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赞助商广告From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
12 Years a Slave is a 2013
and an adaptation of the 1853
by , a New York State-born free
man who was kidnapped in , in 1841 and sold into . Northup worked on plantations in the state of
for twelve years before his release. The first scholarly edition of Northup's memoir, co-edited in 1968 by
and , carefully retraced and validated the account and concluded it to be accurate. Other characters in the film were also real people, including Edwin and Mary Epps, and .
This is the third feature film directed by . The screenplay was written by .
stars as Solomon Northup. , , , , , , , and
are all featured in supporting roles. Principal photography took place in , from June 27 to August 13, 2012. The locations used were four historic : , , , and Magnolia. Of the four, Magnolia is nearest to the actual plantation where Northup was held.
12 Years a Slave received widespread critical acclaim, and was named the best film of 2013 by several media outlets. It proved to be a box office success, earning over $187 million on a production budget of $20 million. The film won three : ,
for Nyong'o, and the Oscar for
for Ridley. The Best Picture win made McQueen the first black producer ever to have received the award and the first black director to have directed a Best Picture winner. The film was awarded the , and the
recognized it with the
award for Ejiofor.
is a free African-American man working as a violinist, who lives with his wife, Anne Hampton, and two children in . Two men, Brown and Hamilton, offer him a two-week job as a musician if he will travel to Washington, D.C., with them. Once there, they drug Northup and deliver him to a
owned by James Burch.
Northup is shipped to
along with others who have been captured. A slave trader named Freeman gives Northup the identity of "Platt", a runaway slave from Georgia and sells him to plantation owner . Northup impresses Ford when he engineers a waterway for transporting logs swiftly and cost-effectively across a swamp, and Ford presents him with a violin in gratitude into which he carves the names of his wife and children.
Ford's carpenter John Tibeats resents Northup and the tensions between them escalate. Tibeats attacks Northup, who defends himself. In retaliation, Tibeats and his friends attempt to lynch Northup, but they are prevented by Ford's overseer, Chapin, though Northup is left in the noose standing on tiptoe for many hours. Ford finally cuts Northup down, but chooses to sell him to planter Edwin Epps to protect him from Tibeats. Northup attempts to explain that he is actually a free man, but Ford states that he "cannot hear this" and responds "he has a debt to pay" on Northup's purchase price.
In contrast to the relatively benevolent Ford, Epps is a sadistic man who believes his right to abuse his slaves is . The slaves are beaten if they fail to pick at least 200 pounds (91 kg) of cotton every day. A young female slave named Patsey picks over 500 pounds (230 kg) daily, and is praised lavishly by Epps. Epps is attracted to Patsey and repeatedly rapes her, causing Epps' wife to become jealous and frequently humiliate and degrade Patsey. Patsey's only comfort is visiting Mistress Shaw, a former slave whose owner fell in love with her and elevated her to Mistress. Patsey wishes to die and begs Northup to kill her but he refuses.
Some time later, an outbreak of
befalls Epps' plantation. Unable to work his fields, he leases his slaves to a neighboring plantation for the season. While there, Northup gains the favor of the plantation's owner, Judge Turner, who allows him to play the fiddle at a neighbor's wedding anniversary celebration, and to keep his earnings. When Northup returns to Epps, he attempts to use the money to pay a white field hand and former overseer, Armsby, to mail a letter to Northup's friends in New York state. Armsby agrees to deliver the letter, and accepts all Northup's saved money, but betrays him to Epps. Northup is narrowly able to convince Epps that Armsby is lying and avoids punishment. Northup tearfully burns the letter, his only hope of freedom.
Northup begins working on the construction of a
with a Canadian laborer named Bass. Bass is unsettled by the brutal way that Epps treats his slaves and expresses his opposition to slavery, earning Epps' enmity. One day, Epps becomes enraged after discovering Patsey missing from the plantation. When she returns, she reveals she was gone to get a bar of soap from Mistress Shaw, as a result of being forbidden soap by Mary Epps. Epps does not believe her and orders her flogged. Encouraged by his wife, Epps forces Northup to flog Patsey to avoid doing it himself. Northup reluctantly obeys, but Epps eventually takes the whip away from Northup, savagely lashing Patsey.
Northup purposely destroys his violin, and while continuing to work on the gazebo, Northup confides his kidnapping to Bass. Once again, Northup asks for help in getting a letter to Saratoga Springs. Bass, risking his life, agrees to send it.
One day, Northup is called over by the local sheriff, who arrives in a carriage with another man. The sheriff asks Northup a series of questions to confirm his answers match the facts of his life in New York. Northup recognizes the sheriff's companion as C. Parker, a shopkeeper he knew in Saratoga. Parker has come to free him, and the two embrace, though an enraged Epps furiously protests the circumstances and tries to prevent him from leaving. Before Northup can board the coach to leave, Patsey cries out to him, and they embrace in a bittersweet farewell. Knowing that they are in potential danger, at the urging of Parker and the sheriff Northup finishes his tearful goodbye with Patsey and immediately leaves the plantation.
After being enslaved for twelve years, Northup is restored to freedom and returned to his family. As he walks into his home, he sees Anne, Alonzo, Margaret and her husband, who present him with his grandson and namesake, Solomon Northup Staunton. Concluding credits recount the inability of Northup and his legal counsel to prosecute Brown, Hamilton and Burch, as well as the publishing of Northup's 1853
and the mystery surrounding details of his death and burial.
at the premiere of 12 Years a Slave
as Edwin Epps
as John Tibeats
as Theophilus Freeman
as Mary Epps
as Samuel Bass
as Harriet Shaw
as Clemens
as Hamilton
Bill Camp as Radburn
have small roles as Margaret Northup and Uncle Abram, respectively.
at the 2013
After meeting screenwriter
screening of
in 2008, director
got in touch with Ridley about his interest in making a film about "the slave era in America" with "a character that was not obvious in terms of their trade in slavery." Developing the idea back and forth, the two did not strike a chord until McQueen's partner, Bianca Stigter, found 's 1853 memoir . McQueen later told an interviewer:
I read this book, and I was totally stunned. At the same time I was pretty upset with myself that I didn't know this book. I live in
is a national hero, and for me this book read like
but written 97 years before – a firsthand account of slavery. I basically made it my passion to make this book into a film.
After a lengthy development process, during which Brad Pitt's production company
backed the project, which eventually helped get some financing from various film studios, the film was officially announced in August 2011 with McQueen to direct and
to star as , a
who was kidnapped and sold into slavery in the . McQueen compared Ejiofor's conduct "of class and dignity" to that of
and . In October 2011,
(who starred in McQueen's previous films Hunger and ) joined the cast. In early 2012, the rest of the roles were cast, and filming was scheduled to begin at the end of June 2012.
To capture the language and dialects of the era and regions in which the film takes place, dialect coach Michael Buster was brought in to assist the cast in altering their speech. The language has a literary quality related to the style of writing of the day and the strong influence of the . Buster explained:
We don't know what slaves sounded like in the 1840s, so I just used rural samples from Mississippi and Louisiana [for actors Ejiofor and Fassbender]. Then for , I found some real upper-class New Orleanians from the '30s. And then I also worked with , who is Kenyan but she did her training at Yale. So she really shifted her speech so she could do American speech.
After both won Oscars at the , it was reported that McQueen and Ridley had been in an ongoing feud over screenplay credit. McQueen reportedly had asked Ridley for shared credit, which he declined. McQueen appealed to Fox Searchlight, which sided with Ridley. Neither thanked the other during their respective acceptance speeches at the event. Since the event, Ridley has noted his regret for not mentioning McQueen and denied the feud. He spoke favorably of working with McQueen, and explained that his sole screenplay credit was due to the rules of the . McQueen has not commented on the alleged feud.
at the premiere of 12 Years a Slave at the 2013
With a production budget of $20 million, principal photography began in , Louisiana, on June 27, 2012. After seven weeks, filming concluded on August 13, 2012. As a way to keep down production costs, a bulk of the filming took place around the
area – mostly south of the
country in the north of the state, where the historic Northup was enslaved. Among locations used were four historic
plantations: , , , and Magnolia. Magnolia, a plantation in , is just a few miles from one of the historic sites where Northup was held. "To know that we were right there in the place where these things occurred was so powerful and emotional," said actor Chiwetel Ejiofor. "That feeling of dancing with ghosts – it's palpable." Filming also took place at the Columns Hotel and
of New Orleans.
Cinematographer , the film's primary camera operator, shot 12 Years a Slave on
with a 2.35:1
aspect ratio using both an
LT and ST. "Particularly for a period piece, film gives the audience a definite sense of period and quality," said Bobbitt. "And because of the story's epic nature, widescreen clearly made the most sense. Widescreen means a big film, an epic tale – in this case an epic tale of human endurance."
The filmmakers avoided the desaturated visual style that is typical of a more gritty documentary aesthetic. Deliberately drawing visual comparisons in the filming to the works of Spanish painter , McQueen explained,
When you think about Goya, who painted the most horrendous pictures of violence and torture and so forth, and they're amazing, exquisite paintings, one of the reasons they're such wonderful paintings is because what he's saying is, 'Look – look at this.' So if you paint it badly or put it in the sort of wrong perspective, you draw more attention to what's wrong with the image rather than looking at the image.
To accurately depict the time period of the film, the filmmakers conducted extensive research that included studying artwork from the era. With eight weeks to create the wardrobe, costume designer
collaborated with
to compile costumes that would illustrate the passage of time while also being historically accurate. Using an earth tone color palette, Norris created nearly 1,000 costumes for the film. "She [Norris] took earth samples from all three of the plantations to match the clothes," McQueen said, "and she had the conversation with Sean [Bobbitt] to deal with the character temperature on each plantation, there was a lot of that minute detail." The filmmakers also used some pieces of clothing discovered on set that were worn by slaves.
Main articles:
The musical score to 12 Years a Slave was composed by , with original on-screen violin music written and arranged by
and performed by . The film also features a few pieces of western classical and American folk music such as 's "Trio in B-flat, D471" and
and 's arrangement of "". A soundtrack album, Music from and Inspired by 12 Years a Slave, was released digitally on November 5 and received a physical format release on November 11, 2013 by . In addition to Zimmer's score, the album features music inspired by the film by artists such as , , , , and . Legend's cover of "" debuted online three weeks prior to the soundtrack's release.
African-American history and culture scholar
was a consultant on the film, and researcher David Fiske, co-author of Solomon Northup: The Complete Story of the Author of Twelve Years a Slave, provided some material used to market the film. Nevertheless, news and magazine articles around the time of the film's release described a scholar alleging some license that Northup could have taken with his book, and liberties that McQueen definitely took with Northup's original, for dramatic, modernizing, or other reasons.
Scott Feinberg wrote in the
about a September 22 New York Times article that "dredged up and highlighted a 1985 essay by another scholar, James Olney, that questioned the 'literal truth' of specific incidents in Northup's account and suggested that David Wilson, the white
to whom Northup had dictated his story, had taken the liberty of sprucing it up to make it even more effective at rallying public opinion against slavery." According to Olney, when
invited an ex-slave to share his experience in slavery at an antislavery convention, and when they subsequently funded the appearance of that story in print, "they had certain clear expectations, well understood by themselves and well understood by the ex-slave, too."
Noah Berlatsky wrote in the
about a scene in McQueen's movie version, shortly after Northup is kidnapped, when he is on a ship bound south, when a sailor who has entered the hold is about to rape a slave woman when a male slave intervenes. "The sailor unhesitatingly stabs and kills him," he wrote, and "this seems unlikely on its face—slaves are valuable, and the sailor is not the owner. And, sure enough, the scene is not in the book."
Forrest Wickman of
wrote of Northup's book giving a more favorable account of the author's onetime master, William Ford, than the McQueen film. In Northup's own words, "There never was a more kind, noble, candid, Christian man than William Ford," adding that Ford's circumstances "blinded [Ford] to the inherent wrong at the bottom of the system of Slavery." The movie, however, according to Wickham, "frequently undermines Ford." McQueen undercuts Christianity itself as well, in an effort to update the ethical lessons from Northup's story for the 21st century, by holding the institutions of Christianity up to the light for their ability to justify slavery at the time. Northup was a Christian of his time, writing of his former master being "blinded" by "circumstances" that in retrospect meant a racist acceptance of slavery despite being a Christian, a position untenable to some Christians now and to
of the 19th century but not contradictory to Northup himself. Valerie Elverton Dixon in
characterized the Christianity depicted in the movie as "broken".
Emily West, an associate professor of history at the
who specializes in the history of slavery in the U.S., said she had "never seen a film represent slavery so accurately". Reviewing the film for History Extra, the website of BBC History Magazine, she said: "The film starkly and powerfully unveiled the sights and sounds of enslavement – from slaves picking cotton as they sang in the fields, to the crack of the lash down people’s backs. We also heard a lot about the ideology behind enslavement. Masters such as William Ford and Edwin Epps, although very different characters, both used an interpretation of Christianity to justify their ownership of slaves. They believed the Bible sanctioned slavery, and that it was their ‘Christian duty’ to preach the scriptures to their slaves."
Michael Fassbender and Lupita Nyong'o at the 2013
12 Years a Slave
on August 30, 2013, before screening at the
on September 6, the
on October 8, The
on October 10, 2013, and
on October 19, 2013.
On November 15, 2011,
announced it had secured a deal to distribute 12 Years a Slave to international markets. In April 2012, a few weeks before principal photography,
agreed to co-finance the film. Because of a distribution pact between
and New Regency,
acquired the film's United States distribution rights. However, instead of paying for the distribution rights, Fox Searchlight made a deal in which it would share box-office proceeds with the financiers of the independently financed film. 12 Years a Slave was commercially released on October 18, 2013 in the United States for a limited release of 19 theaters, with a wide release in subsequent weeks. The film was initially scheduled to be released in late December 2013, but "some exuberant test screenings" led to the decision to move up the release date. The film was distributed by
in the United Kingdom.
Due to both the film's explicit nature and award contender status, 12 Years a Slave's financial success was being watched closely. Many analysts have compared the film's content to other drama films of a similar vein such as
(1993) and
(2004), which became box office successes despite their respective subject matters. "It may be a tough subject matter, but when handled well ... films that are tough to sit through can still be commercially successful," said Phil Contrino of . Despite its content, the film's critical success has assisted its domestic distribution by
that began with a limited released aimed primarily towards
and African-American patrons. The film's release was gradually widened in subsequent weeks, similarly to how the studio had successfully done in years prior with films such as
and . International release dates for 12 Years a Slave were largely delayed to early 2014 in order to take advantage of the attention created by .
During its marketing campaign, 12 Years a Slave received unpaid endorsements by celebrities such as
and . In a video posted by , Combs urged viewers to see 12 Years a Slave by stating: "This movie is very painful but very honest, and is a part of the healing process. I beg all of you to take your kids, everybody to see it. ... You have to see this so you can understand, so you can just start to understand."
As of May 20, 2014, 12 Years a Slave had earned $187.7 million including $56.7 million in the United States. During its opening limited release in the United States, 12 Years a Slave debuted with a weekend total of $923,715 on 19 screens for a $48,617 per-screen average. The following weekend, the film entered the top ten after expanding to 123 theatres and grossing an additional $2.1 million. It continued to improve into its third weekend, grossing $4.6 million at 410 locations. The film release was expanded to over 1,100 locations on November 8, 2013.
at the premiere of 12 Years a Slave
12 Years a Slave received near-universal acclaim by critics and audiences, for its acting (particularly Chiwetel Ejiofor, Michael Fassbender and Lupita Nyong'o), 's direction, 's screenplay, its production values, and its faithfulness to 's account.
Film review aggregator
reports that 97% of critics gave the film a "Certified Fresh" rating, based on 258 reviews with an
of 9/10, with the site's consensus stating, "It's far from comfortable viewing, but 12 Years a Slave 's unflinchingly brutal look at American slavery is also brilliant—and quite possibly essential—cinema." , another , assigned the film a weighted average score of 97 (out of 100) based on 48 reviews from mainstream critics, considered to be "universal acclaim". It is currently one of the site's highest-rated films as well as the best reviewed film of 2013.
reported that audiences gave the film an "A" grade.
Richard Corliss of
heralded the film and its director, , by stating: "Indeed, McQueen's film is closer in its storytelling particulars to such 1970s exploitation-exposés of slavery as
and . Except that McQueen is not a schlockmeister sensationalist but a remorseless artist." Corliss draws parallels with , saying, "McQueen shows that racism, aside from its barbarous inhumanity, is insanely inefficient. It can be argued that Nazi Germany lost the war both because it diverted so much manpower to the killing of Jews and because it did not exploit the brilliance of Jewish scientists in building smarter weapons. So the slave owners dilute the energy of their slaves by whipping them for sadistic sport and, as Epps does, waking them at night to dance for his wife's cruel pleasure."
Gregory Ellwood of
gave the film an "A-" rating, stating, "12 Years is a powerful drama driven by McQueen's bold direction and the finest performance of Chiwetel Ejiofor's career." He continued by praising the performances of Fassbender and Nyong'o, citing Nyong'o as "the film's breakthrough performance [that] may find Nyong'o making her way to the
next ." He also admired the film's "gorgeous" cinematography and the musical score, as "one of 's more moving scores in some time."
Paul MacInnes of
scored the film five out of five stars, writing, "Stark, visceral and unrelenting, 12 Years a Slave is not just a great film but a necessary one."
The reviewers of
gave it high acclaim as well, with two reviewers giving it a "Better Than Sex," their highest rating. However, the reviewers agreed that it was not a film they would watch again anytime soon. When comparing it to the miniseries version of , reviewer Cyrus stated that "Roots is
in comparison to this."
signing autographs at the premiere of the film at TIFF, September 2013
praised it as "a new movie landmark of cruelty and transcendence" and as "a movie about a life that gets taken away, and that's why it lets us touch what life is." He also commented very positively about Ejiofor's performance, while further stating, "12 Years a Slave lets us stare at the primal sin of America with open eyes, and at moments it is hard to watch, yet it's a movie of such humanity and grace that at every moment, you feel you're seeing something essential. It is Chiwetel Ejiofor's extraordinary performance that holds the movie together, and that allows us to watch it without blinking. He plays Solomon with a powerful inner strength, yet he never soft-pedals the silent nightmare that is Solomon's daily existence."
of , gave the film a four-star rating and said: "you won't be able to tuck this powder keg in the corner of your mind and forget it. What we have here is a blistering, brilliant, straight-up classic." He later named the film the best movie of 2013.
wrote, in her review for , "the genius of 12 Years a Slave is its insistence on banal evil, and on terror, that seeped into souls, bound bodies and reaped an enduring, terrible price."
's Tim Robey granted the film a maximum score of five stars, stating that "it's the nobility of this remarkable film that pierces the soul," while praising Ejiofor and Nyong'o's performances.
Tina Hassannia of
said that "using his signature visual composition and deafening sound design, Steve McQueen portrays the harrowing realism of Northup's experience and the complicated relationships between master and slave, master and master, slave and slave, and so on."
, the creator of the TV series , highly praised the movie, commenting that "it marks the first time in history that our entertainment industry, albeit with international creative input, has managed to stare directly at slavery and maintain that gaze".
The film was not without its criticisms.
was more critical of the film. While praising Ejiofor's work, she stated: "It's a picture that stays more than a few safe steps away from anything so dangerous as raw feeling. Even when it depicts inhuman cruelty, as it often does, it never compromises its aesthetic purity." Peter Malamud Smith of
criticized the story, saying, "12 Years a Slave is constructed as a story of a man trying to return to his family, offering every viewer a way into empathizing with its protagonist. Maybe we need a story framed on that individual scale in order to understand it. But it has a distorting effect all the same. We're more invested in one hero than in if we're forced to imagine ourselves enslaved, we want to imagine ourselves as Northup, a special person who miraculously escaped the system that attempted to crush him." Describing this as "the hero problem", Malamud Smith concluded his review explaining, "We can handle 12 Years a Slave. But don't expect 60 Years a Slave any time soon. And 200 Years, Millions of Slaves? Forget about it." At , black Canadian author
said he would not be seeing 12 Years a Slave, explaining: "I'm convinced these black race films are created for a white, liberal film audience to engender
and make them feel bad about themselves. Regardless of your race, these films are unlikely to teach you anything you don't already know."
12 Years a Slave has been named as one of the best films of 2013 by various ongoing critics.
1st – ,
1st – ,
1st – ,
1st – Ann Hornaday,
1st – Eric Kohn,
1st – ,
1st – Bill Goodykoontz,
1st – Scott MacDonald,
1st –
1st –
1st – Jake Coyle,
1st – Lisa Kennedy,
1st – Brian D. Johnson,
1st – Mike Scott,
1st – Randy Myers,
1st – Katey Rich,
1st – Keith Phipps, The Dissolve
1st – Rafer Guzmán,
1st – Bob Fischbach,
1st – Steve Persall,
1st – Bruce R. Miller,
1st – ,
1st – ,
1st – David Chen, Slashfilm
2nd – ,
2nd – ,
2nd – Peter Debruge,
2nd – Joe Neumaier,
2nd – Luke Wulfensmith, Freelance
2nd – , Awards Daily
2nd – Glenn Sumi,
2nd – Andrew O'Hehir,
2nd – James Rocchi, Cinephiled
2nd – Stephen Schaefer, Boston Herald
2nd – ,
2nd – Michael Phillips,
2nd – ,
2nd – Sam Adams,
2nd – Barbara Vancheri,
2nd – David Ehrlich,
2nd –
2nd – Connie Ogle,
2nd – Chris Vognar,
2nd – Joe Reid,
2nd - Andrew Saladino, NothingButFilm
3rd – Chris Nashawaty,
Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Steven Rea,
Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Stephen Whitty,
Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – ,
Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Calvin Wilson,
Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – James Verniere,
Main article:
12 Years a Slave has received numerous awards and nominations. It earned three , including Best Picture. It won the . The film also won the , while Ejiofor received the
television film directed by
and starring .
, a documentary film telling the story of Frederick Douglass and his relationship with Ireland.
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