bellman equation是什么方程,
fdhf3gfh使偻2
是计算sequence maximization的时候用迭代方法构造出来的一个方程,方程比较容易理解,你读paper的时候不管bellman equation这个名次,直接看结果就行如果只想了解一点点,直接百度,或者google都能很快知道概念输入可能有点问题导致翻译不到位谢谢你的配合,合作愉快
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2015ACCA F3 财务会计考试大纲
发布时间： 09:15
来源：高顿网校
小编导读：
2014 All rights reserved.
　　Financial Accounting
　　（F3/FFA）
　　February 2014 to August
　　This syllabus and study guide are designed to help
　　with teaching and learning and is intended to
　　provide detailed information on what could be
　　assessed in any examination session.
　　THE STRUCTURE OF THE SYLLABUS AND
　　STUDY GUIDE
　　Relational diagram with other papers
　　This diagram shows direct and indirect links
　　between this examination and other examinations
　　which precede or follow it. Some examinations are
　　directly underpinned by others. These links are
　　shown as solid line arrows. The indirect links are
　　shown as dotted line arrows. The relational diagram
　　therefore indicates where learners are expected to
　　have underpinning knowledge and where it would
　　be useful to review previous learning before
　　undertaking study.
　　Overall aim of the syllabus
　　This explains briefly the overall objective of the
　　examination and indicates in the broadest sense the
　　capabilities to be developed within the examination.
　　Main capabilities
　　This syllabus&s aim is broken down into several
　　main capabilities which divide the syllabus and
　　study guide into discrete sections.
　　Relational diagram of main capabilities
　　This diagram illustrates the flows and links between
　　the main capabilities （sections） of the syllabus and
　　should be used as an aid to planning teaching and
　　learning in a structured way.
　　Syllabus rationale
　　This is a narrative explaining how the syllabus is
　　structured and how the main capabilities or sections
　　of the syllabus are linked. The rationale also
　　explains in further detail what the examination
　　intends to assess and how.
　　Detailed syllabus
　　This shows the breakdown of the main capabilities
　　（sections） of the syllabus into subject areas. This is
　　the blueprint for the detailed study guide.
　　Approach to examining the syllabus
　　This section briefly explains the structure of the
　　examination and how it is assessed.
　　Study Guide
　　This is the main document that students and
　　learning and content providers should use as the
　　basis of their studies, instruction and materials
　　respectively.
　　Examinations will be based on the detail of the
　　study guide which comprehensively identifies what
　　could be assessed within any examination session.
　　The study guide is a precise reflection and
　　breakdown of the syllabus. It is divided into sections
　　based on the main capabilities identified in the
　　syllabus. These sections are divided into subject
　　areas which relate to the sub-capabilities included
　　in the detailed syllabus. Subject areas are broken
　　down into sub-headings which describe the detailed
　　outcomes that could be assessed in examinations.
　　These outcomes indicate what exams may require
　　students to demonstrate, and the broad intellectual
　　level at which these may need to be demonstrated
　　（*see intellectual levels below）。
　　LEVEL OF ASSESSMENTS & INTELLECTUAL
　　DEMAND
　　ACCA qualifications are designed to progressively
　　broaden and deepen the knowledge and skills
　　demonstrated by the student at a range of levels
　　through each qualification.
　　Throughout, the study guides assess both
　　knowledge and skills. Therefore a clear distinction is
　　drawn, within each subject area, between assessing
　　knowledge and skills and in assessing their
　　application within an accounting or business
　　context. The assessment of knowledge is denoted by
　　a superscriptK and the assessment of skills is
　　denoted by the superscriptS.
　　? ACCA 2014 All rights reserved.
　　VALUE OF ASSESSMENTS & GUIDED LEARNING
　　HOURS AND EDUCATION RECOGNITION
　　As a member of the International Federation of
　　Accountants, ACCA seeks to enhance the education
　　recognition of its qualification on both national and
　　international education frameworks, and with
　　educational authorities and partners globally. In
　　doing so, ACCA aims to ensure that its qualifications
　　are recognized and valued by governments,
　　regulatory authorities and employers across all
　　sectors. To this end, ACCA qualifications are
　　currently recognized on the education frameworks in
　　several countries. Please refer to your national
　　education framework regulator for further
　　information about recognition.
　　GUIDE TO EXAM STRUCTURE
　　The structure of examinations varies within and
　　between modules and levels.
　　The Foundations examinations contain 100%
　　compulsory questions to encourage candidates to
　　study across the breadth of each syllabus.
　　All Foundations examinations are assessed by twohour
　　paper based and computer based
　　examinations.
　　The pass mark for all FIA examination papers is
　　GUIDE TO EXAMINATION ASSESSMENT
　　ACCA reserves the right to examine anything
　　contained within any study guide within any
　　examination session. This includes knowledge,
　　techniques, principles, theories, and concepts as
　　specified.
　　For specified financial accounting, audit and tax
　　papers, except where indicated otherwise, ACCA
　　will publish examinable documents once a year to
　　indicate exactly what regulations and legislation
　　could potentially be assessed within identified
　　examination sessions.
　　For this examination regulation issued or legislation
　　passed on or before 30th September 2013, will be
　　assessed from February 2014 to August 31st 2015.
　　Please refer to the examinable documents for the
　　paper （where relevant） for further information.
　　Regulation issued or legislation passed in
　　accordance with the above dates may be
　　examinable even if the effective date is in the future.
　　The term issued or passed relates to when
　　regulation or legislation has been formally approved.
　　The term effective relates to when regulation or
　　legislation must be applied to entity transactions
　　and business practices.
　　The study guide offers more detailed guidance on
　　the depth and level at which the examinable
　　documents will be examined. The study guide
　　should therefore be read in conjunction with the
　　examinable documents list.
　　? ACCA 2014 All rights reserved.
　　Qualification Structure
　　The qualification structure requires candidates who wish to be awarded the Diploma in Accounting and Business
　　to pass the F1/FAB, F2/FMA and the F3/FFA examinations and successfully complete the Foundations in
　　Professionalism module
　　Syllabus Structure
　　The Foundations in Accountancy suite of
　　qualifications is designed so that a student can
　　progress through t Introductory
　　Certificate level, Intermediate Certificate level and
　　the Diploma level.
　　Students are recommended to enter Foundations in
　　Accountancy at the level which is most appropriate
　　to their needs and to take
　　examinations in order, but this is not a mandatory
　　requirement
　　F1/FAB F2/FMA F3/FFA FiP*
　　Diploma in
　　Accounting
　　and Business
　　+ + + =
　　* Foundations in Professionalism
　　? ACCA 2014 All rights reserved.
　　Syllabus
　　To develop knowledge and understanding of the
　　underlying principles and concepts relating to
　　financial accounting and technical proficiency in the
　　use of double-entry accounting techniques including
　　the preparation of basic financial statements.
　　RATIONALE
　　The syllabus for Paper FFA/F3, Financial
　　Accounting, introduces the candidate to the
　　fundamentals of the regulatory framework relating to
　　accounts preparation and to the qualitative
　　characteristics of useful information. The syllabus
　　then covers drafting financial statements and the
　　principles of accounts preparation. The syllabus
　　then concentrates in depth on recording, processing,
　　and reporting business transactions and events. The
　　syllabus then covers the use of the trial balance and
　　how to identify and correct errors, and then the
　　preparation of financial statements for incorporated
　　and unincorporated entities. The syllabus then
　　moves in two directions, firstly requiring candidates
　　to be able to conduct a basic interpretation of
　　 and secondly requiring the
　　preparation of simple consolidated
　　financial statements from the individual financial
　　statements of group incorporated entities
　　MAIN CAPABILITIES
　　On successful completion of this paper, candidates
　　should be able to:
　　A. Explain the context and purpose of financial
　　reporting
　　B. Define the qualitative characteristics of
　　financial information
　　C. Demonstrate the use of double-entry and
　　accounting systems
　　D. Record transactions and events
　　E. Prepare a trial balance （including identifying
　　and correcting errors）
　　F. Prepare basic financial statements for
　　incorporated and unincorporated entities.
　　G. Prepare simple consolidated financial
　　statements
　　H. Interpretation of financial statements
　　RELATIONAL DIAGRAM OF MAIN CAPABILITIES
　　The context and purpose
　　of financial reporting
　　The qualitative
　　characteristics
　　of financial information （B）
　　The use of double-entry and accounting systems （C）
　　Preparing a trial balance （E）
　　Preparing basic financial statements （F）
　　Preparing simple consolidated financial statements （G）
　　Recording
　　transactions
　　and events （D）
　　Interpretation of
　　financial
　　statements （H）
　　? ACCA 2014 All rights reserved.
　　DETAILED SYLLABUS
　　A The context and purpose of financial reporting
　　1. The scope and purpose of financial statements
　　for external reporting
　　2. Users& and stakeholders& needs
　　3. The main elements of financial reports
　　4. The regulatory framework （legislation and
　　regulation, reasons and limitations, relevance
　　of accounting standards）
　　5. Duties and responsibilities of those charged
　　with governance.
　　B The qualitative characteristics of financial
　　information
　　1. The qualitative characteristics of financial
　　information
　　C The use of double-entry and accounting
　　systems
　　1. Double-entry book-keeping principles including
　　the maintenance of accounting records and
　　sources of accounting information
　　2. Ledger accounts, books of prime entry, and
　　journals
　　D Recording transactions and events
　　1. Sales and purchases
　　2. Cash
　　3. Inventory
　　4. Tangible non-current assets
　　5. Depreciation
　　6. Intangible non-current assets and amortisation
　　7. Accruals and prepayments
　　8. Receivables and payables
　　9. Provisions and contingencies
　　10. Capital structure and finance costs
　　E Preparing a trial balance
　　1. Trial balance
　　2. Correction of errors
　　3. Control accounts and reconciliations
　　4. Bank reconciliations
　　5. Suspense accounts
　　F Preparing basic financial statements
　　1. Statements of financial position
　　2. Statements of profit or loss and other
　　comprehensive income
　　3. Disclosure notes
　　4 Events after the reporting period
　　5. Statements of cash flows
　　6. Incomplete records
　　G Preparing simple consolidated financial
　　statements
　　1. Subsidiaries
　　2. Associates
　　H Interpretation of financial statements
　　1. Importance and purpose of analysis of financial
　　statements
　　2. Ratios
　　3. Analysis of financial statements
　　? ACCA 2014 All rights reserved.
　　APPROACH TO EXAMINING THE SYLLABUS
　　THE SYLLABUS IS ASSESSED BY A TWO HOUR
　　PAPER-BASED OR COMPUTER-BASED
　　EXAMINATION.
　　The syllabus is assessed by a two hour paper-based
　　or computer-based examination. Questions will
　　assess all parts of the syllabus and will test
　　knowledge and some comprehension or application
　　of this knowledge. The examination will consist of
　　two sections. Section A will contain 35 two mark
　　objective questions. Section B will contain 2 fifteen
　　mark multi-task questions. These will test
　　consolidations and accounts preparation. The
　　consolidation question could include a small
　　amount of interpretation and the accounts
　　preparation question could be set in the context of
　　a sole trader or a limited company
　　? ACCA 2014 All rights reserved.
　　Study Guide
　　A THE CONTEXT AND PURPOSE OF FINANCIAL
　　REPORTING
　　1. The scope and purpose of, financial statements
　　for external reporting
　　a） Define financial reporting & recording,
　　analysing and summarising financial data.[K]
　　b） Identify and define types of business entity &
　　sole trader, partnership, limited liability
　　company.[K]
　　c） Recognise the legal differences between a sole
　　trader, partnership and a limited liability
　　company.[K]
　　d） Identify the advantages and disadvantages of
　　operating as a limited liability company, sole
　　trader or partnership.[K]
　　e） Understand the nature, principles and scope of
　　financial reporting.[K]
　　2. Users& and stakeholders& needs
　　a） Identify the users of financial statements and
　　state and differentiate between their
　　information needs.[K]
　　3. The main elements of financial reports
　　a） Understand and identify the purpose of each of
　　the main financial statements.[K]
　　b） Define and identify assets, liabilities, equity,
　　revenue and expenses.[K]
　　4. The regulatory framework
　　a） Understand the role of the regulatory system
　　including the roles of the IFRS Foundation
　　（IFRSF）， the International Accounting
　　Standards Board （IASB）， the IFRS Advisory
　　Council （IFRS AC） and the IFRS Interpretations
　　Committee （IFRS IC）。[K]
　　b） Understand the role of International Financial
　　Reporting Standards.[K]
　　5. Duties and responsibilities of those charged
　　with governance
　　a） Explain what is meant by governance
　　specifically in the context of the preparation of
　　financial statements[K]
　　b） Describe the duties and responsibilities of
　　directors and other parties covering the
　　preparation of the financial statements. [K]
　　B THE QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF
　　FINANCIAL INFORMATION
　　1. The qualitative characteristics of financial
　　information
　　a） Define, understand and apply qualitative
　　characteristics:[K]
　　i） Relevance
　　ii） Faithful representation
　　iii） Comparability
　　iv） Verifiability
　　v） Timeliness
　　vi） Understandability
　　b） Define, understand and apply accounting
　　concepts:[K]
　　i） Materiality
　　ii） Substance over form
　　iii） Going concern
　　iv） Business entity concept
　　v） Accruals
　　vi） Fair presentation
　　iv） Consistency
　　C THE USE OF DOUBLE-ENTRY AND
　　ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS
　　1. Double-entry book-keeping principles including
　　the maintenance of accounting records
　　a） Identify and explain the function of the main
　　data sources in an accounting system.[K]
　　b） Outline the contents and purpose of different
　　types of business documentation, including:
　　quotation, sales order, purchase order, goods
　　received note, goods despatched note, invoice,
　　? ACCA 2014 All rights reserved.
　　statement, credit note, debit note, remittance
　　advice, receipt.[K]
　　c） Understand and apply the concept of doubleentry
　　accounting and the duality concept.[K]
　　d） Understand and apply the accounting
　　equation.[S]
　　e） Understand how the accounting system
　　contributes to providing useful accounting
　　information and complies with organisational
　　policies and deadlines.[K]
　　f） Identify the main types of business transactions
　　e.g. sales, purchases, payments, receipts.[K]
　　2. Ledger accounts, books of prime entry and
　　journals
　　a） Identify the main types of ledger accounts and
　　books of prime entry, and understand their
　　nature and function.[K]
　　b） Understand and illustrate the uses of journals
　　and the posting of journal entries into ledger
　　accounts.[S]
　　c） Identify correct journals from given narrative.[S]
　　d） Illustrate how to balance and close a ledger
　　account.[S]
　　D RECORDING TRANSACTIONS AND EVENTS
　　1. Sales and purchases
　　a） Record sale and purchase transactions in
　　ledger accounts.[S]
　　b） Understand and record sales and purchase
　　returns.[S]
　　c） Understand the general principles of the
　　operation of a sales tax.[K]
　　d） Calculate sales tax on transactions and record
　　the consequent accounting entries.[S]
　　e） Account for discounts allowed and discounts
　　received.[S]
　　2. Cash
　　a） Record cash transactions in ledger accounts.[S]
　　b） Understand the need for a record of petty cash
　　transactions.[K]
　　3. Inventory
　　a） Recognise the need for adjustments for
　　inventory in preparing financial statements.[K]
　　b） Record opening and closing inventory.[S]
　　c） Identify the alternative methods of valuing
　　inventory.[K]
　　d） Understand and apply the IASB requirements
　　for valuing inventories.[S]
　　e） Recognise which costs should be included in
　　valuing inventories.[S]
　　f） Understand the use of continuous and period
　　end inventory records.[K]
　　g） Calculate the value of closing inventory using
　　FIFO （first in, first out） and AVCO （average
　　cost）。[S]
　　h） Understand the impact of accounting concepts
　　on the valuation of inventory.[K]
　　i） Identify the impact of inventory valuation
　　methods on profit and on assets.[S]
　　4. Tangible non-current assets
　　a） Define non-current assets.[K]
　　b） Recognise the difference between current and
　　non-current assets.[K]
　　c） Explain the difference between capital and
　　revenue items. [K]
　　d） Classify expenditure as capital or revenue
　　expenditure.[S]
　　e） Prepare ledger entries to record the acquisition
　　and disposal of non-current assets.[S]
　　? ACCA 2014 All rights reserved.
　　f） Calculate and record profits or losses on
　　disposal of non-current assets in the statement
　　of profit or loss including part exchange
　　transactions.[S]
　　g） Record the revaluation of a non-current asset in
　　ledger accounts, the statement of profit or loss
　　and other comprehensive income and in the
　　statement of financial position.[S]
　　h） Calculate the profit or loss on disposal of a
　　revalued asset.[S]
　　i） Illustrate how non-current asset balances and
　　movements are disclosed in financial
　　statements.[S]
　　j） Explain the purpose and function of an asset
　　register.[K]
　　5. Depreciation
　　a） Understand and explain the purpose of
　　depreciation.[K]
　　b） Calculate the charge for depreciation using
　　straight line and reducing balance methods.[S]
　　c） Identify the circumstances where different
　　methods of depreciation would be
　　appropriate.[K]
　　d） Illustrate how depreciation expense and
　　accumulated depreciation are recorded in
　　ledger accounts.[S]
　　e） Calculate depreciation on a revalued noncurrent
　　asset including the transfer of excess
　　depreciation between the revaluation reserve
　　and retained earnings.[S]
　　f） Calculate the adjustments to depreciation
　　necessary if changes are made in the estimated
　　useful life and/or residual value of a noncurrent
　　asset.[S]
　　g） Record depreciation in the statement of profit
　　or loss and statement of financial position.[S]
　　6. Intangible non-current assets and amortisation
　　a） Recognise the difference between tangible and
　　intangible non-current assets.[K]
　　b） Identify types of intangible assets.[K]
　　c） Identify the definition and treatment of
　　&research costs& and &development costs& in
　　accordance with International Financial
　　Reporting Standards.[K]
　　d） Calculate amounts to be capitalised as
　　development expenditure or to be expensed
　　from given information.[S]
　　e） Explain the purpose of amortisation.[K]
　　f） Calculate and account for the charge for
　　amortisation.[S]
　　7. Accruals and prepayments
　　a） Understand how the matching concept applies
　　to accruals and prepayments.[K]
　　b） Identify and calculate the adjustments needed
　　for accruals and prepayments in preparing
　　financial statements.[S]
　　c） Illustrate the process of adjusting for accruals
　　and prepayments in preparing financial
　　statements.[S]
　　d） Prepare the journal entries and ledger entries
　　for the creation of an accrual or prepayment.[S]
　　e） Understand and identify the impact on profit
　　and net assets of accruals and prepayments.[S]
　　8. Receivables and payables
　　a） Explain and identify examples of receivables
　　and payables.[K]
　　b） Identify the benefits and costs of offering credit
　　facilities to customers.[K]
　　c） Understand the purpose of an aged receivables
　　analysis.[K]
　　d） Understand the purpose of credit limits.[K]]
　　e） Prepare the bookkeeping entries to write off an
　　irrecoverable debt.[S]
　　f） Record an irrecoverable debt recovered.[S]
　　? ACCA 2014 All rights reserved.
　　g） Identify the impact of irrecoverable debts on
　　the statement of profit or loss and on the
　　statement of financial position.[S]
　　h） Prepare the bookkeeping entries to create and
　　adjust an allowance for receivables.[S]
　　i） Illustrate how to include movements in the
　　allowance for receivables in the statement of
　　profit or loss and how the closing balance of
　　the allowance should appear in the statement
　　of financial position.[S]
　　j） Account for contras between trade receivables
　　and payables.[S]
　　k） Prepare, reconcile and understand the purpose
　　of supplier statements.[S]
　　l） Classify items as current or non-current
　　liabilities in the statement of financial
　　position.[S]
　　9. Provisions and contingencies
　　a） Understand the definition of &provision&，
　　&contingent liability& and &contingent asset&。[K]
　　b） Distinguish between and classify items as
　　provisions, contingent liabilities or contingent
　　assets.[K]
　　c） Identify and illustrate the different methods of
　　accounting for provisions, contingent liabilities
　　and contingent assets.[K]
　　d） Calculate provisions and changes in
　　provisions.[S]
　　e） Account for the movement in provisions.[S]
　　f） Report provisions in the final accounts.[S]
　　10. Capital structure and finance costs
　　a） Understand the capital structure of a limited
　　liability company including: [K]
　　i） Ordinary shares
　　ii） Preference shares （redeemable and
　　irredeemable）
　　iii） Loan notes.
　　b） Record movements in the share capital and
　　share premium accounts.[S]
　　c） Identify and record the other reserves which
　　may appear in the company statement of
　　financial position.[S]
　　d） Define a bonus （capitalisation） issue and its
　　advantages and disadvantages.[K]
　　e） Define a rights issue and its advantages and
　　disadvantages.[K]
　　f） Record and show the effects of a bonus
　　（capitalisation） issue in the statement of
　　financial position.[S]
　　g） Record and show the effects of a rights issue in
　　the statement of financial position.[S]
　　h） Record dividends in ledger accounts and the
　　financial statements.[S]
　　i） Calculate and record finance costs in ledger
　　accounts and the financial statements.[S]
　　j） Identify the components of the statement of
　　changes in equity.[K]
　　E PREPARING A TRIAL BALANCE
　　1. Trial balance
　　a） Identify the purpose of a trial balance.[K]
　　b） Extract ledger balances into a trial balance.[S]
　　c） Prepare extracts of an opening trial balance.[S]
　　d） Identify and understand the limitations of a
　　trial balance.[K]
　　2. Correction of errors
　　a） Identify the types of error which may occur in
　　bookkeeping systems.[K]
　　b） Identify errors which would be highlighted by
　　the extraction of a trial balance.[K]
　　c） Prepare journal entries to correct errors.[S]
　　? ACCA 2014 All rights reserved.
　　d） Calculate and understand the impact of errors
　　on the statement of profit or loss and other
　　comprehensive income and statement of
　　financial position.[S]
　　3. Control accounts and reconciliations
　　a） Understand the purpose of control accounts for
　　accounts receivable and accounts payable.[K]
　　b） Understand how control accounts relate to the
　　double-entry system.[K]
　　c） Prepare ledger control accounts from given
　　information.[S]
　　d） Perform control account reconciliations for
　　accounts receivable and accounts payable.[S]
　　e） Identify errors which would be highlighted by
　　performing a control account reconciliation.[K]
　　f） Identify and correct errors in control accounts
　　and ledger accounts.[S]
　　4. Bank reconciliations
　　a） Understand the purpose of bank
　　reconciliations.[K]
　　b） Identify the main reasons for differences
　　between the cash book and the bank
　　statement.[K]
　　c） Correct cash book errors and/or omissions.[S]
　　d） Prepare bank reconciliation statements.[S]
　　e） Derive bank statement and cash book balances
　　from given information.[S]
　　f） Identify the bank balance to be reported in the
　　final accounts.[S]
　　5. Suspense accounts
　　a） Understand the purpose of a suspense
　　account.[K]
　　b） Identify errors leading to the creation of a
　　suspense account.[K]
　　c） Record entries in a suspense account.[S]
　　d） Make journal entries to clear a suspense
　　account.[S]
　　F PREPARING BASIC FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
　　1. Statements of financial position
　　a） Recognise how the accounting equation,
　　accounting treatments as stipulated within
　　sections D, E and examinable documents and
　　business entity convention underlie the
　　statement of financial position.[K]
　　b） Understand the nature of reserves.[K]
　　c） Identify and report reserves in a company
　　statement of financial position.[S]
　　d） Prepare a statement of financial position or
　　extracts as applicable from given information
　　using accounting treatments as stipulated
　　within sections D, E and examinable
　　documents.[S]
　　e） Understand why the heading retained earnings
　　appears in a company statement of financial
　　position.[K]
　　2. Statements of profit or loss and other
　　comprehensive income
　　a） Prepare a statement of profit or loss and other
　　comprehensive income or extracts as
　　applicable from given information using
　　accounting treatments as stipulated within
　　section D, E and examinable documents.[S]
　　b） Understand how accounting concepts apply to
　　revenue and expenses.[K]
　　c） Calculate revenue, cost of sales, gross profit,
　　profit for the year, and total comprehensive
　　income from given information.[S]
　　d） Disclose items of income and expenditure in
　　the statement of profit or loss. [S]
　　e） Record income tax in the statement of profit or
　　loss of a company including the under and
　　overprovision of tax in the prior year.[S]
　　f） Understand the interrelationship between the
　　statement of financial position and the
　　? ACCA 2014 All rights reserved.
　　statement of profit or loss and other
　　comprehensive income. [K]
　　g） Identify items requiring separate disclosure on
　　the face of the statement of profit or loss .[K]
　　3. Disclosure notes
　　a） Explain the purpose of disclosure notes[K]
　　b） Draft the following disclosure notes[S]
　　i） Non current assets including tangible and in
　　tangible assets
　　ii） Provisions
　　iii） Events after the reporting period
　　iv） Inventory
　　4. Events after the reporting period
　　a） Define an event after the reporting period in
　　accordance with International Financial
　　Reporting Standards.[K]
　　b） Classify events as adjusting or non-adjusting.[S]
　　c） Distinguish between how adjusting and nonadjusting
　　events are reported in the financial
　　statements.[K]
　　5 Statements of cash flows （excluding
　　partnerships）
　　a） Differentiate between profit and cash flow.[K]
　　b） Understand the need for management to
　　control cash flow.[K]
　　c） Recognise the benefits and drawbacks to users
　　of the financial statements of a statement of
　　cash flows. [K]
　　d） Classify the effect of transactions on cash
　　flows.[S]
　　e） Calculate the figures needed for the statement
　　of cash flows including:[S]
　　i） Cash flows from operating activities
　　ii） Cash flows from investing activities
　　iii） Cash flows from financing activities
　　f） Calculate the cash flow from operating
　　activities using the indirect and direct
　　method.[S]
　　g） Prepare statements of cash flows and extracts
　　from statements of cash flows from given
　　information.[S]
　　h） Identify the treatment of given transactions in a
　　company&s statement of cash flows.[K]
　　6. Incomplete records
　　a） Understand and apply techniques used in
　　incomplete record situations: [S]
　　i） Use of accounting equation
　　ii） Use of ledger accounts to calculate missing
　　figures
　　iii） Use of cash and/or bank summaries
　　iv） Use of profit percentages to calculate
　　missing figures.
　　G PREPARING SIMPLE CONSOLIDATED
　　FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
　　1. Subsidiaries
　　a） Define and describe the following terms in the
　　context of group accounting: [K]
　　i） Parent
　　ii） Subsidiary
　　iii） Control
　　iv） Consolidated or group financial statements
　　v） Non-controlling interest
　　vi） Trade / simple investment
　　b） Identify subsidiaries within a group structure. [K]
　　c） Describe the components of and prepare a
　　consolidated statement of financial position or
　　extracts thereof including: [S]
　　i） Fair value adjustments at acquisition on
　　land and buildings （excluding depreciation
　　adjustments）
　　ii） Fair value of consideration transferred from
　　cash and shares （excluding deferred and
　　contingent consideration）
　　iii） Elimination of inter-company trading
　　balances （excluding cash and goods in
　　transit）
　　iv） Removal of unrealised profit arising on
　　inter-company trading
　　v） Acquisition of subsidiaries part way through
　　the financial year
　　? ACCA 2014 All rights reserved.
　　d） Calculate goodwill （excluding impairment of
　　goodwill） using the full goodwill method only
　　as follows: [S]
　　Fair value of consideration X
　　Fair value of non-controlling interest X
　　Less fair value of net assets at acquisition （X）
　　Goodwill at acquisition X
　　e） Describe the components of and prepare a
　　consolidated statement of profit or loss and
　　other comprehensive income or extracts thereof
　　including: [S]
　　i） Elimination of inter-company trading
　　balances （excluding cash and goods in
　　transit）
　　ii） Removal of unrealised profit arising on
　　inter-company trading
　　iii） Acquisition of subsidiaries part way through
　　the financial year
　　2. Associates
　　a） Define and identify an associate and significant
　　influence and identify the situations where
　　significant influence or participating interest
　　exists. [K]
　　b） Describe the key features of a parent-associate
　　relationship and be able to identify an
　　associate within a group structure. [K]
　　c） Describe the principle of equity accounting[K]
　　H INTERPRETATION OF FINANCIAL
　　STATEMENTS
　　1. Importance and purpose of analysis of financial
　　statements
　　a） Describe how the interpretation and analysis of
　　financial statements is used in a business
　　environment. [K]
　　b） Explain the purpose of interpretation of ratios[K].
　　2. Ratios
　　a） Calculate key accounting ratios [S]
　　i） Profitability
　　ii） Liquidity
　　iii） Efficiency
　　iv） Position
　　b） Explain the interrelationships between ratios[K]
　　3. Analysis of financial statements
　　a） Calculate and interpret the relationship
　　between the elements of the financial
　　statements with regard to profitability, liquidity,
　　efficient use of resources and financial
　　position[S].
　　b） Draw valid conclusions from the information
　　contained within the financial statements and
　　present these to the appropriate user of the
　　financial statements. [S]
　　? ACCA 2014 All rights reserved.
　　SUMMARY OF CHANGES TO F3/FFA
　　ACCA periodically reviews its qualification syllabuses so that they fully meet the needs of stakeholders including
　　employers, students, regulatory and advisory bodies and learning providers. These syllabus changes are effective
　　from February 2014 and thereafter will be updated on 1st September each year, from September 2015 onwards.
　　F3/FFA is being restructured with effect from February 2014, to introduce longer style questions. The new
　　examination will consist of two sections. Section A will contain 35 two mark objective questions. Section B will
　　contain 2 fifteen mark multi-task questions. These will test consolidations and accounts preparation. The
　　consolidation question could include a small amount of interpretation and the accounts preparation question
　　could be set in the context of a sole trader or a limited company.
　　There are other changes to the syllabus to reflect the latest business and educational developments affecting this
　　paper. These are summarised in the table below.
　　Section and subject area Syllabus content
　　B1 a） changed to refer only to qualitative
　　characteristics as defined in the IASB Conceptual
　　Framework
　　Define, understand and apply qualitative characteristics:[K]
　　i） Relevance
　　ii） Faithful representation
　　iii） Comparability
　　iv） Verifiability
　　v） Timeliness
　　vi） Understandability
　　Old B1 b） has been removed and replaced with a
　　new outcome covering other accounting concepts
　　Define, understand and apply accounting concepts [K]
　　i） Materiality
　　ii） Substance over form
　　iii） Going concern
　　iv） Business entity concept
　　v） Accruals
　　vi） Fair presentation
　　Throughout the study guide, outcomes have been
　　reworded to reflect the updated titles of financial
　　statements per IAS 1 Presentation of Financial
　　Statements. This has affected:
　　C4 g）， C8 g） and i）， E2 d）， F2 and outcomes F2 a），
　　d）， e）， f）， and g） and G1e）
　　&Income statement& has been replaced with &statement of
　　profit or loss& and &statement of comprehensive
　　income& has been replaced with &statement of profit or
　　loss and other comprehensive income&。
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