supercooled water droplets
过冷的水滴
大家都在背：
1. It's a chemical that mimics ice crystals and travels through the storm, attracting supercooled water droplets.
这是一种模拟冰晶的化学品,它会穿过暴风雨吸收过度冷却的水滴.
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1. 过冷水滴
supercooled water 过冷水supercooled water droplet 过冷水滴supercooling 过冷
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supercooled water droplets
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方便的话，请您留下一种联系方式，便于问题的解决：Entropy-driven liquid-liquid separation in supercooled water.
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. doi: 10.1038/srep00713. Epub
2012 Oct 8.Entropy-driven liquid-liquid separation in supercooled water.1, .1Institute for Physical Science & Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.AbstractTwenty years ago Poole et al. suggested that the anomalous properties of supercooled water may be caused by a critical point that terminates a line of liquid-liquid separation of lower-density and higher-density water. Here we present a thermodynamic model based on this hypothesis, which describes all available experimental data for supercooled water with better quality and fewer adjustable parameters than any other model. Liquid water at low temperatures is viewed as an 'athermal solution' of two molecular structures with different entropies and densities. Alternatively to popular models for water, in which liquid-liquid separation is driven by energy, the phase separation in the athermal two-state water is driven by entropy upon increasing the pressure, while the critical temperature is defined by the 'reaction' equilibrium constant. The model predicts the location of density maxima at the locus of a near-constant fraction of the lower-density structure.PMID:
[PubMed] PMCID: PMC3465811 Supercooled water exists between the melting temperature17 TM and the homogeneous ice nucleation temperature1819 TH. Below TH, there may exist a liquid–liquid critical point, marked by ‘C', which terminates a liquid–liquid coexistence curve. The location of this critical point is shown as predicted by our model. The adopted location of the liquid–liquid coexistence curve is close to similar suggestions of Mishima1320 and Kanno and Angell7. The extension of the coexistence curve into the one-phase region is the line of maximum fluctuations of the order parameter, the Widom line141516. Thin solid lines represent phase boundaries between the different ices2122.Sci Rep. .The coloured map shows the reduced sum of squared residuals. The solid red line is the hypothesized LLT curve. The dashed curve shows the temperature of homogeneous ice nucleation19 TH. The blue dotted curve is the LLT suggestion by Mishima13 and the green dotted curve is the ‘singularity' line suggested by Kanno and Angell7.Sci Rep. .Black curves are the predictions of the crossover two-state model. TM (dark red) indicates the melting temperature and TH indicates the homogeneous nucleation temperature. The thick blue line is the liquid–liquid equilibrium curve, with the critical point C. The red line is the line of maximum density, and the green line is the line of a constant LDL fraction of about 0.12. Symbols represent experimental data121352. Mishima's data13 have been shifted by at most 0.3% to bring them into agreement with data for stable water, as described in Ref. 48.Sci Rep. .(a) Isothermal compressibility71353. (b) Heat capacity at constant pressure CP (open circles: data from Archer and Carter10, closed circles: data from Angell et al.6) and at constant volume CV (calculated) at 0.1 MPa. See Supplementary Section 5 for more details. (c) Thermal expansivity111254. In a, b, and c, the curves are the prediction of the crossover two-state model, and the symbols represent experimental data.Sci Rep. .The dashed line represents the mean-field two- the solid line represents the crossover two-state model. The open circles are the densities of the low-density amorphous (LDA) and high-density amorphous (HDA) phases of water at 200 MPa31. One can notice that the crossover LLT curve is flatter than the LLT curve in the mean-field approximation and that the actual position of the critical point is shifted to a lower temperature by critical fluctuations.Sci Rep. .The fraction x is shown for the two-state model at 0.1 MPa, in the case of an athermal solution (solid) and an ideal solution (dotted). The dashed curve is the fraction of four-coordinated water molecules, i.e., the fraction of water molecules with four neighbours, for mW water simulations performed by Moore and Molinero45 (see Supplementary Section 6). The temperature is scaled by the temperature of maximum density TMD (250 K for the mW model and 277 K for real water).Sci Rep. .Publication TypesFull Text SourcesOther Literature Sources
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