&) str
detect(fruit, &a&) #fruit的元素是否包含a str
detect(fruit, &pp&) str
detect(fruit, &^a&) #fruit的元素是否以a开头 str
detect(fruit, &a$&) #fruit的元素是否以a结尾 str
detect(fruit, &b&) str
detect(fruit, &[aeiou]&) #fruit的元素是否包含[aeiou]中的一个字符
Also vectorised over pattern
str_detect(&aecfg&, letters) ```
8. str_dup 重复和连接字符串向量
str_dup(string, times)
fruit &- c(&apple&, &pear&, &banana&)
str_dup(fruit, 2) # 向量的每个元素重复2次，然后连接起来
str_dup(fruit, 1:3)
str_c(&ba&, str_dup(&na&, 0:5))
9. str_extract 从字符串中提取匹配的模式
str_extract(string, pattern) 提取匹配的第一个字符串
all(string, pattern, simplify = FALSE) 提取匹配的所有字符串
```r shopping_list &- c(&apples 4x4&, &bag of flour&, &bag of sugar&, &milk x2&)
提取匹配模式的第一个字符串
extract(shopping
list, &\d&) # 提取数字 str
extract(shopping
list, &[a-z]+&) #提取字母 str
extract(shopping
list, &[a-z]{1,4}&) str
extract(shopping
list, &\b[a-z]{1,4}\b&)
提取所有匹配模式的字符串，结果返回一个列表
all(shopping
list, &[a-z]+&) str
all(shopping
list, &\b[a-z]+\b&) str
all(shopping_list, &\d&)
提取所有匹配模式的字符串，结果返回一个矩阵，通过simplify = TRUE设置
all(shopping
list, &\b[a-z]+\b&, simplify = TRUE) str
all(shopping
list, &\d&, simplify = TRUE)
10. str_length 字符串的长度
length(letters) str
length(NA) str
length(factor(&abc&)) str
length(c(&i&, &like&, &programming&, NA))
Two ways of representing a u with an umlaut
u1 &- &\u00fc& u2 &- stringi::stri
The print the same:
But have a different length
length(u1) str
length(u2)
Even though they have the same number of characters
count(u1) str
11. str_locate 定位在字符串中匹配模式的位置
str_locate(string, pattern)：返回匹配的第一个字符串的位置
all(string, pattern)：返回匹配的所有位置
```r fruit &- c(&apple&, &banana&, &pear&, &pineapple&)
返回匹配的第一个字符串的位置：
locate(fruit, &$&) str
locate(fruit, &a&) str
locate(fruit, &ap&) str
locate(fruit, &e&) str_locate(fruit, c(&a&, &b&, &p&, &p&))
返回匹配的所有位置：
all(fruit, &a&) str
all(fruit, &e&) str
all(fruit, c(&a&, &b&, &p&, &p&))
查找每个字符的位置
all(fruit, &&) ```
12. str_match 从字符串中提取匹配组
str_match(string, pattern) 提取匹配的第一个字符串
all(string, pattern) 提取匹配的所有字符串
```r strings &- c(& 219 733 8965&, &329-293-8753 &, &banana&, &595 794 7569&, &387 287 6718&, &apple&, &233.398.9187 &, &482 952 3315&, &239 923 8115 and 842 566 4692&, &Work: 579-499-7527&, &$1000&, &Home: 543.355.3679&)
phone &- &([2-9][0-9]{2})- .
extract(strings, phone) #返回匹配的最长字符串 str
match(strings, phone) #返回匹配的最长字符串，同时返回最长字符串中的子字符串
Extract/match all
all(strings, phone) str
all(strings, phone)
13. str_order 对字符向量进行排序
order(x, decreasing = FALSE, na
last = TRUE, locale = &&, ...)
sort(x, decreasing = FALSE, na
last = TRUE, locale = &&, ...)
order(letters, locale = &en&) str
sort(letters, locale = &en&) str
order(letters, locale = &haw&) str
sort(letters, locale = &haw&)
14. str_pad 在字符串的前后位置填充字符（如空格）
-str_pad(string, width, side = c(&left&, &right&, &both&), pad = & &)
width：填充字符后字符串的长度；
side：填充字符串的位置，默认为left；
pad：指定填充的字符串；
```r rbind( str
pad(&hadley&, 30, &left&), str
pad(&hadley&, 30, &right&), str_pad(&hadley&, 30, &both&) )
All arguments are vectorised except side
pad(c(&a&, &abc&, &abcdef&), 10) str
pad(&a&, c(5, 10, 20)) str
pad(&a&, 10, pad = c(&-&, &
Longer strings are returned unchanged
pad(&hadley&, 3, pad = '-') str
pad(&hadley&, width = 8, pad = '-')
15. str_replace 替换字符串中的匹配模式
str_replace(string, pattern, replacement)
all(string, pattern, replacement)
```r fruits &- c(&one apple&, &two pears&, &three bananas&) str
replace(fruits, &[aeiou]&, &-&) #替换第一个匹配的字符 str
all(fruits, &[aeiou]&, &-&)#替换所有匹配的字符 str
replace(fruits, &([aeiou])&, &&) str
replace(fruits, &([aeiou])&, &\1\1&) str
replace(fruits, &[aeiou]&, c(&1&, &2&, &3&)) str_replace(fruits, c(&a&, &e&, &i&), &-&)
fruits &- c(&one apple&, &two pears&, &three bananas&) str
replace(fruits, &[aeiou]&, &-&) str
all(fruits, &[aeiou]&, &-&) str
all(fruits, &([aeiou])&, &&) str
all(fruits, &([aeiou])&, &\1\1&) str
all(fruits, &[aeiou]&, c(&1&, &2&, &3&)) str
replace_all(fruits, c(&a&, &e&, &i&), &-&)
If you want to apply multiple patterns and replacements to the same # string, pass a named version to pattern.
all(str_c(fruits, collapse = &---&), c(&one& = 1, &two& = 2, &three& = 3))
na 将缺失值替换成‘NA’
na(string, replacement = &NA&)
str_replace_na(c(NA, &abc&, &def&))
17. str_split 根据一个分隔符将字符串进行分割
str_split(string, pattern, n = Inf)#结果返回列表
fixed(string, pattern, n)#结果返回矩阵
```r fruits &- c( &apples and oranges and pears and bananas&, &pineapples and mangos and guavas& ) str_split(fruits, & and &)
通过设置n，指定分割成n块
split(fruits, & and &, n = 3) #将字符串分割成3块 str
split(fruits, & and &, n = 2) #将字符串分割成2块 str_split(fruits, & and &, n = 5)
Use fixed to return a character matrix
fixed(fruits, & and &, 3) str
fixed(fruits, & and &, 4) str
fixed(fruits, & and &, 6) ```
18. str_sub 按位置从字符向量中提取或替换子字符串
str_sub(string, start = 1L, end = -1L) 提取子字符串
str_sub(string, start = 1L, end = -1L) &- value 替换子字符串
```r hw &- &Hadley Wickham& str
sub(hw, 1, 6) str
sub(hw, end = 6) str
sub(hw, 8, 14) str
sub(hw, 8) str_sub(hw, c(1, 8), c(6, 14))
Negative indices
sub(hw, -1) str
sub(hw, -7) str_sub(hw, end = -7)
Alternatively, you can pass in a two colum matrix, as in the
output from str
pos &- str
all(hw, &[aeio]&)[[1]] str
sub(hw, pos) str
sub(hw, pos[, 1], pos[, 2])
Vectorisation
sub(hw, seq
length(hw))) str
sub(hw, end = seq
length(hw)))
x &- &BBCDEF& str
sub(x, 1, 1) &- &A&; x str
sub(x, -1, -1) &- &K&; x str
sub(x, -2, -2) &- &GHIJ&; x str
sub(x, 2, -2) &- &&; x
19. str_subset 提取匹配模式的字符串向量元素
str_subset(string, pattern)
```r fruit &- c(&apple&, &banana&, &pear&, &pinapple&) str
subset(fruit, &a&) str
subset(fruit, &ap&) str
subset(fruit, &^a&) str
subset(fruit, &a$&) str
subset(fruit, &b&) str
subset(fruit, &[aeiou]&)
Missings are silently dropped
str_subset(c(&a&, NA, &b&), &.&)
20. str_trim 删除字符串中的空格
str_trim(string, side = c(&both&, &left&, &right&))
str_trim(& String with trailing and leading white space\t&)
str_trim(&\n\nString with trailing and leading white space\n\n&)
21. str_wrap
str_wrap(string, width = 80, indent = 0, exdent = 0)
width：每行的宽度
indent：设置首行缩进
exdent：设置第二行后每行缩进
thanks_path &- file.path(R.home(&doc&), &THANKS&)
thanks &- str_c(readLines(thanks_path), collapse = &\n&)
thanks &- word(thanks, 1, 3, fixed(&\n\n&))
cat(str_wrap(thanks), &\n&)
cat(str_wrap(thanks, width = 70), &\n&)
cat(str_wrap(thanks, width = 60, indent = 6), &\n&)
cat(str_wrap(thanks, width = 80, indent = 6, exdent = 2), &\n&)
22. word 从句子中提取单词
word(string, start = 1L, end = start, sep = fixed(& &))
```r sentences &- c(&Jane saw a cat&, &Jane sat down&) word(sentences, 1) #提取第一个单词 word(sentences, 2) #提取第二个单词 word(sentences, -1) #提取句子的最后一个单词 word(sentences, 2, -1) #提取第二个单词到最后一个单词
Also vectorised over start and end
word(sentences[1], 1:3, -1) word(sentences[1], 1, 1:4)
指定分隔符
str &- 'abc.def..123.' word(str, 1, sep = fixed('..')) word(str, 2, sep = fixed('..')) ```
二、以下为基础包的字符串处理函数：
23. paste() 字符串连接：
paste(..., sep = & &, collapse = NULL)
paste(&A&, 1:6, sep = &&)
paste(&A&, 1:6, sep = &&, collapse = '-') #设置collapse时，将连成一个字符串
paste(1:6, collapse = '')
paste(1:6, collapse = '-')
paste(&Today is&, date())
24. strsplit() 字符串分割：
strsplit(x, split, fixed = FALSE, perl = FALSE, useBytes = FALSE)
split：设置分割符
fixed：逻辑值，默认值为FALSE
perl：逻辑值，默认值为FALSE，取TRUE时，分割符使用正则表达式
useBytes：逻辑值，默认值为FALSE，
```r x &- c(as = &asfef&, qu = &qwerty&, &yuiop[&, &b&, &stuff.blah.yech&) strsplit(x, &e&) unlist(strsplit(&a.b.c&, &.&)) unlist(strsplit(&a.b.c&, &[.]&))#使用‘.’为分割符
unlist(strsplit(&a.b.c&, &.&, fixed = TRUE)) x&-'ascd123afrwf34535ddggh454fgf5e4' unlist(strsplit(x, split = '[0-9]+', perl = TRUE))#以数字为分割符 unlist(strsplit(x, split = '[a-z]+', perl = TRUE))#以字母为分割符
25. nchar() 计算字符串的字符个数：
nchar(x, type = &chars&, allowNA = FALSE)
x &- c(&asfef&, &qwerty&, &yuiop[&, &b&, &stuff.blah.yech&)
26. substr 字符串截取及替换：
(1)substr(x, start, stop)
(2)substring(text, first, last = 1000000L)
(3)substr(x, start, stop) &- value
(4)substring(text, first, last = 1000000L) &- value
对于单个字符串：
substr(&abcdef&, 2, 4) substring(&abcdef&, 2, 4) substring(&abcdef&, 1:6, 1:6) substr(rep(&abcdef&, 4), 1:4, 4:5)
对于字符串向量：
x &- c(&asfef&, &qwerty&, &yuiop[&, &b&, &stuff.blah.yech&) substr(x, 2, 5)#对向量x每个元素截取子字符串 substring(x, 2, 4:6) substring(x, 2) &- c(&..&, &+++&)#以赋值进行替换 x ```
27. 字符串替换及大小写转换:
chartr(old, new, x) tolower(x) toupper(x) casefold(x, upper = FALSE)
x &- &MiXeD cAsE 123&
chartr(&iXs&, &why&, x)#i:w,X:h,s:y，单个字符对应替换
chartr(&a-cX&, &D-Fw&, x)
tolower(x)#转换成小写
toupper(x)#转换成大写
casefold(x, upper = FALSE)
casefold(x, upper = TRUE)
28. 字符匹配与替换
(1) grep(pattern, x, ignore.case = FALSE, perl = FALSE, value = FALSE, fixed = FALSE, useBytes = FALSE, invert = FALSE)，结果返回匹配的向量x的元素的索引
ignore.case：逻辑值，默认值FALSE，区分大小写；
perl：逻辑值，默认值FALSE，不使用正则表达式；
value：逻辑值，设置结果返回匹配元素的值还是索引，默认值为FALSE：返回索引；
fixed：逻辑值，默认值为FALSE，取值为TRUE时使用精确匹配；
useBytes：逻辑值，默认取值FALSE；
invert：逻辑值，默认取值FALSE，设置结果返回匹配还是非匹配的元素；
txt &- c(&10arm03&,&Foot 12&,& 678-lefroo.345&, &__.bafoobar90..&)
grep(pattern = 'foo', x = txt, value = FALSE)#区分大小写，结果返回匹配的元素索引
grep(pattern = 'foo', x = txt, value = TRUE)#区分大小写，结果返回匹配的元素值
grep(pattern = 'foo', x = txt, ignore.case = TRUE)#忽略大小写，结果返回匹配的元素索引
grep(pattern = 'foo', x = txt, ignore.case = TRUE, value = TRUE)#忽略大小写，结果返回匹配的元素值
grep(pattern = 'foo', x = txt, ignore.case = TRUE, value = TRUE, invert = TRUE)#忽略大小写，结果返回不匹配的元素值
grep(pattern = '^[0-9]+', x= txt, perl = TRUE)#返回以数字开头的元素索引
grep(pattern = '[0-9]+$', x= txt, perl = TRUE, value = TRUE)#返回以数字结尾的元素
grep(pattern = '\\d$', x= txt, perl = TRUE, value = TRUE)#返回以数字结尾的元素
(2) grepl(pattern, x, ignore.case = FALSE, perl = FALSE, fixed = FALSE, useBytes = FALSE)，结果返回一个与向量x等长的逻辑向量，匹配的元素返回TRUE，不匹配的返回FALSE。
txt &- c(&10arm03&,&Foot 12&,& 678-lefroo.345&, &__.bafoobar90..&)
grepl(pattern = 'foo', x = txt)
grepl(pattern = '\\d$', x = txt, perl = TRUE)
(3) sub(pattern, replacement, x, ignore.case = FALSE, perl = FALSE, fixed = FALSE, useBytes = FALSE)，替换匹配的元素的第一个字符串
txt &- c(&10arm03&,&Foot 12 foot&,& 678-lefroo.345&, &__.bafoobar90foobar..&)
sub(pattern = 'foo',replacement = '99', x = txt)#将元素中的第一个foo替换成99
sub(pattern = '\\d+$', replacement = '+++', x = txt, perl = TRUE)#将结尾的数字替换成+++
(4) gsub(pattern, replacement, x, ignore.case = FALSE, perl = FALSE, fixed = FALSE, useBytes = FALSE)，替换匹配的元素的所有字符串
txt &- c(&10arm03&,&Foot 12 foot&,& 678-lefroo.345&, &__.bafoobar90foobar..&)
gsub(pattern = 'foo',replacement = '99', x = txt)#将所有的foo替换成99
gsub(pattern = '\\d+', replacement = '+++', x = txt, perl = TRUE)#将所有数字替换成+++
(5) regexpr(pattern, text, ignore.case = FALSE, perl = FALSE, fixed = FALSE, useBytes = FALSE)，结果返回每个元素匹配的第一个位置及字符数目，不匹配的元素返回的位置和长度都是-1。
txt &- c(&10arm03&,&Foot 12 foot&,& 678-lefroo.345&, &__.bafoobar90foobar..&)
regexpr(pattern = 'foo', text = txt)
regexpr(pattern = '\\d+', text = txt)
(6) gregexpr(pattern, text, ignore.case = FALSE, perl = FALSE, fixed = FALSE, useBytes = FALSE)，返回每个元素匹配的所有位置及相应的字符数目
txt &- c(&10arm03&,&Foot 12 foot&,& 678-lefroo.345&, &__.bafoobar90foobar..&)
gregexpr(pattern = 'foo', text = txt)
gregexpr(pattern = '\\d+', text = txt)
(7) regexec(pattern, text, ignore.case = FALSE, fixed = FALSE, useBytes = FALSE)
txt &- c(NA,&Foot 12 foot&,& 678-lefroo.345&, &__.bafoobar90foobar..&)
regexec(pattern = 'foo', text = txt)
regexec(pattern = '\\d+', text = txt)
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