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本类下载排行From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Microsoft Excel is a
developed by
and . It features calculation, graphing tools, , and a
programming language called . It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has replaced
as the industry standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of .
Main article:
Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets, using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering and financial needs. In addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors for different perspectives (using
and the scenario manager). It has a programming aspect, Visual Basic for Applications, allowing the user to employ a wide variety of numerical methods, for example, for solving differential equations of mathematical physics, and then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet. It also has a variety of interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hide the spreadsheet from the user, so the spreadsheet presents itself as a so-called application, or decision support system (DSS), via a custom-designed user interface, for example, a stock analyzer, or in general, as a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and reports. In a more elaborate realization, an Excel application can automatically poll external databases and measuring instruments using an update schedule, analyze the results, make a
slide show, and e-mail these presentations on a regular basis to a list of participants. Excel was not designed to be used as a database.
Use of a user-defined function sq(x) in Microsoft Excel. The named variables x & y are identified in the Name Manager. The function sq is introduced using the Visual Basic editor supplied with Excel.
Subroutine in Excel calculates the square of named column variable x read from the spreadsheet, and writes it into the named column variable y.
made using Microsoft Excel
Microsoft allows for a number of optional command-line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts.
Main article:
The Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft's
(VBA), which is a dialect of . Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques. Programmers may write code directly using the Visual Basic Editor (VBE), which includes a window for writing code, debugging code, and code module organization environment. The user can implement numerical methods as well as automating tasks such as formatting or data organization in VBA and guide the calculation using any desired intermediate results reported back to the spreadsheet.
VBA was removed from Mac Excel 2008, as the developers did not believe that a timely release would allow porting the VBA engine natively to Mac OS X. VBA was restored in the next version, Mac Excel 2011, although the build lacks support for
objects, impacting some high level developer tools.
A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using the
Recorder. The Macro Recorder records actions of the user and generates VBA code in the form of a macro. These actions can then be repeated automatically by running the macro. The macros can also be linked to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts, a command button or a graphic. The actions in the macro can be executed from these trigger types or from the generic toolbar options. The VBA code of the macro can also be edited in the VBE. Certain features such as loop functions and screen prompts by their own properties, and some graphical display items, cannot be recorded, but must be entered into the VBA module directly by the programmer. Advanced users can employ user prompts to create an interactive program, or react to events such as sheets being loaded or changed.
Macro Recorded code may not be compatible between Excel versions. Some code that is used in Excel 2010 can not be used in Excel 2003. Making a Macro that changes the cell colors and making changes to other aspects of cells may not be backward compatible.
VBA code interacts with the spreadsheet through the Excel Object Model, a vocabulary identifying spreadsheet objects, and a set of supplied functions or methods that enable reading and writing to the spreadsheet and interaction with its users (for example, through custom toolbars or command bars and message boxes). User-created VBA
execute these actions and operate like macros generated using the macro recorder, but are more flexible and efficient.
From its first version Excel supported end user programming of macros (automation of repetitive tasks) and user defined functions (extension of Excel's built-in function library). In early versions of Excel these programs were written in a macro language whose statements had formula syntax and resided in the cells of special purpose macro sheets (stored with file extension .XLM in Windows.) XLM was the default macro language for Excel through Excel 4.0. Beginning with version 5.0 Excel recorded macros in VBA by default but with version 5.0 XLM recording was still allowed as an option. After version 5.0 that option was discontinued. All versions of Excel, including Excel 2010 are capable of running an XLM macro, though Microsoft discourages their use.
Excel supports , , or
generated from specified groups of cells. The generated graphic component can either be embedded within the current sheet, or added as a separate object.
These displays are dynamically updated if the content of cells change. For example, suppose that the important design requirements ar then, in response to a user's change in trial values for parameters, the curves describing the design change shape, and their points of intersection shift, assisting the selection of the best design.
Versions of Excel up to 7.0 had a limitation in the size of their data sets of 16K (214 = 16384) rows. Versions 8.0 through 11.0 could handle 64K (216 = 65536) rows and 256 columns (28 as label 'IV'). Version 12.0 can handle 1M (220 = 1048576) rows, and 16384 (214 as label 'XFD') columns.
Microsoft Excel up until 2007 version used a proprietary binary file format called Excel Binary File Format (.XLS) as its primary format. Excel 2007 uses
as its primary file format, an XML-based format that followed after a previous -based format called "XML Spreadsheet" ("XMLSS"), first introduced in Excel 2002.
Although supporting and encouraging the use of new XML-based formats as replacements, Excel 2007 remained backwards-compatible with the traditional, binary formats. In addition, most versions of Microsoft Excel can read , , , , and other legacy formats. Support for some older file formats was removed in Excel 2007. The file formats were mainly from DOS-based programs.
has created documentation of the Excel format. Since then Microsoft made the Excel binary format specification available to freely download.
Main article:
The XML Spreadsheet format introduced in Excel 2002 is a simple,
based format missing some more advanced features like storage of VBA macros. Though the intended file extension for this format is .xml, the program also correctly handles XML files with .xls extension. This feature is widely used by third-party applications (e.g.
Query Browser) to offer "export to Excel" capabilities without implementing binary file format. The following example will be correctly opened by Excel if saved either as Book1.xml or Book1.xls:
&?xml version="1.0"?&
&Workbook xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:spreadsheet"
xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"
xmlns:x="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:excel"
xmlns:ss="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:spreadsheet"
xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"&
&Worksheet ss:Name="Sheet1"&
&Table ss:ExpandedColumnCount="2" ss:ExpandedRowCount="2" x:FullColumns="1" x:FullRows="1"&
&Cell&&Data ss:Type="String"&Name&/Data&&/Cell&
&Cell&&Data ss:Type="String"&Example&/Data&&/Cell&
&Cell&&Data ss:Type="String"&Value&/Data&&/Cell&
&Cell&&Data ss:Type="Number"&123&/Data&&/Cell&
&/Worksheet&
&/Workbook&
Main article:
Microsoft Excel 2007, along with the other products in the
suite, introduced new file formats. The first of these (.xlsx) is defined in the
(OOXML) specification.
New Excel 2007 formats
Description
Excel Workbook
The default Excel 2007 and later workbook format. In reality a
compressed archive with a directory structure of
text documents. Functions as the primary replacement for the former binary .xls format, although it does not support Excel macros for security reasons.
Excel Macro-enabled Workbook
As Excel Workbook, but with macro support.
Excel Binary Workbook
As Excel Macro-enabled Workbook, but storing information in binary form rather than XML documents for opening and saving documents more quickly and efficiently. Intended especially for very large documents with tens of thousands of rows, and/or several hundreds of columns.
Excel Macro-enabled Template
A template document that forms a basis for actual workbooks, with macro support. The replacement for the old .xlt format.
Excel Add-in
Excel add-in to add extra functionality and tools. Inherent macro support because of the file purpose.
Description
Main spreadsheet format which holds data in worksheets, charts, and macros
written in
The file extension where Microsoft Excel custom toolbar settings are stored.
A chart created with data from a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that only saves the chart. To save the chart and spreadsheet save as .XLS. XLC is not supported in Excel 2007 or in any newer versions of Excel.
Used in older versions of Excel.
A backup of an Excel Spreadsheet
Add-in (DLL)
written in /, , , etc. and compiled in to a special
A macro is created by the user or pre-installed with Excel.
A pre-formatted spreadsheet created by the user or by Microsoft Excel.
A module is written in VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) for Microsoft Excel
Code written in VBA may access functions in a DLL, typically this is used to access the Windows API
Arrangement of the windows of multiple Workbooks
Windows applications such as
and , as well as Excel can communicate with each other and use each other's capabilities. The most common are : although strongly deprecated by Microsoft, this is a common method to send data between applications running on Windows, with official MS publications referring to it as "the protocol from hell". As the name suggests, it allows applications to supply data to others for calculation and display. It is very common in financial markets, being used to connect to important financial data services such as
Object Linking and Embedding: allows a Windows application to control another to enable it to format or calculate data. This may take on the form of "embedding" where an application uses another to handle a task that it is more suited to, for example a
presentation may be embedded in an Excel spreadsheet or vice versa.
Excel users can access external
via Microsoft Office features such as (for example) .odc connections built with the Office Data Connection file format. Excel files themselves may be updated using a Microsoft supplied
Excel can accept data in real time through several programming interfaces, which allow it to communicate with many data sources such as Bloomberg and Reuters (through addins such as ).
DDE : "Dynamic Data Exchange" uses the message passing mechanism in Windows to allow data to flow between Excel and other applications. Although it is easy for users to create such links, programming such links reliably is so difficult that Microsoft, the creators of the system, officially refer to it as "the protocol from hell". In spite of its many issues DDE remains the most common way for data to reach traders in financial markets.
Network DDE Extended the protocol to allow spreadsheets on different computers to exchange data. Starting with Windows Vista, Microsoft no longer supports the facility.
Real Time Data : RTD although in many ways technically superior to DDE, has been slow to gain acceptance, since it requires non-trivial programming skills, and when first released was neither adequately documented nor supported by the major data vendors.
Alternatively,
browsing within Microsoft Excel.
Programmers have produced
to open Excel spreadsheets in a variety of applications and environments other than Microsoft Excel. These include opening Excel documents on the web using either
controls, or plugins like the . The
project provides
libraries for reading and writing Excel spreadsheet files.
is another open-source project that provides server-side generation of Microsoft Excel 2007 spreadsheets.
is a PHP library that converts Excel5, Excel 2003, and Excel 2007 formats into objects for reading and writing within a web application.
is a current
developer tool that can enhance Excel's capabilities. Excel spreadsheets can be accessed from
can open Excel spreadsheets from JS.
Main article:
Microsoft Excel protection offers several types of passwords:
Password to open a document
Password to modify a document
Password to unprotect worksheet
Password to protect workbook
Password to protect the sharing workbook
All passwords except password to open a document can be removed instantly regardless of Microsoft Excel version used to create the document. These types of passwords are used primarily for shared work on a document. Such password-protected documents are not , and a
from a set password is saved in a document’s . Password to protect workbook is an exception – when it is set, a document is encrypted with the standard password “VelvetSweatshop”, but since it is known to public, it actually does not add any extra protection to the document. The only type of password that can prevent a trespasser from gaining access to a document is password to open a document. The cryptographic strength of this kind of protection depends strongly on the Microsoft Excel version that was used to create the document.
In Microsoft Excel 95 and earlier versions, password to open is converted to a 16-bit
that can be instantly cracked. In Excel 97/2000 the password is converted to a 40-bit key, which can also be cracked very quickly using modern equipment. As regards services which use
(e.g. ), it takes up to several seconds to remove protection. In addition, password-cracking programs can
passwords at a rate of hundreds of thousands of passwords a second, which not only lets them decrypt a document, but also find the original password.
In Excel 2003/XP the encryption is slightly better – a user can choose any encryption algorithm that is available in the system (see ). Due to the CSP, an Excel file can't be decrypted, and thus the password to open can't be removed, though the brute-force attack speed remains quite high. Nevertheless, the older Excel 97/2000 algorithm is set by the default. Therefore, users who did not changed the default settings lack reliable protection of their documents.
The situation changed fundamentally in Excel 2007, where the modern
algorithm with a key of 128 bits started being used for decryption, and a 50,000-fold use of the hash function
reduced the speed of brute-force attacks down to hundreds of passwords per second. In Excel 2010, the strength of the protection by the default was increased two times due to the use of a 100,000-fold SHA1 to convert a password to a key.
Microsoft Excel Viewer is a freeware program for viewing and printing spreadsheet documents created by Excel. Excel Viewer is similar to
in functionality. (There is not a current version for the .) Excel Viewer is available for
, such as the . It is also possible to open excel files using certain online tools and services. Online excel viewers do not require users to have Microsoft Excel installed.
Further information:
Other errors specific to Excel include , ,
and the Excel 2007 error.
The accuracy and convenience of statistical tools in Excel has been criticized, as mishandling missing data, as returning incorrect values due to inept handling of round-off and large numbers, as only selectively updating calculations on a spreadsheet when some cell values are changed, and as having a limited set of statistical tools. Microsoft has announced some of these issues are addressed in Excel 2010.
Excel has issues with . In the case of excessively large results, Excel will return the error warning #NUM! instead of an answer.
Excel includes February 29, 1900, incorrectly treating 1900 as a , even though e.g. 2100 is correctly treated as a regular year. The bug originated from
(deliberated implemented to save computer memory), and was also purposely implemented in Excel, for the purpose of . This legacy has later been carried over into
file format.
Thus a (not necessarily whole) number greater than or equal to 61 interpreted as a date and time is the (real) number of days after December 30, , a non-negative number less than 60 is the number of days after December 31, , and numbers with whole part 60 represent the fictional day.
Excel supports dates with years in the range , except that December 31, 1899 can be entered as 0 and is displayed as 0-jan-1900.
Converting a fraction of a day into hours, minutes and days by treating it as a moment on the day January 1, 1900, does not work for a negative fraction.
Entering text that happens to be in a form that is interpreted as a date, the text can be unintentionally changed to a standard date format. A similar problem occurs when a text happens to be in the form of a floating point notation of a number. In these cases the original exact text cannot be recovered from the result. In the case of entering
this is a well known problem in the analysis of , for example in . The problem was first described in 2004.
Microsoft Excel will not open two documents with the same name and instead will display the following error:
A document with the name '%s' is already open. You cannot open two documents with the same name, even if the documents are in different folders. To open the second document, either close the document that is currently open, or rename one of the documents.
The reason is for calculation ambiguity with linked cells. If there is a cell ='[Book1.xlsx]Sheet1'!$G$33, and there are two books named "Book1" open, there is no way to tell which one the user means.
Main article:
Excel maintains 15 figures in its numbers, but they are not always accurate: the bottom line should be the same as the top line.
Despite the use of 15-figure precision, Excel can display many more figures (up to thirty) upon user request. But the displayed figures are not those actually used in its computations, and so, for example, the difference of two numbers may differ from the difference of their displayed values. Although such departures are usually beyond the 15th decimal, exceptions do occur, especially for very large or very small numbers. Serious errors can occur if decisions are made based upon automated comparisons of numbers (for example, using the Excel If function), as equality of two numbers can be unpredictable.[]
In the figure the fraction 1/9000 is displayed in Excel. Although this number has a decimal representation that is an infinite string of ones, Excel displays only the leading 15 figures. In the second line, the number one is added to the fraction, and again Excel displays only 15 figures. In the third line, one is subtracted from the sum using Excel. Because the sum in the second line has only eleven 1's after the decimal, the difference when 1 is subtracted from this displayed value is three 0's followed by a string of eleven 1's. However, the difference reported by Excel in the third line is three 0's followed by a string of thirteen 1's and two extra erroneous digits. This is because Excel calculates with about half a digit more than it displays.
Excel works with a modified 1985 version of the . Excel's implementation involves conversions between binary and decimal representations, leading to accuracy that is on average better than one would expect from simple fifteen digit precision, but that can be worse. See the main article for details.
Besides accuracy in user computations, the question of accuracy in Excel-provided functions may be raised. Particularly in the arena of statistical functions, Excel has been criticized for sacrificing accuracy for speed of calculation.
As many calculations in Excel are executed using , an additional issue is the accuracy of VBA, which varies with variable type and user-requested precision.
In 2004 scientists reported automatic (and inadvertent) conversion of
into dates. A followup study in 2016 found many
papers had been affected and that "Of the selected journals, the proportion of published articles with Excel files containing gene lists that are affected by gene name errors is 19.6 %. Excel parses the copied and pasted data and sometimes changes them depending on what it thinks they are. For example,
gets converted to the date March 1 (1-Mar) and
is converted into September 2 (2-Sep) etc. While some secondary news sources reported this as a fault with Excel, the original authors of the 2016 paper placed the blame with the researchers mis-using Excel.
Microsoft originally marketed a spreadsheet program called
in 1982. Multiplan became very popular on
systems, but on
systems it lost popularity to . Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Macintosh on September 30, 1985, and the first Windows version was 2.05 (to synchronize with the Macintosh version 2.2) in November 1987. Lotus was slow to bring 1-2-3 to Windows and by 1988 Excel had started to outsell 1-2-3 and helped Microsoft achieve the position of leading PC software developer. This accomplishment, dethroning the king of the software world, solidified Microsoft as a valid competitor and showed its future of developing
software. Microsoft pushed its advantage with regular new releases, every two years or so.
Excel 2.0 is the first version of Excel for
platform. There never was an Excel 1.0 for DOS or Windows.
The first Windows version was labeled "2" to correspond to the Mac version. This included a run-time version of Windows.
in 1989 listed Excel for Windows as among the "Distinction" winners of the BYTE Awards. The magazine stated that the port of the "extraordinary" Macintosh version "shines", with a user interface as good as or better than the original.
Included toolbars, drawing capabilities, outlining, add-in support, 3D charts, and many more new features.
Introduced auto-fill.
in Excel 4.0 reveals a hidden animation of a dancing set of numbers 1 through 3, representing Lotus 1-2-3, which was then crushed by an Excel logo.
With version 5.0, Excel has included
(VBA), a programming language based on
which adds the ability to automate tasks in Excel and to provide
(UDF) for use in worksheets. VBA is a powerful addition to the application and includes a fully featured
recording can produce VBA code replicating user actions, thus allowing simple automation of regular tasks. VBA allows the creation of forms and in-worksheet controls to communicate with the user. The language supports use (but not creation) of
() 's; later versions add support for class modules allowing the use of basic
techniques.
The automation functionality provided by VBA made Excel a target for . This caused serious problems until antivirus products began to detect these viruses.
belatedly took steps to prevent the misuse by adding the ability to disable macros completely, to enable macros when opening a workbook or to trust all macros signed using a trusted certificate.
Versions 5.0 to 9.0 of Excel contain various , including a "Hall of Tortured Souls", although since version 10
has taken measures to eliminate such undocumented features from their products.
Microsoft Excel 95
Released in 1995 with , this is the first major version after Excel 5.0, as there is no Excel 6.0.
Internal rewrite to 32-bits. Almost no external changes, but faster and more stable.
Included in
(for x86 and Alpha). This was a major upgrade that introduced the paper clip office assistant and featured standard VBA used instead of internal Excel Basic. It introduced the now-removed Natural Language labels.
This version of Excel includes a flight simulator as an .
Microsoft Excel 2000
Included in . This was a minor upgrade, but introduced the upgrade to the clipboard where it can hold multiple objects at once. The Office Assistant, whose frequent unsolicited appearance in Excel 97 had annoyed many users, became less intrusive.
Included in . Very minor enhancements.
Included in . Minor enhancements, most significant being the new Tables.
Microsoft Excel 2007
Included in . This release was a major upgrade from the previous version. Similar to other updated Office products, Excel in 2007 used the new
menu system. This was different from what users were used to, and was met with mixed reactions. One study reported fairly good acceptance by users except highly experienced users and users of word processing applications with a classical , but was less convinced in terms of efficiency and organisation. However, an online survey reported that a majority of respondents had a negative opinion of the change, with advanced users being "somewhat more negative" than intermediate users, and users reporting a
reduction in productivity.
Added functionality included the
set of editable business diagrams. Also added was an improved management of named variables through the Name Manager, and much improved flexibility in formatting graphs, which allow (x, y) coordinate labeling and lines of arbitrary weight. Several improvements to pivot tables were introduced.
Also like other office products, the
file formats were introduced, including .xlsm for a workbook with macros and .xlsx for a workbook without macros.
Specifically, many of the size limitations of previous versions were greatly increased. To illustrate, the number of rows was now 1,048,576 (220) and columns was 16,384 (214; the far-right column is XFD). This changes what is a valid A1 reference versus a named range. This version made more extensive use of multiple cores for the calcula however, VBA macros are not handled in parallel and XLL add-ins were only executed in parallel if they were
and this was indicated at registration.
Microsoft Excel 2010 running on Windows 7
Included in , this is the next major version after v12.0, as version .
Minor enhancements and 64-bit support, including the following:
Multi-threading recalculation (MTR) for commonly used functions
Improved pivot tables
More conditional formatting options
Additional image editing capabilities
In-cell charts called sparklines
Ability to preview before pasting
Office 2010 backstage feature for document-related tasks
Ability to customize the Ribbon
Many new formulas, most highly specialized to improve accuracy
Included in , along with a lot of new tools included in this release:
Improved Multi-threading and Memory Contention
Power View
PowerPivot
Timeline Slicer
Windows App
50 new functions
Included in , along with a lot of new tools included in this release:
Power Query integration
Read-only mode for Excel
Keyboard access for Pivot Tables and Slicers in Excel
New Chart Types
Quick data linking in Visio
Excel forecasting functions
Support for multi-selection of Slicer items using touch
Time grouping and Pivot Chart Drill Down
Excel data cards
Microsoft Excel for Mac 2011
1985 Excel 1.0
1988 Excel 1.5
1989 Excel 2.2
1990 Excel 3.0
1992 Excel 4.0
1993 Excel 5.0 (part of Office 4.X—Motorola 68000 version and first PowerPC version)
1998 Excel 8.0 (part of )
2000 Excel 9.0 (part of )
2001 Excel 10.0 (part of )
2004 Excel 11.0 (part of )
2008 Excel 12.0 (part of )
2011 Excel 14.0 (part of )
2015 Excel 15.0 (part of )
Office 2016 for Mac brings the Mac version much closer to parity with its Windows cousin, harmonising many of the reporting and high-level developer functions, while bringing the ribbon and styling into line with its PC counterpart.
1989 Excel 2.2
1990 Excel 2.3
1991 Excel 3.0
Old version
Older version, still supported
Current stable version
Latest preview version
Future release
Microsoft Excel for Windows release history
Old version, no longer supported: 2.0
Renumbered to 2 to correspond with contemporary Macintosh version
Old version, no longer supported: 3.0
Added 3D graphing capabilities
Old version, no longer supported: 4.0
Introduced auto-fill feature
Old version, no longer supported: 5.0
Included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) and various object-oriented options
Old version, no longer supported: 7.0
Renumbered for contemporary Word version. Both programs were packaged in Microsoft Office by this time.
Old version, no longer supported: 8.0
Excel 2000
Old version, no longer supported: 9.0
Part of Microsoft Office 2000, which was itself part of Windows Millennium (also known as "Windows ME").
Excel 2002
Old version, no longer supported: 10.0
Excel 2003
Old version, no longer supported: 11.0
Released only 1 year later to correspond better with the rest of Microsoft Office (Word, PowerPoint, etc.).
Excel 2007
Older version, yet still supported: 12.0
Excel 2010
Older version, yet still supported: 14.0
Due to superstitions surrounding the number 13, Excel 13 was skipped in version counting.
Excel 2013
Older version, yet still supported: 15.0
Introduced 50 more
(available as pre-packaged commands, rather than typing the formula manually).
Excel 2016
Current stable version: 16.0
Microsoft Excel for Macintosh release history
Old version, no longer supported: 1.0
Initial version of Excel
Old version, no longer supported: 1.5
Old version, no longer supported: 2.2
Old version, no longer supported: 3.0
Old version, no longer supported: 4.0
Old version, no longer supported: 5.0
Only available on PowerPC-based Macs. First PowerPC version.
Old version, no longer supported: 8.0
Excel 6 and Excel 7 were skipped to correspond with the rest of Microsoft Office at the time.
Excel 2000
Old version, no longer supported: 9.0
Excel 2001
Old version, no longer supported: 10.0
Excel 2004
Old version, no longer supported: 11.0
Excel 2008
Old version, no longer supported: 12.0
Excel 2011
Older version, yet still supported: 14.0
As with the Windows version, version 13 was skipped for superstitious reasons.
Excel 2016
Current stable version: 16.0
As with the rest of Microsoft Office, so it is for Excel: Future release dates for the Macintosh version are intended to correspond better to those for the Windows version, from 2016 onward.
Microsoft Excel for OS/2 release history
Old version, no longer supported: 2.2
Numbered in between Windows versions at the time
Old version, no longer supported: 2.3
Old version, no longer supported: 3.0
Last OS/2 version. Discontinued subseries of Microsoft Excel, which is otherwise still an actively developed program.
Excel offers many
tweaks over the earliest ele however, the essence remains the same as in the original spreadsheet software, : the program displays cells organized in rows and columns, and each cell may contain data or a formula, with relative or absolute references to other cells.
Excel 2.0 for Windows, which was modeled after its Mac GUI-based counterpart, indirectly expanded the installed base of the then-nascent Windows environment. Excel 2.0 was released a month before Windows 2.0, and the installed base of Windows was so low at that point in 1987 that Microsoft had to bundle a run-time version of Windows 1.0 with Excel 2.0. Unlike Microsoft Word, there never was a DOS version of Excel.
Excel became the first spreadsheet to allow the user to define the appearance of spreadsheets (fonts, character attributes and cell appearance). It also introduced intelligent cell recomputation, where only cells dependent on the cell being modified are updated (previous spreadsheet programs recomputed everything all the time or waited for a specific user command). Excel introduced auto-fill, the ability to drag and expand the selection box to automatically copy cell or row contents to adjacent cells or rows, adjusting the copies intelligently by automatically incrementing cell references or contents. Excel also introduced extensive graphing capabilities.
Because Excel is widely used, it has been attacked by hackers. While Excel is not directly exposed to the Internet, if an attacker can get a victim to open a file in Excel, and there is an appropriate security bug in Excel, then the attacker can get control of the victim's computer. UK's
has a tool named TORNADO ALLEY with this purpose.
equivalent
. Microsoft. July 12, .
Harvey, Greg (2006). . Wiley.  .
Harvey, Greg (2007).
(2nd ed.). Wiley. p. 296 ff.  .
de Levie, Robert (2004). . Oxford University Press.  .
Bourg, David M. (2006). . O'Reilly.  .
?eref, Michelle M. H. & Ahuja, Ravindra K. (2008). "§4.2 A portfolio management and optimization spreadsheet DSS". In Burstein, Frad & Holsapple, Clyde W. . Springer.  .
Wells, Eric & Harshbarger, Steve (1997). . Microsoft Press.  . Excellent examples are developed that show just how applications can be designed.
Harnett, Donald L. & Horrell, James F. (1998). . Wiley.  .
?eref, Michelle M. H.; Ahuja, Ravindra K. & Winston, Wayne L. (2007). . Dynamic Ideas.  .
Some form of
hardware is required. See, for example, Austerlitz, Howard (2003).
(2nd ed.). Academic Press. p. 281 ff.  .
. Microsoft Help and Support. Microsoft Support. May 7, . Microsoft Excel accepts a number of optional switches that you can use to control how the program starts. This article lists the switches and provides a description of each switch.
For example, by converting to Visual Basic the recipes in Press, William H. P Teukolsky, Saul A.; Vetterling, William T. & Flannery, Brian P. (2007).
(3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.  . Code conversion to Basic from Fortran probably is easier than from C++, so the 2nd edition () may be easier to use, or the Basic code implementation of the first edition: Sprott, Julien C. (1991). . Cambridge University Press.  .
. Office for Mac.
However an increasing proportion of Excel functionality is not captured by the Macro Recorder leading to largely useless macros. Compatibility among multiple versions of Excel are also a downfall of this method. A macro recorded in Excel 2010 may not work in Excel 2003 or older. This is most common when changing colors and formatting of cells. Walkenbach, John (2007). "Chapter 6: Using the Excel macro recorder".
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