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为什么这里的operation用不及物动词怎么用的...
仰望远方：郭士晴高中英语工作室
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非谓语动词
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江苏省启东中学高一英语 非谓语动词(教师用)
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种
形式:不定式，动名词，和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）。
being done
having done
having been done
一，作主语
　　动词的 -ing形式是动词的一种非谓语形式，由动词原形加 -ing构成，可以在句子中用作主语、表语、宾语、和定语。
　　(1.)一般形式
　　1)seeing is believing.& 眼见为信。
　　2)going to hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours.& 乘火车到杭州要16个小时。
&&& 3)eating in a fast food restaurant is convenient and saves time. 在快餐店里吃饭又方便又省时。
&&& 有时在动名词前加一个它的逻辑主语。
&&& 4)your going off in such a hurry is very risk.& 你这样匆忙离去十分危险。
&&& 5)their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.他们来支援对我们是一个极大的鼓励。
　　(2).通常为了避免句子主语过于冗长，用it作形式主语。如：
　　1)it&s no use arguing with him.&&& 跟他争论没用。
&&& 2)it&s no good waiting here &&&等在这里是没用的。
&&& 3)it felt funny being called little tiger. 被称为小老虎觉得怪怪的。
&&& (3.)&there + be + no + -ing&结构，此结构的意义相当于&it&s impossible + 不定式&。如:
&&&& there is no telling what will happen.&& 很难说将来回发生什么事情。
&&&& there was no knowing how long he will be away. 没法知道他很可能离开多久。
&&&& there was no arguing with john.&&&&&& 没法和john 争论。
　 二，作表语
　　动词 -ing可用来作表语。表主语的爱好，工作等经常做的事情。如：
　　my favorite sport is swimming.&& 我最喜欢的运动是游泳。
　　their job is cleaning the window.& 他们的工作是擦窗子。
&&& my hobby is collecting foreign coins. 我的爱好是收集外币。
　　三，作宾语
　　1.动词-ing形式可以用作动词和介词的宾语。
　　& i warned her against driving fast. 我警告他不要开得太快。
　　& jim dislikes eating chocolate. 他不喜欢吃巧克力。
&&&&& have you finished cleaning your kitchen? 你厨房打扫好了吗？
　　2.有些动词和动词短语后接作宾语的非限定性动词时只能是-ing分词，常见的这类
动词有：admit，acknowledge承认，advise，appreciate感激，avoid，delay推迟，deny否认，dislike，enjoy， excuse，escape逃离，fancy想，finish，forgive宽恕，face，endure忍受，involve卷入，涉及，give up，imagine， mention提及，mind介意，miss错过，pardon，practise练习，require，，resist，suggest， resist抵制，等。
　　the doctor advised doing more exercise.& 医生建议多锻炼。
　　i suggest doing it in a different way.&&& 我建议用不同的方法做。
　　3.大部分&动词+介词&短语动词，只能后接动词-ing作宾语。这些动词短语有：think of， give up，aim at，put off，insist on，persist in坚持，be good at，do well in，can&t help，keep on，leave off停止，feel like，be tired（afraid，capable，fond）of， set about着手做---，等。
以下为to作介词的短语有：be used to，object to反对，devote oneself to致力于, stick to坚持，respond to对---的反应，look forward to，see to处理，，adapt to，apply to应用于，get to，prefer to，adjust to使---适应，owe to把---归功于，react to等。
　　do you feel like having a drink？& 你想喝点饮料吗？
　　i prefer swimming to playing basketball. 我喜欢游泳胜于打篮球。
4.有些动词既可能带-ing分词作宾语，也可以带to不定式作宾语，但在语义上却有很
　　大的差别。如：
　& ⑴chance to do 碰巧去做某事
　　& chance doing 冒险试一试做某事
&&&&& i chanced to see your father in the street.& 我碰巧在街上看到你父亲。
&&&&& he chanced surfing the internet in a net-bar at night.他冒险在晚间去网吧上网。
　　⑵forget to do 忘记要去做某事
　　& forget doing 忘记曾做过某事
&&&&& don&t forget to turn off the light when you leave.离开时，不要忘了关灯
&&&&& i shall never forget seeing yulong mountain for the first time.
&&&&& 我永远也不会忘记第一次见到玉龙山的感受。
　　⑶go on to do 接着又做另一件事
　　& go on doing 继续做同一件事
　　⑷remember to do 记得要去做某事
　　& remember doing 记得曾做过某事
&&&&& remember to post the letters.& 记得把这些信寄掉。
i remember posting these letters.我记得把这些信寄掉了
　　⑸stop to do 停下来去做某事
stop doing 停止做某事
please stop to listen to me.请停下来听我讲。
the students stopped talking when they saw the teacher came in 看到老师进来了学生们停止讲话了。
　　⑹try to do 努力做某事
　　& try doing 试一试做某事
&&&&& please try to keep quiet.&& 请设法保持安静。
try pressing the red button.&&&&& 按红键试试看。　
　⑺ regret to do 对将要做的事表示遗憾
　　& regret doing 对做过的事表示遗憾
&&&&& i regret telling him about it.& 我很后悔告诉他这件事。
&&&&& we regret to inform you that you are fired.我们很遗憾地通知你你被解雇了。
　　⑻mean to do 打算／想做某事
mean doing 意味着／意思是做某事
i meant to see you, but i had an unexpected visitor.我本打算来看你的，可来了一个不速之客。
missing this bus means for another two hours. 错过这趟车意味着再等两个小时。
四，作定语
he is sitting in the waiting room.&& 他正坐在候车室里。
we must make sure that the drinking water is clean 我们必须确保饮用水的干净。
his mother is doing some sewing at the sewing machine.我妈妈正在缝纫机旁边做衣服。
动名词有被动式：
being taken to the zoo is fun./ it is fun being taken to the zoo.被带去动物园很有意思.
being lost is terrible.&& 迷路是很可怕的。
she doesn&t like being laughed at.她不喜欢被嘲笑。
2)--ing分词&& 在句子中作表语，状语，宾语补足语，定语
being done
having done
having done
一，作表语,表示主语的特征。
&&the news is exciting.& 消息激动人心。
the food smells inviting.& 食物闻起来很诱人。
the book is interesting这本书很有趣。
the film is frightening .(恐怖)。
二，作宾语补语
　　1.表示感觉和心理状态的动词，如：see， hear， feel， find， smell， watch， find， listen to， look at， notice， observe等。如：
　　there we found him watching tv.
　　我们发现他在那儿看电视。
　　i heard someone knocking at the door.
　　我听见有人在敲门。
　　2.使役动词，如：set， keep， have， get， leave， catch等。如：
　　can you get my watch walking again？
　　你能使我的表再走起来吗？
　　this sets me thinking
这使我思考。
he caught several students cheating in the exam.
他在考试中抓到几个学生作弊。
典型题don&t leave the water______ while you brush your teeth.
a.& run&& b. running&& c. being run&& d. to run&& (b)
　　-ing分词作状语表示在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作，它对谓语动词起修饰和 陪衬的作用。分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随情况。
coming into the room， she saw everybody already at their work.（时间）
　　进屋以后，她看到人人都在工作。
&& &如表示分词的动作发生在主句之前，分词则用完成时。
having cleaned the rooms we began to weed the garden.（时间）
　　打扫完房间，我们开始在花园里除草。
&& &having been ill for a long time, he needed time to recover.
&&& 由于病了很长时间， 他需要一段恢复。
having seen the film twice, i won&t go to see it again.
电影已经看了两遍了， 我不想再看了。
&&& being ill， he couldn&t go to school.（原因）
　　因为生病，他不能去上学。
　　having no interest in the topic,he didn&t go to the lecture.（原因）
　　由于对这个话题没有兴趣，他没去参加讲座。
&&& 如否定，则在分词前面加not.
&& not being able to understand english, he didn&t know what they wanted.
&&& 因为不懂英语，他不知道他们想要什么。
　　working diligently，you will certainly succeed.（条件）
　　只要刻苦学习，你会成功的。
　& using_atomic energy， we can build spaceships.（条件）
　　利用原子能，我们能够建造太空船。
　　my car was caught in a traffic jam，thus causing the delay.（结果）
　　我的车被交通拥挤堵住，所以延误了。
&&& her husband died in 1998,leaving her a big family to support.
&&& 他丈夫1998年死了，留给她一个大家庭要支撑。
　　traveling by train，we visited a number of cities.（方式）
　　我们坐火车访问了好多城市。
&&& depending on our own efforts, we got over many difficulties.
&&& 我们依靠自己的力量克服了许多困难。
　　mary sat by the window of the classroom，reading a book.（伴随）
玛丽坐在教室的窗户旁，正在读一本书。
some that failed in the exam left the hall still crying
&有些考试失败的人离开大厅时还在哭泣。
典型题 1.____ in the queue for half an hour, tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. a. to wait&& b .have waited& c. having waited&&& d. to have waited ( c )
2.alice returned from the manager&s office, ____ me that the boss wanted to see me at
once.& a. having told& b. tells&& c. to tell& d. telling& ( d )
　　四，作定语
　　分词作定语时和形容词的功能是相似的。-ing分词可以单独作定语，如：
　　a smiling face 笑脸
　　a leading figure 领导人物
　　-ing分词还能构成合成词作定语，如：
　　easy-going man 好说话的人
&&& an interesting book一本有趣的书
&& &当分词短语做后置定语时，可以转换成定语从句。
　　she went on board the train leaving for shanghai.
　　= she went on board the train，which was leaving for shanghai.
　　她乘坐了去上海的火车。
do you know the woman talking to your mother?
你认识那个与你母亲说话的人吗？
the taxi taking me& to the airport_ broke down.
送我去机场的出租车坏了。
a few days after the interview, i received a letter offering me the job.
面试以后几天，我收到一封给我工作的信。
jim has got a brother working in a bank in london.
jim有一个在英国银行工作的哥哥。
动名词作定语表示其所修饰的词的功能，而现在分词则表示其 动作正在发生。
a walking stick& / a walking old man
a sleeping car /&& a sleeping child
典型题 1the flowers _____ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature
&&&&&&& a.to smell&& b. smelling& c smelt&& d. to be smelt& ( b )
3）动词的-ed形式
动词的-ed形式是动词的另一种非限定性形式，一般由动词加-ed构成。-ed形式与分词-ing形式在句法功能上基本相同，从意义上看，两者却有差别：现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，过去分词与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系；现在分词表示一般性或正在进行的动作，而过去分词则表示已经完成的动作。
一、作表语
过去分词作表语一般用来表示感受、状态（系词+分词）。如：
we were very interested in the novel she gave us yesterday.
　　我们对她昨天给我们的小说非常感兴趣。
　　she was quite frightened at the sudden noise outside the door.
　　她被门外突然的吵闹声吓住了。
　　可以用作表语的常见过去分词有：delighted， disappointed， upset， astonished， excited，frightened， experienced， interested，， puzzled， exhausted， satisfied等。
　　二、作宾语补语
　　英语中可以带-ed分词作宾语补语的动词有：
　　1.表示感觉和心理状况的动词：think， hear， feel， see， watch等。如：
　　i have never heard this song sung in english.
　　我从来没有听到这首歌用英语唱过。
　　2.表示使役的动词：get， let， make， help等。如：
　　he made it understood by everyone that he was right.
　　他使每个人都明白他是对的。
　　3.表示希望、要求等意义的动词：wish， want， like， order等。如：
　　he wished his composition read by every classmate.
　　他想每个同学都读他的作文。
&& he tried to make himself understood.& 他尽力让人家理解。
&& i like this room painted red.& 我喜欢这间房子漆成红色。
&& he left in a hurry ,leaving his breakfast untouched& 他匆忙离家，未吃早饭。
&& who can get this car started?&& 谁能让汽车发动起来？
　　三、作定语
　　1.-ed分词可以作前置定语，此时，分词与名词之间有两种语义关系：一种是分词表示主动意义；一种是分词表示被动意义。如：
　　& he is a retired worker.&& 他是一个退休工人。
&&&&& the ground is covered with a lot of fallen snow. 地上盖满了积雪。
&&&&&& an excited_ boy一个激动的男孩。
　　& this is a newly-developed device.
　　& 这是一个新开发的工具。
&&&&& 关着的门 a closed door&& 熏鱼 cooked fish
被污染的河流 a polluted river &受过训练的护士 trained nurses
有时可以看到许多由名词等后加ed的情况
a three-legged chair&&& a warm-hearted woman& a gifted child& flowered curtain
short-sighted students&&&& a two-faced man&&& tongue-tied (张口结舌说不出话来)
　　2.-ed分词作后置定语时，其功能相当于一个定语从句。如：
　　& they were inspecting the houses damaged by the storm.
&&& = they were inspecting the house which was damaged by the storm.
他们正在视察被暴风雨毁坏的房屋。.
the boy injured in the accident was taken to hospital .
the child injured in the accident was taken to hospital
那个在事故中受伤的男孩被送到医院去了。
the windows broken in the storm have been repaired.在暴风雨中打破的窗子已修好了。
博物馆失窃的画仍未找到。
the paintings stolen from the museum haven&t been found yet.
叫汤姆的孩子 a boy called tom&& 自称汤姆的孩子 a boy calling himself tom
典型题prices of daily goods _____through a computer can be lower than store prices.
a. are bought& b. bought&& c. been bought&& d. buying& &(c)
　　四、作状语
　　-ed分词作状语跟-ing作状语一样，修饰主句的谓语动词，意义上相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随状况等。
　　1.表示时间
　　seen from a distance，the mountain looked like a lion.
　　从远处看，这座山脉象一头狮子。
&& &seeing from a distance, i found the mountain looked like a lion.
&&& seated in the presidential car, the president waved to the crowd.
&& 总统坐在他的车座上，想人群挥手致意。
　　2.表示原因
　　criticized unfairly， she left the office without saying a word.
　　由于受到不公平的批评，她默默地离开了办公室。
&&& born in a farmer family, he had only two years schooling.
&&& 由于出生在一个农民家里， 他只上过两年学。
　　3.表示条件
　　watered once a day， the flower will grow very well.
　　如果每天浇一次水，这花会长得很好。
&&& given more time, i&ll do it better.
&&& 再给一点时间，我会把工作做的更好。
4.表示伴随状况
　　he stood there，fascinated by the singing.
他站在那儿，被歌声所吸引。
he watched the football game, excited(激动着)
典型题_____ by the beauty of nature , the girl from london decided to spend another two days on the farm.& a. attracting& b. attracted& c. to be attracted&& d. having attracted&&&&&&&&& (b)
在分词的用法中，有时在分词前面加连词，相当于状语从句。或者说如果状语从句的主语和主句的主语一样，并有be动词，则可把状语从句中的主语和be动词省略。
&& i won&t go to the party if ( i&m) not invited.
&& he saw a monster while (he was )walking along the river.
&& be careful when crossing the road.& 穿马路时要小心。
&& when trying opening the door, i had my hand injured.& 在试图开门时 我把手刺破了。
&& if assigned for the post, you&ll be informed by may 1st.
如果接受你担任这个职务， 将于五一以前通知你。
&& though made before the war, the engine is still in good condition.
尽管战前制造的， 这台发市教研室动机仍然处于良好的状态。
独立主格结构
i. 独立主格结构的基本概念
　　由一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作状语,（也就是状语的逻辑主语和主句主语不一样时，在状语 前面加一个它的逻辑主语），通常被称为独立主格结构。
　　ii. 独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能
　　独立主格结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示行为、方式、伴随等情况,有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等情况。
　　1、名词或代词主格 + 分词
　　①the experiment finished, the students went on to make notes in the experiment report.
实验做完了,同学们继续在实验报告上做记录。
　　②time permitted, we can have a walk around the playground after supper.
如果时间允许,晚饭后我们可以到操场上散散步。
3.there being no buses, i had to go home on foot 因为没有公交车，我不得不步行回家
4.it being sunday, we stay at home watching tv.& 因为是星期天，我们在家看电视。
　　2、名词或代词主格 + 形容词
　　①computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。
　　②your clothed very dirty, you'd better wash them quickly. 衣服很脏,你快点儿洗洗吧!
　　3、名词或代词主格 + 不定式
　　the last guest to come, our party was started.最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会就开始了。
　　4、名词或代词主格 + 介词短语
　　① our english teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand.
我们的英语老师走进了教室,手里拿着试卷。
　　② there is a river in the valley, flowers on both the banks.
山谷中有一条河,河两岸长满了鲜花。
　　5、名词或代词主格 + 副词
　　① the meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting-room.
散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。
　　② lights& out_,we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。
6, 名词或代词+名词
there are a lot of students in the playground, most of them girls.（大多数是女孩）
　　iii. 独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异同
　　1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是,独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致(例①)。而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致(例②)。
　　① if time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 转换为:
　　&& time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.
如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。
　　②when we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.转换为:
　　& seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.
从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。
　　2、还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,也可以是主句的其它成分,语法上称作&依着法则&(例①)。而如果一个分词结构在句子中找不到它的逻辑主语,语法上称作&悬垂分词&(例②)。
　　①searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time.
在城市里搜查小偷,花费了警察很长一段时间。
　　② when planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the roots.
(人们)种这些花时必须小心,不要损坏了花根。
　　iv. 独立主格结构与独立成分的异同
　　1、有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,实际上已经变成了习惯用法。这些短语有:
　　generally speaking 总的说来,frankly speaking 坦率地说,judging from 从&&判断,supposing 假设,等等。
　　① generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 总的说来,这条规则很容易懂。
　　②judging from/by what he said, he must be an honest man.
由他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。
　　2、有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有: to be honest老实说,to be sure 确实,to tell you the truth 说实话,to cut a long story short 长话短说,to be frank 坦率地说,to make matters / things worse 更糟糕的是,等等。
　　① to tell you the truth, i made a mistake in the word spelling.说实话,我犯了一个拼写错误。
　　② to make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities to look for a higher pay,
&leaving women from nearby villages to go on with the work.
情况更糟的是,许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作,而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。
独立主格结构有时是一个with结构
&1.with +n./pron +prep
& he sat there thinking, with his chin in his hands.（手托着下巴）
& the old man stood there, with his back leaning against the wall.（背斜靠着墙）
& 玛丽坐在火堆旁，面对着门。
& _mary sat by the fire, with her face facing to the door.
&2.with+n./pron + adj.
& he stared at his friend with his mouth open widely..（嘴大开着）
& the man raised his head with eyes full of wonder and mystery.（眼睛里充满好奇）
& he stood there trembling, with his face red with cold . （脸冻得发红）
&3. with+n/pron +adv.
& with production up by 10%（产量上涨了10%）， the company has had another excellent year.
& the stupid emperor walked in the procession with nothing on （什么也没穿）
& the naughty boy stood before his teacher with his head down.（头低垂着）
& he put on his sock with the wrong side out（里穿外了）
&4. with +n./pron +n.
& he died with his daughter still a schoolgirl.
他死时女儿还是一个学生
& she used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only company.
（充物狗作为她唯一的伴侣）
&5.with +n./pron +doing
& she stood there chatting with her friend, with her child playing beside her.
她站着和朋友聊天，让孩子在她旁边玩
&he lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky.
& 他躺在草地上，眼睛盯着天空看。
& 6. with +n/pron +p.p.
& he went out with his head raised.& 扬着头
& he came in with his hands tied back.手被反绑在后面
& he lay there, with his eyes fixed upon the sky.眼睛盯着天空。
&7. with +n./pron +to do
& with ten minutes to go, you&d better hurry.
还有十分钟了，你最好快一点。
& with you to lead us, our group is sure to succeed.
有你带领我们，我们的小组一定回成功
4）不定式 to do
to be done
to have done
to have been done
to be doing
完成进行式
to have been doing
动词不定式概述:
　动词不定式指由to加上动词原形所构成的一种非限定性动词，但在有些情况下to
可省略。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语，状语，宾语补足语等。
如：to ignore(忽视) this dangerous signal would be a terrible mistake. （作主语）
　　he promised not to tell anyone else about it. （作宾语）
　　to treat comrades like enemies is to go over to the side of the enemy.（作表语）
　　the manager announced his intention to retire.（作定语）
the old man walked slowly on the ice in order not to fall down.（作状语）
he asked his students to be quiet before he told them the great news.（宾补）
　　不定式中的动词仍然具有动词的特性，可以有自己的宾语和状语，另外虽然动词不
定式在语法上没有表面上的主语，但它所表达的意义是动作，这一动作的执行者就是
该动词的逻辑主语，动词不定式要和它的逻辑主语在语态和时态上保持一致。
　　动词不定式的用法
　　⑴原则上，可用动词不定式直接作句子的主语，通常用it作句子的形式主语，而把不定式移到后面，形成&it + 谓语& + 动词不定式&&的句型。如：
to catch the 5：00 bus early in the morning is not a good idea.
赶清晨5点的汽车可不是一个好主意。
=it is not a good idea to catch the 5：00 bus early in the morning.
to learn a foreign language well takes painstaking efforts.
学好一门外语需要下苦功
=it takes painstaking efforts to learn a foreign language well.
⑵若要说明不定式的动作的执行者，可以在不定式前面加上&for + 名词或代词&结构，
it is a great pleasure for me to talk with him.我很高心与他交谈。
it is impossible for me to catch the early bus. 我们赶上早班车是不可能的。
⑶可用于&of + 名词/代词 + 动词不定式&结构中作主语补足语的形容词是指那些可以表示人或事物的性质或品质的好坏的形容词。这些词如：careful， cruel， foolish， bold，brave，good，honest，kind，rude，polite，nice，stupid，selfish，silly，wicked， wise，thoughtful，wrong等。
it&s clever of you to work out &the difficult question.算出这困难的题你真是聪明。
it was cruel of the step mother to make her find green glass in winter.
她的继母很残忍地让她在冬天找到青草
典型题：1.______ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
&&&&&&& a. the walk&& b. walking&& c. to walk&& d. walk
　　不定式作宾语有两种情况：一是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式，二是&动词+疑问词+带to的不定式&。
⑴&动词+带to的不定式&结构：常见的以不定式作宾语的动词有afford， appear， agree， ask， believe，decide，demand，desire，fail，hope，intend，learn ,mean，offer, promise，refuse， wish等.
如：i can&t afford to buy a house. 我买不起房子。
&&& &&&&he managed to avoid the quarrel.他设法躲开了这场争吵。
⑵&动词+疑问代（副）词+不定式&结构：常见的这类动词有advise， decide， forget， know， learn， remember， see， tell， think， teach， wonder，discover， understand， guess， explain等。这类疑问代（副）词what， when， which， where， how， whether等（不包含why）。如：
she does not know where to &go .她不知道去哪儿。
he will tell you how to deal with it.他会告诉你怎样处理此事的。
⑶在不定式作宾语时，如果有宾语补足语的话，我们往往会使用it作形式宾语，而把不定式放到后面。如：
they think it improper to have classes in the evening.
他们认为在晚上上课是不适当的
i think it important to learn english well. 我认为学好英语很重要
　　不定式作表语时，主语通常是一个名词，不定式短语或者从句。
the boss&s plan is to start building the skyscraper immediately.
老板的计划是马上开始造摩天大楼
to work is to make a living.工作意味着谋生
&what& you have to do is to press the button. 你要做的事是按一下按钮。
　　不定式作定语相当于一个定语从句，它修饰以下几类名词：
　　⑴由动词派生或转化而来的名词，它们所对应的动词通常有不定式作宾语。
another attempt to climb the mountain will be made next month.
in his speech he expressed his determination to achieve the goal.
这类名词主要有：attempt， claim， decision， plan， promise， intention， need，resolution，tendency， wish， failure， threat等。
　　⑵与不定式搭配的形容词派生出来的名词。
his anxiety to learn a foreign language is obvious.他渴望学外语是显而易见的。
这类名词主要有：anxiety， patience， ability， willingness， ambition等。
⑶不定式作定语还可用来修饰代词something，anything，everything，nothing.和其它的名词或代词，与所修饰的词之间形成动宾关系。此时，动词不定式的动词必须是一个及物动词，如果不是，要在其后面加一个介词。
&&&&& she has everything to lose and nothing to get.她损失了一切而什么也没得到。
&&&&& we had no room to live in. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&我们没有房子住。
&&&&& my mother is a nurse and she has a lot of patients to look after.
我妈妈是护士，每天有许多病人要照看。
⑷由only， last， next，序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词后常用不定式作定语。
jim is the only one to answer the question correctly in his class.
jim 是班上唯一正确回答出问题的学生
you are the last to undertake the blood test.你是最后一个进行血检的。
⑸不定式常作为定语修饰there be结构的真实主语。
there is a big task to complete.
there is a lot of homework to do有许多家作要做。
⑹ 有些抽象名词。主要有：reason， right， time， effort， chance， way等。如
the time to go to school， the way to get to the clinic， the chance to win the game.
the right to vote (选举权)
　　5.作状语
　　不定式作状语相当于一个状语从句，表示行为的目的、结果或原因。
　　⑴表示目的。在这种情况下，不定式的逻辑主语通常也是全句的主语。
he stayed there to see what would happen.
在强调不定式目的状语时，不定式前可加in order， so as等。如：
she asked me to drive her to the airport in order to (为了)catch the 5：00 plane.
he moved the tv set to the meeting-room so as to(以便)let everyone watch it.
　　⑵用so&&as to&&， such （&&） as to&&， enough to&&， too&&to，
only to等表示结果，如：
　　 have you got enough room to seat all of us？你有足够的地方让我们所有的人坐下吗？
she is too weak to join us in the outing.她太弱了，不能加入我们的远足。
he hurried home, only to find his mother was out.他匆忙回家，结果发现妈妈不在。
he is so clever as to work out this problem. 他是如此聪明以至于解决这道题。
he is such a clever boy as to work out the problem 他是一个如此聪明的孩子一致于---
　　⑶将不定式移到句首表示条件，如：
　&&& to hear the teacher more clearly，you have to sit in the front. = if you are to hear the teacher more clearly，&&
⑷与形容词连用时，大多表示原因。这些形容词主要有：happy， kind， surprised， frightened， angry， shocked， glad， delighted， grieved，disappointed等。
they were surprised to be told about the news. 他们很惊讶地被告之这消息。
&& i&m glad to hear this.& 我很高心听到这。
he was disappointed to know that he was not allowed to go home.
得知自己不被允许回家，他很失望。
典型题1. _____ late in the morning, bob turned off the alarm.
&&&&&& a. to sleep& b. sleeping&& c. sleep& d. having slept (a)
注意.1.如果不定式所表示的动作与主要谓语动词所表示的动作同时（或几乎同时）发生或发生在主要谓语之后，通常用不定式的一般形式。如：
　　&& i saw him go out.我看见他出去了。
　　&& i&m glad to see you.
　　& 2.如果不定式所表示的动作发生在主要谓语动词或特定的时间之前，不定式就要用完成式。如：
　　&& i intended to have called you，but i forgot to.我打算要给你打电话，可我忘了。
　　&& i should like to have bought a dictionary.& 我本很想买一本字典。
　　& 3.不定式进行式表示主要谓语动词所表示的动作发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在发生。如：
　　&& i am glad to be talking with you. &我很高兴与你交谈。
she pretended to be listening _attentively. 她假装在认真听讲。
　　& 4.不定式完成进行时表示的是一个开始于过去某一时刻但一直延续到谓语动词发生的那一时刻的动作。如：
　　&&& he was thought to have been working on the project for two years.
人们认为他已在这个工程上工作两年了。
　　& 5.不定式的被动语态
　　&& 当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，这个不定式要用被动式，包括它的各种时态在内。如：
　　&& she doesn&t liketo be treated like a guest.
　　&& 她不喜欢被当作客人对待。
　　&& they want their tv set &to be repaired right now.
　　&&& 他们想把电视机马上修好。
　　&& this is the text to be read next time.
　　&& 下次就读这篇课文。
　不带to 的不定式
　　1.表示感觉的动词see， hear， feel， notice， watch， observe和have， let， make后的宾语可接不带to的不定式。
　& &he noticed he man enter the room.
　　 他注意到有人进屋了。
　　 they observed her do the experiment.
　　 他们观察她做实验了。
　　2.help后的不定式可以带to也可以不带to.
　　 can you help me （to） clean up after the meal？
　　 饭后你能帮我洗碗吗？
　　3.有些类似于情态动词的词语（如rather than， had better， would rather， might as well等）之后，不定式不带to.如：　
we might as well go without &him.
　　我们可以不让他跟去。
　　you&d better go now.
你最好现在走。
i would rather stay at home today.
&今天我想呆在家里
1.　&&&&& &&the house on fire, he dialed 119.　
a. to see & b. seeing &&&& c. having seen & d. being seen
2. i fell down and broke three of my teeth. i wonder how many times i have to come here and get my false teeth　&&&&& . 　&&&&&&&&&&&&& .
a. fix &&&&&&&&&&& b. fixing c. fixed &&&&&&&&& d. to fix
3. we're _________ to listen to her ________ voice. it's _________&& to hear her sing.
a. pleasure& &&&& b. a pleasure
c. a pleasure& &&&& d. pleasure
4. 　&&&&&& &a post office, i stopped 　&&&&& &some stamps.
a. passed, buying&& & b. passing, to buy&&&& c. having passed, buy& &&&& d. pass, to buy
5. you don&t feel the weight of air ______ against your body because the pressure it produces on one side of you is balanced by the pressure on the opposite side.
a. having pressed&&&&& b. pressing&&& c. being pressed& &&d. having been pressed
6. here are some new computer programs _________ for home buildings.
a. designing　　&& b. design&& & c. designed　　 &&&&& d. to design
7. 　　&&& 　a little money, jimmy was able to buy his mother a lovely new lamp　
a. to save　&& b. saving&& & c. saved　 && d. having saved
8. the teacher came into the classroom 　　　　　　　by his students.　
a. following　 b. to be following&& &&&&& c. followed　 d. having followed
9. with the money 　　, he couldn't buy any ticket.
a. to lose　&&&& b. losing&& && c. lost　　 && d. has lost
10. there was so much noise in the room that the speaker couldn't make himself 　　.　　　　
a. being heard& && b. hearing&& c. heard　　　 d. hear
11. the result of the test was rather 　　　　.　　
　 a. disappointed　 && b. disappointing　 　&& c. being disappointed 　 && d. disappoint
12. i've never heard the word 　　　　　　　　in spoken english.　
　 a. use　　　 &&&& b. used　　　 && c. using　　　 & d. useing
13. 　　　　　　 　how to do the homework, i went to ask my teacher for help.
　 a. not to know　　 &&&& b. not knowing 　& c. knowing not　　 &&&& d. not known
14. deeply 　　　　　　　, i thanked her again and again.　　
　 a. being moving　&&& b. moved　　　 &&&& c. moving　　　 &&& d. to be moved
15. with winter 　　　　　　　　on, it's time to buy warm clothes.　　
　 a. came　　　 & b. comes　　　 c. come　　　 & d. coming
16. 　　　　　　 　the office, the foreign visitors were shown round the teaching building. 　
　 a. having shown　& b. showing&& &&& c. has shown　　&&& d. having been shown
17. he went from door to door, 　　　　　　　　waste papers and magazines.　
　 a. gathering　　　& b. gathered& 　&& c. gather　　　 d. being gathered
18. the student corrected his paper carefully, 　　　　　　　the professor's suggestions.　
　 a. follow　　 &&& b. following& 　 c. followed　 &&& d. being followed
19. the 　　　　　　　　price will save you one dollar for each dozen.
　 a. reduce　　　 &&&& b. reducing　　　 & c. reduced　　　 && d. reduces
20. people 　　　　　　　in the city do not know the pleasure of country life.
　 a. live　　　 &&& b. to live　　　 c. lived　　　 && d. living
21. the foreigner tried his best, but he still couldn't make his point 　　　　.
　 a. understand　 　& b. understanding 　 c. to understand 　 &&&& d. understood
22. the scientists were waiting to see the problem 　　　　　　　　.　
　 a. settle　　　 & b. settled　　　 c. to settle　　　 && d. settling
23. the library's study room is full of students 　　　　　　　　for the exam.
　 a. busily prepared　 b. busy preparing　&&&& c. busily prepare &d. are busily preparing
24. the ground is 　　　　　　with 　　　　　　　　leaves.　
　 a. covering, falling & b. covered, falling　c. covered, fallen 　 &&&& d. covering, fallen
25. lessons 　　　　　　　　　　easily were soon forgotten.　
　 a. to learn　　　　& b. learn　 　 c. learned　　　　　 & d. learning
26. the wallet 　　　several days ago was found 　　　in the dustbin outside the building.　
　 a. stolen, hidden　&& b. stealing, hiding　 c. stealing, hidden　 &&& d. stolen, hiding
27. a person__a foreign language must be able to use the foreign language __all about his own.　
　 a. to learn, to forget b. learning, to forget　c. to learn, forgetting& d.learning, forgetting
28. 　　　different kinds of pianos, the workers farther improved their quality　
　 a. to produce　 &&&& b. being produced 　&&& c. produced 　 d. having produced
29. the students in the university are all taking courses 　　　a degree.　　
　 a. coming to　　&&&&& b. going to　　 c. leading to　　　　 & d. turning to
30. many things 　　　　　　　　impossible in the past are very common today.
　 a. consider　 &&& b. considering 　&&&& c. considered　 d. be considered
31. 　　　　　　 　many times, but he still couldn't understand.　
　 a. having been told& b. having told 　&&&& c. he had been told &&&&& d. telling
32. the old sick lady entered the hospital, 　　　　　　　her two sons.　
　 a. to support　 b. supporting 　 c. supported by　　 &&&& d. having supported
33. china is one of the largest countries in the world, 　　9.6 million square (平方) kilometres.
a. to cover　　　 &&&& b. covered　　　 &&& c. covers　　　 &&&&& d. covering
34. &we must keep a secret of the things 　　　　　here&, the general said, 　　　　　at the man in charge of the information office.　
　 a. discussed, stared seriously 　&&& & &&b. being discussed, seriously staring
　 c. to be discussed, seriously stared 　 d. discussed, stared
35. the visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, 　　that he had enjoyed his stay here.
　 a. having added　&&& b. to add　　　 c. adding　　　 &&&& d. added
36. &can you read?& mary said 　　　　　　to the notice.　
　 a. angrily pointing b. and point angrily　c. angrily pointed 　&&&& d. and angrily pointing
37. 　　　　　　　　the composition, john handed it to the teacher and went out of the room　
　 a. writing　 &&&&& b. having written 　&&&& c. written　　　 &&& d. being written
38. were you 　　　　　　　when you saw that wild animal?　
　 a. fright　　　 b. frightening　　　 &&& c. frightened　　　 &&&& d. frighten
39. properly 　　　　　　　　　　with numbers, the books can be easily found.
　 a. marked　　　 &&& b. mark　　　 & c. to mark　　　 && d. marking
40. the child sat in the dentist's chair 　　　　　　　.　　
　 a. tremble　　　 &&& b. trembling　　　 c. trembled　　　 & d. to trembled
41. at this moment the bell rang 　　　　　　　　the end of class.　
　 a. announce　　　 b. announcing　　　 & c. announced　　　 &&& d. to announce
42. he walked down the hills, 　　　　　　　softly to himself.　　
　 a. sing　　　 &&& b. singing　　　 &&& c. sung　　　 && d. to sing
43. i had to shout to make myself 　　　　　　　　above the noise.　
　 a. heared　　　 &&&& b. hearing　　　 &&& c. heard　　　 d. to hear
44. the graduating students are busy 　　　　　　　material for their reports.
　 a. collect　　　 &&&&& b. to collect　　　 & c. collected　　　 & d. collecting
45. the cars 　　　　　in beijing are as good as those 　　　　　　in shanghai.　
　 a. produce, produce 　　 b. produced, produced
　 c. produced, producing　 & d. producing, producing
46. when i came in, i saw dr. li　　　　　　　　 　a patient.　
　 a. examine　　　 && b. examining　　　 &&& c. to examine　　　 &&& d. examined
47. 　　　　 a satisfactory operation, the patient recovered from illness very quickly.　
　 a. having been given&&&& b. having given 　&& c. giving 　　 & d. being given
48 .___a satisfactory operation, the doctor believed the patient would recover from his illness very soon.　
　 a. having been given&&&& b. having given 　& c. giving 　　　&&&& d. being given
49.he wrote a letter to me 　　that his trip to japan had been put off because of the bad weather　
　 a. inform 　　　 && b. informing 　& c. informed 　　&&&& d. being informed
50. he reads newspapers every day to keep himself 　　　about what's going on in the world.
　 a. inform　 　 b. informing 　& c. informed 　 d. being informed　
1.（&02 上海）in order to gain a bigger share in the international market , many state-
run companies are striving _____ their products more competitive.
& &a . to make& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&b. making
&& c. to have made&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& d. having made
2. (&02上海春招)with a lot of difficult problems _____, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
&& a. settled&&&&&&&& b. settling&&&&&&&&& &c. to settle&& &&&&&&&&&d. being settled
3. (& 02全国 ) the research is so designed that once _____ nothing can be done to change it.&&&&&&
&& a. begins&&&&&&&& b. having began&&&&& c. beginning&&&&&&&&& d. begun
4.(& 02全国) having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _____ whether they will enjoy it.&&&&&&&&
&& a. to see&&&&&&&&& b. to be seen &&&&&&&c. seeing&&&&&&&&&&&& d. seen
5. (&03春招)& the manager ,_______ his factory&s products were poor in quality, decided to give his workers further training.
&& a. knowing& &&&&&&b. known&&&&&&& c. to know&&&&&&&&&& d. being known
6. (&03春招) the man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _________ whether he was going in the right direction.
&& a. seeing&&&&&&&&& b. having seen&&&& c. to have seen&&&&& &d. to see
7. (&03上海) the discovery of new evidence led to ______
&& a. the thief having caught&&&&&&&& b. catch the thief
& &c. the thief being caught& &&&&&&&&d. the thief to be caught
8. (&03上海) generally speaking ,______ according to the directions , the drug has no side effect.
&& a. when taking&&&& &b. when taken &&&c. when to take&&&& d. when to be taken
9. (&03上海) an army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had ordered______ clear warnings before firing any shots.
&& a. to issue &&&&&&&&&b. being issued&&& c. to have issued&&& d. to be issued
10. (&04上海春招) i&m going to the supermarket this afternoon. do you have anything ______?&& a. to be buying&&& &b. to buy& &&&&&&&c. for buying&&&&& d. bought
11. (&04上海春招) the pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain_______ as the plane was making a landing.
&& a. seat&&&&&&&&&&& b. seating&&&&&& &c. seated&& &&&&&&&d. to be seating
12. (&04上海春招) victor apologized for _____ to inform me of the change in the plan.
&& a. his being not able&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& b. him not to be able
& &c. his not being able &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&d. him to be not able
13. (&04上海春招) after his journey from abroad , richard jones returned home ,________
&& a. exhausting&&&&&& b. exhausted& &&&&&&c. being exhausted&&&&& d. having exhausted
14. (&04上海春招) suddenly , a tall man driving a golden carriage _____the girl and took her away, ______into the woods.&&&&&&&&&&&&
&& a. disappeared&&&&&&&&&&&&& b. disappeared
&& c. disappearing&&&&&&&&&&&& d. disappearing
15. (&04全国 ,28) sarah , hurry up. i&m afraid you won&t have time to ______ before the party.&& a. get changed& &&&&b. get change&&&& c. get changing&&&&& d. get to change
16. (04&北京29) ______ in the queue for half an hour, tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
&& a. to wait&&&&&&&&& b. having waited &&&&&&c. have waited&&&&&&& d. to have waited
17.(04&天津，34) don&t leave the water _______ while you brush your teeth.
&& a. run&&&&&&&&&&& &b. running&& &&&&&&&&&&c. being run&&&&&&&&& d. to run
18. (&04上海,33) the flu is believed______ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat
&& a. causing&&&&&&&&& b. being caused&&&&&& &c. to be caused &&&&&&d. to have caused
19. (&04上海,34) the flowers______ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature
a. to smell&&&&&&&&& b. smelling &&&&&&&&&&c. smelt&&&&&&&&&&& d. to be smelt.
20. (&04上海,35) the disc, digitally _______ in the studio , sounded fantastic at the party that night. (a)
& &a. recorded &&&&&&&&b. recording&&&&&&& c. to be recorded&&&&& d. having& recorded
21. (04&,广东，26)______-the progamme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.&&
a. not completing&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& b. not completed
&& c. not having completed& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&d. having not completed
22. (04&,广东，32) if you are planning to spend your money having fun this week , better______
&& it-------you&ve got some big bills coming.
& &a. forget &&&&&&&&&&b. forgot&&&&&&&&&& c. forgetting&&&&&&&& d. to forget
23. (04&福建，34) having been ill in bed for nearly a month , he had a hard time________the exam.
&& a. pass&&&&&&&&&&& b. to pass&&&&&&&&&& c. passed&&&&&&&&&& d. passing
24. (04&浙江，29) linda worked for the minnesota manufacturing and ming company,________
&& a. knowing&& &&&&&&b. known&&&&&&&&& c. being known&&&&& d. to be known
25. (04&江苏，31) the old man,______abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.
&& a. to work&&&&&&&&& b. working&&&&&&&& c. to have worked&&& d. having worked
26.( 04&湖南，33) you were silly not _____ your car.
&& a. to lock&&&&&&&&&& &b. to have locked&& &&&&&&c. locking&&&&&& d. having locked
27. ( 04&湖北，28)_______ with the size of the whole earth , the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.
&& a. compare&&&&&&&&& b. when comparing&&&&&& c. comparing&& &d. when compared
28. (04&辽宁，30) ________ by the beauty of nature , the girl from london decided to spend another two days on the farm.
&& a. attracting&&&&&& b. attracted &&&&&&&c. to be attracted&&&&& d. having attracted
29. (04&上海，42) having been attacked by terrorists, _________.
&& a. doctors came to their rescue&&&&&&&&&&&& b. the tall building collapsed
&& c. an emergency measure was taken&&&&&&&& d. warnings were given to tourists
30. (04&上海，44) ----english has a large vocabulary, hasn&t it ?
&& -----yes.________ more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.
&& a. know& &&&&&&&&&&b. knowing&&&&&&&& c. to know&&&&&&&&& d. known
32. (04&广西，31) reading is an experience quite differ there are pictures________ in your mind instead of before your eyes.
&& a. to form&&&&&&&&&& b. form&&&&&&&&&&& c. forming &&&&&&&&&&d. having formed
33.(05& 全国 ⅲ,18) while watching television ,_______.
&& a. the doorbell rang&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& b. the doorbell rings
&& c. we heard the doorbell ring&&& &&&&&&&&&&d. we heard the doorbell rings
34. (05& 北京, 30) when asked by the police, he said that he remembered ________ at the party, but not ________
&& a. leaving&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& b. to leave&&&&&
&& c. leaving&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &d. to leave
35. (05& 北京, 32) the prize of the game show is $30,000 and an all expenses_______ vacation to china.
&& a. paying&&&&&&&&&& b. paid &&&&&&&&&c. to be paid&&&&&&&&& d. being paid
36. (05& 上海, 32) he got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn&t risk________the good opportunity.
&& a. to lose&&&&&&&&&& b. losing&&&&&&&& c. to be lost&&&&&&&&& d. being lost
37. (05& 上海, 33) ________ into use in april 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.
&& a. put& &&&&&&&&&&&&b. putting&&&&&&&&& c. having put&&&&&&&& d. being put
38.(05&福建，29)-----can the project be finished as planned?
&& ------sure ,_______ it completed in time , we&ll work two more hours a day.
&& a. having got&&&&&&& &b. to get &&&&&&&&&c. getting&&&&&&&&&&& d. get
39. (05&重庆，26) daddy didn&t mind what we were doing, as long as we were together ,_______fun.
&&& a. had&&&&&&&&&&&& b. have&&&&&&&&&& c. to have&&&&&&& &d. having
40.(05&山东，27) oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, _______ a record $57.65 a barrel on april 4.
a. have reached&&&&&& b. reaching& &&&&&c. to reach&&&&&&& d. to be reaching
41.(05& 安徽，34) i really can&t understand _______ her like that.
a. you treat&&&&&& b. you to treat&&&&&& c. why treat&&&&&& d. you treating
42. she ran back to the kitchen , eggs ______ carefully in her hands.
&& a. were held&&&&&& b. to be held&&&&&&&& c. holding&&&&&& &d. held
43. the explosion sent things________ in all directions
&& a. to fly&&&&&&&&&& b. flying&& &&&&&&&&&c. fly&&&&&&&&&&& d. flied
44. you might as well expect the sun to rise in the west as________ to move..
&& a. to hope&&&&&&&& b. hoping&&&&&&&&&& c. hope&&&&&& &&&&d. hoped
45. what he was waiting for was there ________ complete silence.
&& a. be&&&&&&&&&&& &b. to be &&&&&&&&&&&&c. being&&&&&&&&& d. having
46. ________to the party , mary was greatly hurt.
&& a. the key been lost&&&&&&&&&&&&& b. lost the key
&& c. having lost the key&& &&&&&&&&&&d. since the key has lost.
47. ________ to visit &made us feel very happy.
&& a. my brother coming&&&&&&&&&&&& b. my brother&s coming
&& c. my brother has come&&&&&&&&&&& d. my brother came
48. the patient wanted ________ without delay.
a. to operate &b. to be operated on&& c. to operate on&& d. being on operated
49. i&m pleased to see the problem ________ so quickly.
a. having been settled&&&&&&&&&&&& b. settle
c. be settled&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &d. settled
50. i don&t mind __________ to the party
a. being not invited&&&&&&&&&&&& b. not inviting
c. not being invited& &&&&&&&&&&&d. not to be invited
51. passing by the room , i found him ________ in a chair
&& a. sit&&&&&&&& b. seating&&&&&& &c. seated& &&&&&&d. sat
52. he regretted ________ your suggestion.
&& a. having not taken&&&&&&&&&&&&& b. not having taken
&& c. taking not&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& d. to take
53. mr. smith is said _______ a new novel .
&& a. to writing&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& b. to have been written
&& c. to be written&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& d. to have written
54. -----your shirt wants _______, tom ?
&& ----- yes , it does . i&m going to have it________ tomorrow.
&& a. washing&&&&&&&&&&&& b. washed
&& c. washed&& &&&&&&&&&&d. wash
55. ________ for many years , no one could recognize him .
&& a. put in prison&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& b. the man putting in prison
&& c. the man having been put in prison. &&&&&&&&d. the man being put in prison
56. he looked around for a girl ________.
&& a. to make a friend&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& b. to make friends
&& c. to make friend with&&&&&&&&&&&&& d. to make friends with
57. ________, i don&t like her idea.&
&a. telling the truth&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& b. being told the truth
&& c. tell the truth&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&d. to tell the truth
58. they hurried to the railway station ________ that the train had already left.
&a. only for finding&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& b. only to find
&& c. in spite of&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& d. but
59. the building ________ will be our teaching building.&
&a. building&&&&&&&&& b. being built &&&&&&&&&c. having built&&&&&&& d. to build
60. the girl made her mother angry by_______ the medicine.
&& a. taking not&& b. not to take&&& c. taking& &d. not taking
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