coke是什么意思_百度知道
coke是什么意思
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焦炭；用麻药使…麻醉短语coke charge 层焦 ？2? 你为什么喜欢可乐; 焦料coke drum 焦炭鼓 ；可卡因. 成焦炭：1；可口可乐（Coca-Cola） 铸造焦炭相关例句. 焦化vt.Why do you like Coke.
3; 高炉焦炭 ; 焦炭塔furnace coke 高炉焦 ; 冶金焦炭 .Jim often laces a glass of Coke with beer.She quenched her thirst with a glass of Coke.
她喝了一杯可乐解渴coken
coke[英][kəʊk][美][koʊk]n.焦炭，焦煤; vt.& vi.转化或者被转化为焦炭; 第三人称单数：cokes过去分词：coked复数：cokes现在进行时：coking过去式：coked双语例句：1.Could you send up a coke and a salad? 可以送一杯可乐和一份色拉吗？2.Mr coke could spread the fighting through his ties to other gangs. 科克先生同样能通过他与其它帮派的关系来扩大冲突。3.Would you like to drink diet coke? 你喜欢喝无糖可乐吗？
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This article is about fuel coke derived from coal.
For fuel coke derived from petroleum, see .
For other uses, see .
Coke is a fuel with few impurities and a high
content, usually made from . It is the solid
material derived from
of low-ash, low-sulfur . Cokes made from coal are grey, hard, and . While coke can be formed naturally, the commonly used form is man-made. The form known as , or pet coke, is derived from oil refinery coker units or other cracking processes.
Historical sources dating to the 4th century describe the production of coke in ancient . The Chinese first used coke for heating and cooking no later than the ninth century.[] By the first decades of the eleventh century, Chinese ironworkers in the
valley began to fuel their furnaces with coke, solving their fuel problem in that tree-sparse region.
In 1589 a patent was granted to Thomas Proctor and William Peterson for making iron and steel and melting lead with "earth-coal, sea-coal, turf, and peat". The patent contains a distinct allusion to the preparation of coal by "cooking". In 1590 a patent was granted to the
to "purify pit-coal and free it from its offensive smell". In 1620 a patent was granted to a company composed of William St. John and other knights, mentioning the use of coke in smelting ores and manufacturing metals. In 1627 a patent was granted to Sir John Hacket and Octavius de Strada for a method of rendering sea-coal and pit-coal as useful as charcoal for burning in houses, without offense by smell or smoke.
suggested that coal might be charred in a manner analogous to the way
is produced from wood. This process was not put into practice until 1642, when coke was us previously, brewers had used wood, as uncoked coal cannot be used in brewing because its sulfurous fumes would impart a foul taste to the . It was considered an improvement in quality, and brought about an "alteration which all England admired"—the coke process allowed for a lighter roast of the malt, leading to the creation of what by the end of the 17th century was called .
established a coke-fired
to produce . Coke's superior crushing strength allowed blast furnaces to become taller and larger. The ensuing availability of inexpensive
was one of the factors leading to the . Before this time, iron-making used large quantities of charcoal, produced by burning wood. As forests dwindled dangerously, the substitution of coke for charcoal became common in Great Britain, and the coke was manufactured by burning coal in heaps on the ground in such a way that only the outer layer burned, leaving the interior of the pile in a carbonized state. In the late 19th century, brick beehive ovens were developed, which allowed more control over the burning process.
built a more practical oven for converting coal into coke. Wilkinson improved the process by building the coal heaps around a low central chimney built of loose bricks and with openings for the combustion gases to enter, resulting in a higher yield of better coke. With greater skill in the firing, covering and quenching of the heaps, yields were increased from about 33 per cent to 65 per cent by the middle of the 19th century. The Scottish iron industry expanded very rapidly in the second quarter of the 19th century, through the adoption of the hot-blast process in its coalfields.
In 1802 a battery of beehives was set up near Sheffield, to coke the Silkstone seam for use in crucible steel melting. By 1870, there were 14,000 beehive ovens in operation on the West Durham coalfields, capable of producing 4.2 million tons of coke. As a measure of the extent of the expansion of coke-making, it has been estimated that the requirements of the iron industry were about one million tons a year in the early 1850s, whereas by 1880 the figure had risen to seven millions, of which about 5 millions were produced in Durham county, one million tons in the South Wales coalfield, and 1 million tons in Yorkshire and Derbyshire.
In the first years of , coke was the normal fuel. This resulted from an early piece of envir any proposed locomotive had to "consume its own smoke". This was not technically possible to achieve until the
came into use, but burning coke, with its low smoke emissions, was considered to meet the requirement. However, this rule was quietly dropped and cheaper coal became the normal fuel, as railways gained acceptance among the general public.
Illustration of coal mining and coke burning from 1879.
Coal coking ovens at Cokedale, west of , supplied steel mills in .
In the United States, the first use of coke in an iron furnace occurred around 1817 at Isaac Meason's Plumsock puddling furnace and rolling mill in Fayette County. In the late 19th century, the
provided a rich source of raw material for coking. In 1885, the Rochester and Pittsburgh Coal and Iron Company constructed the world's longest string of coke ovens in Walston, Pennsylvania, with 475 ovens over a length of 2 km (1.25 miles). Their output reached 22,000 tons per month. The
in , were listed on the
Between 1870 and 1905, the number of beehive ovens in the United States skyrocketed from about 200 to almost 31,000, which produced nearly 18 million tons of coke in the Pittsburgh area alone. One observer boasted that if loaded into a train, “the year's production would make up a train so long that the engine in front of it would go to San Francisco and come back to Connellsville before the caboose had gotten started out of the Connellsville yards!” The number of beehive ovens in Pittsburgh peaked in 1910 at almost 48,000.
Although it made a top-quality fuel, coking poisoned the surrounding landscape. After 1900, the serious environmental damage of beehive coking attracted national notice, even though the damage had plagued the district for decades. “The smoke and gas from some ovens destroy all vegetation around the small mining communities,” noted W. J. Lauck of the U.S. Immigration Commission in 1911. Passing through the region on train, University of Wisconsin president Charles van Hise saw “long rows of beehive ovens from which flame is bursting and dense clouds of smoke issuing, making the sky dark. By night the scene is rendered indescribably vivid by these numerous burning pits. The beehive ovens make the entire region of coke manufacture one of dulled sky: cheerless and unhealthful."
Coke oven at
plant, , South , 1976
Volatile constituents of the —including , , and —are driven off by baking in an airless furnace or oven () at temperatures as high as 2,000 °C (3,600 °F) but usually around 1,000–1,100 °C (1,800–2,000 °F). This fuses together the
and residual ash. Some facilities have "by-product" coking ovens in which the volatile hydrocarbons are mainly used, after purification, in a separate combustion process to generate energy. Non by-product coking furnaces or coke furnaces (ovens) burn the hydrocarbon gases produced by the coke-making process to drive the
process. This is an older method, but is still being used for new construction.
Bituminous coal must meet a set of criteria for use as coking coal, determined by particular
techniques. These include moisture content, ash content,
content, volatile content, , and . This blending is targeted at producing a coke of appropriate strength (generally measured by
(CSR)), while losing an appropriate amount of mass. Other blending considerations include ensuring the coke doesn't swell too much during production and destroy the coke oven through excessive wall pressures.
The greater the volatile matter in coal, the more by-product can be produced. It is generally considered that levels of 26-29% of volatile matter in the coal blend are good for coking purposes. Thus different types of coal are proportionally blended to reach acceptable levels of volatility before the coking process begins.
Coking coal is different from thermal coal, but it differs not by the coal forming process. Coking coal have different
from thermal coal that compose the coal. This Macerals is driven by source of material that compose the coal. However, the coke is of wildly varying strength and ash content and is generally considered unsellable except in some cases as a thermal product. As it has lost its volatile matter, it has lost the ability to be coked again.
The “Hearth” process of coke-making, using lump coal, was akin to that of charcoal- instead of a heap of prepared wood, covered with twigs, leaves and earth, there was a heap of coals, covered with coke dust. The hearth process continued to be used in many areas during the first half of the 19th century, but two events greatly lessened its importance. These were the invention of the hot blast in iron-smelting and the introduction of the beehive coke oven. The use of a blast of hot air, instead of cold air, in the smelting furnace was first introduced by Neilson in Scotland in the year 1828. The hearth process of making coke from coal is a very lengthy process.
Main article:
A fire brick chamber shaped like a dome is used, commonly known as a beehive oven. It is typically between 4 meters wide and 2.5 meters high. The roof has a hole for charging the coal or other kindling from the top. The discharging hole is provided in the circumference of the lower part of the wall. In a coke oven battery, a number of ovens are built in a row with common walls between neighboring ovens. A battery consisted of a great many ovens, sometimes hundreds, in a row.
Coal is introduced from the top to produce an even layer of about 60 to 90 centimeters deep. Air is supplied initially to ignite the coal. Carbonization starts and produces volatile matter, which burns inside the partially closed side door. Carbonization proceeds from top to bottom and is completed in two to three days. Heat is supplied by the burning volatile matter so no by-products are recovered. The exhaust gases are allowed to escape to the atmosphere. The hot coke is quenched with water and discharged, manually through the side door. The walls and roof retain enough heat to initiate carbonization of the next charge.
When coal was burned in a coke oven, the impurities of the coal not already driven off as gases accumulated to form slag, which was effectively a conglomeration of the removed impurities. Since it was not the desired coke product, slag was initially nothing more than an unwanted by-product and was discarded. Later, however, it was found to have many beneficial uses and has since been used as an ingredient in brick-making, mixed cement, granule-covered shingles, and even as a fertilizer.
Coke is used as a
in a . The carbon monoxide produced by its combustion reduces
() in the production of the
Since -producing constituents are driven off during the coking of coal, coke forms a desirable fuel for
in which conditions are not suitable for the complete burning of
itself. Coke may be combusted producing little or no smoke, while bituminous coal would produce much smoke.
Discovered by accident to have superior
properties when combined with other materials, coke was one of the materials used in the heat shielding on 's . In its final form, this material was called . This material has been used most recently as the heat shielding on the
vehicle. Although not used for modern day , NASA had been planning to use coke and other materials for the heat shield for its next generation space craft, named .[]
Coke was widely used as a substitute for coal in domestic heating following the creation of
in the United Kingdom.
distillery in
roasted malt barley for use in their
burning a mixture of coke and .
The white rot fungus
can remove up to 80% of
waste water.
Coke may be used to make synthesis gas, a mixture of
; : a mixture of
and , made by passing steam over red-hot coke (or any carbon-based char)
; ; ; : a mixture of , , and , made by passing air over red-hot coke (or any carbon-based char)
of the Great Lakes Steel Corporation, . Coal tower atop coke ovens. November 1942.
of coke is typically around 0.77. It is highly .
The most important properties of coke are ash and sulfur content, which are linearly dependent on the coal used for production. Coke with less ash and sulfur content is highly priced on the market. Other important characteristics are the M10, M25, and M40 test crush indexes, which convey the strength of coke during transportation int depending on blast furnaces size, finely crushed coke pieces must not be allowed into the blast furnaces because they would impede the flow of gas through the charge of iron and coke. A related characteristic is the
(CSR) it represents coke's ability to withstand the violent conditions inside the blast furnace before turning into fine particles.
The water content in coke is practically zero at the end of the coking process, but it is often water quenched so that it can be transported to the blast furnaces. The porous structure of coke absorbs some water, usually 3-6% of its mass. In more modern coke plants an advanced method of coke cooling uses air quenching.
Bituminous coal must meet a set of criteria for use as coking coal, determined by particular
techniques. See .
(ICC) in , , .
The solid residue remaining from refinement of
by the "" process is also a form of coke.
has many uses besides being a fuel, such as the manufacture of
Gas works manufacturing
also produce coke as an end product, called gas house coke.
Fluid coking is a process which converts heavy residual crude into lighter products such as , , , and
gases. The "fluid" term refers to the fact that coke particles are in a continuous system versus older batch-coking technology.
, made from wood rather than coal
- Petroleum coke
Wikimedia Commons has media related to .
. Brill Archive. p. 55. GGKEY:DN6SZTCNQ3G 2013. Historic sources mention the use of coke in the fourth century AD
McNeil, William H. The Pursuit of Power. University of Chicago Press, 1982, pp. 26, 33, and 45.
. Coal and Coke Heritage Center. Penn State Fayette, The Eberly Campus 2013.
Peckham, Stephen (1880). Special Reports on Petroleum, Coke, and Building Stones. United States Census Office. 10th census. p. 53.
Nersesian, Roy L (2010). "Coal and the Industrial Revolution". Energy for the 21st century (2 ed.). Armonk, NY: Sharpe. p. 98.  .
Cooper, Eileen Mountjoy. . Special Collections & Archives: Coal Dust, The Early Mining Industry of Indiana County. Indiana University of Pennsylvania.
Wittcoff, M.M. Green ; H.A. (2003). Organic chemistry principles and industrial practice (1. ed., 1. reprint. ed.). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.  .
Beaver, S.H. (1951). . Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers. The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers (17): 133–148.
8 & 9 Vict. cap. 20 (Railway Clauses Consolidation Act, 1845) section 114
DiCiccio, Carmen. Coal and Coke in Pennsylvania. Harrisburg, PA: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.
A subsidiary of the .
. National Register of Historic Places. . .
Eavenson, Howard N. (1942). The First Century and a Quarter of American Coal Industry. Pittsburgh, PA: Waverly Press.
Warren, Kenneth (2001). Wealth, Waste, and Alienation: Growth and Decline in the Connellsville Coke Industry. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh.
Martin, Scott C. Killing Time: Leisure and Culture in Southwestern Pennsylvania, . Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
. World Coal Association.
. Pathoftheoldminer.
. The Friends of the Cumberland Trail.
: Highland Park: Where the peat still reeks in the old way
Lu, Y; Yan, L; Wang, Y; Zhou, S; Fu, J; Zhang, J (2009). "Biodegradation of phenolic compounds from coking wastewater by immobilized white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium". Journal of Hazardous Materials 165 (1-3): 1091–7. :.  . 
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