双语揭秘：喝酒为什么习惯碰杯(图)_新浪教育_新浪网
双语揭秘：喝酒为什么习惯碰杯(图)
喝酒为什么习惯碰杯
　　Claim: The ritual of clinking glasses evolved from efforts to prove that the drinks contained therein were not poisoned。
　　声称：碰杯的仪式起源于确认杯中有无毒药
　　Q: Why do people clink their glasses before drinking a toast?
　　Q:为什么喝酒时要碰杯？
　　A: It used to be common for someone to try to kill an enemy by offering him a poisoned drink. To prove to a guest that a drink was safe, it became customary for a guest to pour a small amount of his drink into the glass of the host. Both men would drink it simultaneously. When a guest trusted his host, he would then just touch or clink the host's glass with his own。
　　A：过去常常有人认为在酒杯里放毒来谋杀敌人，为了证实酒是安全的，宾客会把杯中一部分酒倒进主人杯中已成为一种习俗，然后主宾同时喝下去以证明无毒。当宾客信认主人时，两人就只是碰一下杯子。
　　Origins: Many explanations have been advanced to explain our custom of clinking glasses when participating in toasts. One is that early Europeans felt the sound helped to drive off evil spirits. Another holds that by clanking the glasses into one another, wine could be sloshed from glass to glass, thereby serving as a proof the beverages had not been poisoned. Yet another claim asserts that the "clink" served as a symbolic acknowledgment of trust among imbibers who did not feel the need to sample each others' drinks to prove them unadulterated。
　　起源：喝酒碰杯的习俗有很多种解释。一种是早期欧洲人认为碰杯的声音可以驱逐恶灵。另一种解释坚持认为碰杯时双方各将自己的酒向对方的酒杯中倾注一些，从而证明酒中无毒。然而还有另一种则认为：碰杯是一种象征性的相信酒是干净的，不需证明有没有放毒。
　　Each of those explanations is false. While making a racket for the purpose of scaring off evil spirits underpins other customs that carry over to this day (e.g., the tolling of church bells at weddings, and the loud shouts and noisemaking at the stroke of twelve on New Year's Eve)， the "clink" is a relatively new aspect of toasting and, as such, came along well after folks had relinquished the notion that demons both lurked in every corner of typical day-to-day existence and could be sped on their way by a bit of noise. As for sloshing wine from one glass to another, drinking vessels would need to be filled to the brim to effect that, and if they were, such practice would waste valuable potables (because some would be sure to land on the floor) and likely douse the toasters too. And while the poisoning of enemies has long been part of the ordinary mayhem of the world, the practice of touching of one's filled glass to those of others when participating in a toast is unrelated to suspicion of the wine's havin such killings were not so common at any nebulous point in the past that a signal to one's host indicating he was clear of suspicion of attempted murder needed to be enshrined in the canon of social gestures。
　　以上那些观点都是错误的。虽然碰杯驱邪说法衍生出了很多习俗并沿用至今(例如婚礼上教堂的钟声、大声喊叫还有除夕夜正点的狂欢。)，但碰杯是祝酒中相对较新的一环，是人们不再相信恶灵存在于我们生活中的每个角落这一观念之后才产生的。其实人们只是为了要一些热闹而已。至于碰杯使酒从一方流到另一方，那么酒器是需要盛满酒的，如果盛满了，那这样就会浪费昂贵的饮料(因为肯定会有酒洒到地上去)还有可能泼到食物上。虽然毒死敌人世界上以前的确被用过，但喝酒时把酒倒进另一个人的酒杯里，无端地猜疑无辜的人是不合理的。更何况在过去这种杀人方式并不常用，因为这意味着主人的社会地位会因涉嫌企图谋杀而发生动摇。
　　To get at the real reason for the clink of glass on glass, we have to first look at why and how we toast, and where the practice originated。
　　那么要找到喝酒碰杯的真正原因，我们首先应该了解的是我们为什么喝酒？怎么喝酒？并会在什么样的情况下碰杯？
　　The custom of sealing with booze expressions of good wishes for the health of others dates back so far that its origins are now lost to us, yet in numerous cultures such acts of camaraderie often involved shared drinking vessels. The clinking of individual cups or glasses as a proof of trust wouldn't have meant much when everyone drank from the same bowl. Indeed, in those cultures where shared drinking containers was the norm, to produce one's own vessel in such company was to communicate an unmistakable message of ho it would have been regarded as akin to bringing along a food taster to sample the repast。
　　我们很难找到喝酒狂欢表达良好祝愿如身体健康等的起源。然而在众多中，朋友之间的行为会经常涉及到祝酒，每个人从同一个碗里喝酒，那么碰杯就不再是信任彼此的证明。实际上，在这样一种文化里，公用同一个酒器成为一种规则，单独用你自己的酒杯会带来敌对和不信任的误解信息，这将被认为同做餐后的食物品尝家的品尝行为来防毒相类似。
　　"Toasting," our term for the pronouncement of benedictions followed by a swallowing of alcohol, is believed to have taken its name from a practice involving a shared drinking vessel. Floated in the "loving cup" passed among celebrants in Britain was a piece of (spiced) cooked bread that the host would consume along with the last few drops of liquid after the cup had made one round of the company. In modern times toasting has become a matter of imbibing from individual drinking vessels rather than from one shared flagon, so to compensate for the sense of unity lost in doing away with the sharing of the same cup we have evolved the practice of simultaneously drinking each from our own glass when a toast is made, thereby maintaining a communal connection to the kind words being spoken。
　　“干杯”，我们喝酒后紧随祝福的一句，名字来源被认为是一个涉及公用的酒杯的行为。英国神父流传来的流动的“爱情杯”是主人当酒杯走过一轮后在一块烹制的面包滴几滴酒吃掉的。现在祝酒，不再公用一个酒杯，而是用自己的杯子。为了弥补群体脱离感，抛弃了公用酒杯，我们开始用自个的杯子，因此祝酒才产生了。因此一种靠说友好祝福维系关系的方式产生了。
　　The clinking of glasses has been added to the practice of offering toasts for a few reasons, none having anything to do with poison. Prior to such augmentation, toasts pleased only fou by adding the "clink," a pleasant sound was made part of the experience, and wine glasses have come to be prized not only for their appearance but also for the tones they produce when struck. Yet beyond mere aural pleasure, the act of touching your glass to that of others is a way of emphasizing that you are part of the good wishes being expressed, that you are making a physical connection to the toast. The practice also serves another purpose, that of uniting the individuals taking part in the benediction into a cohesive group: as the wine glasses are brought together, so symbolically are the people holding them. On a deeper level, the wine is also being recommuned with itself ― that which had been one (when it had been in its own bottle) but was separated (when it was poured into a variety of glasses) is brought back into contact with the whole of itself, if only for a moment。
　　碰杯因一些原因也被加进祝酒的行列，和毒药没有一丝关系。增加了这些，祝酒使气氛好了五分之四。通过加碰杯这一环节，一种悦耳的声音成为祝酒的一部分。并且不仅仅赞美杯的出现还赞美酒杯碰撞时发出的响声。然而除了听觉享受外，有人和你碰杯也是一种友好祝福的暗示。你通过祝酒与人发生了接触。碰杯还有另一个意图，就是通过人与人的祝酒使之参加到一个有关联的大集体。当酒杯碰在一起的时候，人们也象征性地“拥抱”了。深层次的说，人也是(当用自己的杯子喝酒时)在一起的，(当酒在一起时)人其实是分开的，从某种意义上说，酒有了人回归一个完整的联系的含义。
　　Etiquette mavens say one need not clink glasses with everyone present when participating in toasts among large assemblies. Rather than reach across vast expanses of wide tables (thereby risking losing your balance and ending up in the guacamole)， simply raise your glass and make eye contact with the group。
　　礼节上在现在当一个人参加一个大聚会时不需要和每个人碰杯。相比较隔个大桌子(而冒着失去平衡的危险)碰杯而言，还不如举起酒杯眼神交流感情来得真切。
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高中英语从句讲解高中英语状语从句考点复习突破学案原因从句和结果／原因从句除了下面A2，A3中所示各种类型外，这两种从句均可由as或because来引导。但是用as引导原因从句较为稳妥（参见A）；用because引导结果／原因从句较为稳妥（参见B）。A 原因从句1 由as／because／since 引导的原因从句：We camped there as／because／since it was too dark to go on．
我们在那里露宿是因为天太黑，不能再继续往前走了。
As／Because／Since it was too dark to go on，we camped there．
因为天太黑不能再继续往前走，我们就在那儿露宿了。2 in view of the fact that可用as／since／seeing that来表示，但不能用because：As／Since／Seeing that you are here，you may as well give me a hand．
既然你在这儿，你就帮我个忙吧。As／Si――牛bb文章网――nce／Seeing that Tom knows French，he?d better do the talking．
既然汤姆懂法语，最好让他来谈。3 在as／since／seeing that意指以前共知的或共知的陈述时，可用if来代替：
As／Since／Seeing that／If you don?t like Bill，why did you invite him？
既然／如果你不喜欢比尔，你为什么邀请了他？注意：if so的用法：―I hope Bill won?t come．―If so（＝If you hope he won?t come），why did you invite him？
―我希望比尔别来。―如果这样（=如果你希望他不来），你为什么邀请了他？
关于if＋so／not，参见第347节。B 结果从句由because或as引导：The fuse blew because we had overloaded the circuit．保险丝烧断了，因为我们使线路超载了。He was angry because we were late．他生气是因为我们来晚了。As it froze hard that night there was ice everywhere next day．
因为那天晚上冷得厉害，所以第二天到处都是冰。As the soup was very salty we were thirsty afterwards．因为这汤很咸，后来我们渴得厉害。C 这种组合也可用so连接两个主句的形式来表示：It was too dark to go on，so we camped there．天太黑了，不能继续往前走了，所以我们就在那儿露宿了。
You are here，so you may as well give me a hand．你们既然在这儿，不如就帮我一下。It froze hard that night，so there was ice everywhere next day．那天夜里冷得厉害，所以第二天到处都是冰。也可以使用therefore，但只限用于非常正式的句子中：The Finnish delegate has not yet arrived．We are therefore postponing／ We have therefore decided to postpone／Therefore we are postponing the meeting．
芬兰代表还没有到达。我们因此要把会议推迟／因此我们已决定把会议推迟／因此我们要把会议推迟。（注意therefore可以放在几个不同的位置。）
such／so…that引导的结果从句A such是形容词，用于形容词 名词结构之前：They had such a fierce dog that no one dared to go near their house．
他们有一条如此凶猛的狗，以致没人敢靠近他们家。He spoke for such a long time that people began to fall asleep．他说了这么长时间，以致在座的人都犯困了。B so是副词，用于副词和不带名词的形容词之前：The snow fell so fast that our footsteps were soon covered up．雪下得这么快，以致我们的脚印很快就被雪盖住了。His speech went on for so long that people began to fall asleep．他的讲话这么长，以致在座的人都开始犯困了。Their dog was so fierce that no one dared come near it．他们的狗太凶猛了，所以没人敢靠近它。但such不能用于much和many之前，所以so可用于后跟名词的much和many之前：There was so much dust that we couldn?t see what was happening．灰尘太大了，使得我们看不清发生了什么事。So many people complained that they took the programme off．抱怨的人太多，所以他们取消了那个节目。C 注意：such＋a＋形容词＋名词可由so＋形容词＋a＋名词来代替，所以such a good man可由so good a man来代替。这只能在名词前面有a／an的情况下使用。这种形式不常见，但有时出现在文学作品中。有时为了表示强调，so位于句首。这时后面跟动词的倒装形式：
So terrible was the storm that whole roofs were ripped off．暴风真可怕，把整个的屋顶全都刮飞了。让步从句它们由下列词来引导：although，though，even though，even if，no matter，however。有时也可以使用whatever。as也可以，但是只限于形容词＋as＋be结构。Although／Though／Even though／Even if you don?t like him you can still be polite．尽管／即使／纵然／即使你不喜欢他，你仍可有礼貌一些。No matter what you do，don?t touch this switch．无论怎样，都别碰这个按钮。However rich people are，they always seem anxious to make more mon－ ey．
无论人们多么富有，他们似乎总还渴望赚到更多的钱。However carefully you drive，you will probably have an accident eventual－ ly．
无论你开车多小心，最后你大概还会出车祸。Whatever you do，don?t tell him that I told you this．无论如何，别跟他说这件事是我告诉你的。Patient as he was，he had no
intention of waiting for three hours．哪怕他再有耐心，也不打算等上三个小时。may＋动词原形可用于假设情况：However frightened you may be yourself，you must remain outwardly calm．
无论你有多害怕，外表上你仍要保持冷静。may含有I accept the fact that（我接受这一事实）的意思：―But he?s your brother！―He may be my brother but I don?t trust him！―可他是你的兄弟！―尽管他是我的兄弟，可我不信任他！但may这样用时，是另一主句的一部分，并不属于让步从句之列。should＋动词原形结构可用于even if之后，正如用于条件句的if之后一样，用来表示should后面的动词原形所指的动作不太可能发生：Even if he should find out he won?t do anything about it．即便他发现了，他也不会采取什么行动的。比较从句A 形容词和限定动词连用时的比较：It?s darker today than it was yesterday．今天比昨天天色昏暗。He doesn?t pay as much tax as we do／as us．他没我们交的税款多。He spends more than he earns．他花的比挣的多。注意：that＋形容词是一种口语形式，表示“那么……”：―Will it cost￡100？―No，it won?t cost as much as（all）that．It won?t be（all）that expen
－ sive．／It won?t be as expensive as that．―要花100英镑吗？―不，花不了那么多。没那么贵。that＋形容词结构有时用于口语中表示very（很）的意思。B 副词和限定动词连用时的比较：He didn?t play as well as we expected／as well as you（did）．他打得不如我们预料的好／你打得好。He sings more loudly than anyone I?ve ever heard／than anyone else （does）．
他唱得比我听到的任何人唱得都响／比任何人都声音响。You work harder than he does／than him／than I did at your age．你比他干得卖劲／我在你这个年龄时干得卖劲。C 形容词和不定式或动名词连用时的比较：通常两者都可使用，但动词不定式常常用于特定的动作，动名词则用于一般情况（参见下面E）：It?s sometimes as cheap to buy a new one as（it is）（to）repair the old one．
Buying a new one is sometimes as cheap as repairing the old one．有时买一个新的跟修理旧的一样便宜。He found that lying on the beach was just as boring as sitting in his office．
He found lying on the beach just as boring as sitting etc．他发现躺在沙滩上和坐在办公室里一样没趣／烦人。He thinks it（is）safer to drive himself than（to）let me drive．He thinks that driving himself is safer than letting me drive．他认为自己开车要比让我开车更安全些。It will soon be more difficult to get a visa than it is now．Getting a visa will soon be more difficult than it is now．不久之后，签证会比现在更难拿到。D 上面C所述的这种比较句式中，如as／than前面用的是动词原形，则常在as／than后面用动词原形而不用动名词。与此相同，如as／than前面用的是动名词，则在其后面一般也使用动名词，而不用动词原形，见前面的例子。位于as／than之前的限定动词＋this／that／which后面多跟动名词，虽也可跟动词不定式：I?ll deliver it by hand；this will be cheaper than posting it．我自己送过去，这样比邮寄要便宜。He cleaned his shoes，which was better than doing nothing．他把自己的鞋擦了，这总比无事可做好。E 动词原形与would rather／sooner连用（参见第297与第298节）：
Most people would rather work than starve．多数人宁可工作也不愿挨饿。I would resign rather than accept him as a partner．我宁可辞职也不愿接受他为合伙人。时间从句A 时间从句由下列表示时间的连词来引导：after immediately till／untilas nosooner…than whenas soon as since wheneverbefore the sooner -网络日记-whilehardly…when时间从句也可由the minute，the moment来引导。用when，as，while的例句，参见第331节至第333节。用before的例句，参见第195节B。B 请留意，时间从句中不用将来时态或条件时态。1 如将下列将来时态放入时间从句中，须将它变为一般时态。一般将来时：You?ll be back soon．I?ll stay till then．你会很快回来，我一直等到那时。相当于：I?ll stay till you get back．我一直等到你回来。be going to形式：The parachutist is going to jump．Soon after he jumps his parachute will open．
跳伞运动员要往下跳。他刚跳之后不久，降落伞就会打开。现在进行时用做一般将来时和将来进行时：He?s arriving／He?ll be arriving at six．他将在6点到。但是：When he arrives he?ll tell us all about the match．等他到了，他会好好给我们讲讲那场比赛。Before he arrives I?ll give the children their tea．在他来到之前，我会给孩子们吃茶点的。如进行时态表示某一行动在继续，则其完全可以用在表示时间的从句中：
Peter and John will be playing／are playing／are going to play tennis tonight．While they are playing（during this time）we?ll go to the beach．
今晚彼得和约翰要去打网球。他们打球时，我们将去海滨。2 在时间从句中，将来完成时变为现在完成时，将来完成进行时变为现在完成进行时：I?ll have finished in the bathroom in a few minutes．我一会儿就用完浴室了。The moment／As soon as I have finished I?ll give you a call．我一完事儿，就给你打电话。3 在时间从句中，条件时态变为过去时态：We knew that he would arrive／would be arriving about six．我们知道他将在六点钟左右到。We knew that till he arrived nothing would be done．我们知道在他到来之前，什么都干不了。但是，如when引导的是一个名词从句，后面可跟将来时态或条件时态：
He said，?When will the train get in？?他说：“火车什么时候进站？”相当于：He asked when the train would get in．他问火车什么时候进站。C since从句since从句后面常跟完成时态：They?ve moved house twice since they got married．／Since they gotmarried，they?ve moved house twice．他们结婚后已搬了两次家。He said he?d lived in a tent since his house burnt down．他说自从他的房屋被烧毁后，他就一直住在帐篷里。It?s ages since I sailed／have sailed a boat．我未驾驶帆船已有好多年了。I haven?t sailed a boat since I left college．自从我大学毕业后就没再驾驶帆船了。D after从句after从句之后常跟完成时态：After／When he had rung off I remembered…等他把电话挂断了之后，我才想起……After／When you?ve finished with it，hang it up．你用完了之后，请把它挂起来。E hardly／scarcely… when，no s-牛宝宝日记本-ooner… than：The performance had hardly begun when the lights went out．Hardly had the performance begun when the lights went out．演出刚开始就停电了。这里可以用scarcely代替hardly，但不常见。He had no sooner drunk the coffee than he began to feel drowsy．No sooner had he drunk the coffee than he began to feel drowsy．他喝了咖啡没多一会儿，就犯困了。He no sooner earns any money than he spends it．Immediately he earns any money he spends it．他钱一挣到手，就花光了。注意the sooner…the sooner的用法：The sooner we start，the sooner we?ll be there．我们动身得越早，到那儿就越早。高中英语定语从句考点复习突破学案定语从句知识总结与归纳（一）结构
限定性定语从句：先行词+关系词+定语从句非限定性定语从句：先行词，关系词+定语从句（二）关系词
关系代词：that；who；which；whose关系副词：when；where；why说明 先行词的内容指：人；关系代词用：that；who先行词指：物，用关系代词：which；whose表示：先行词和从句中的第一个词为从属关系，表示……的……；that；who；which在定语从句中做主语或宾语；关系副词：when；where；why在定语从句中做时间，地点，原因状语；表示：“在那时”；“在那里”和“为什么”The bright star which is shining just above the roof is called Sirius.The people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned in history book at all.We saw a church among the trees, whose tower（the tower of which）was clear against the blue sky.She adopted a child whose parents are dead.He came at six, when I am usually in the garden.Would you please give us a reason why you are late for class ?关系词前面可以带有介词、限定词，结构为：限定词（Both；Many；All等）of which / whom…介词（in；on；at；for等）+which / whom …He felt that his pupils, most of whom lived in the towns, should get to know the wonders of the countryside.This is the road by which we came.（三）先行词指“物”时，关系代词只能用that不能用which的情况，先行词的特点是：1. 先行词有形容词最高级或序数词修饰2. 先行词是不定代词3. 先行词有only；any；few；little；no；none；all；very 等词修饰4. 先行词既有“人”也有“物”You should hand in all that you have.The only thing that we can do is to wait patiently.This is the last train that goes to Beijing.（四）way 后面的定语从句：the way + in which / that /省略／＋定语从句I don?t understand the way in which / that /―/ they worked out this problem.（五）as 引导的定语从句，句型：1. such ＋先行词as +定语从句：像……一样／之类的……2. the same ＋先行词as ＋定语从句：和……一样的……3. as ＋定语从句，主句：正如……一样He is not the same as he was.We have found such materials as are used in their factory.As is expected, he has been absent.She has read widely in Romantic literature, as appears from her essay.（六）定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词的形式一致。1. one of＋名词复数＋关系代词＋复数动词2. the only of ＋名词复数＋关系代词＋单数动词The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors.The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon. 考试指导（1）考查要点：关系代词／关系副词；考查形式――单项选择；短文改错。（2）考查难点：在定语从句中加入插入语；把先行词与定语从句分割开。（3）思路：单选――在理解句子意思的基础上，分清句子结构，弄清先行词和定语从句；观察从句中所有的成分――主语；宾语；状语（时间；地点；原因）改错――常在定语从句部分的关系词处设错（关――http://www.niubb.net――系代词／关系副词的误用；非限定性定语从句用that引导；从句中多余代词）。同时注意根据句意和结构区分定语从句，名词从句和强调句型。【典型例题】一. 单项选择：1. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play ____, of course, made the others unhappy.A. who
D. what分析：B
去掉插入语of course，后面是定语从句修饰前文描述的整个事情。2. The film brought the hours back to me ____ I was taken good care of in that faraway village.A. until
D. where分析：C
先行词the hours与定语从句被back to me隔开（为保持句子平衡）；the hours在从句中做时间状语。3. Was it in the village ____ we used to live in ____ the accident happened ?A. that
B. thatC. where
D. which分析：B
____ we used to live in是定语从句修饰the village；____ the accident happened是强调句型的其他部分；被强调部分是in the village；正常语序：The accident happened in the village which we used to live in.4. The Beatles, ___ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.A. what
D. as分析：D as many of you are old enough to remember引导非限定性定语从句：正如我们大家能记住的那样，A，C与定语从句无关，that不能引导非限定性定语从句。5. We saw several natives towards our party, and one of them came up to us, ____we gave some bells and glasses.A. to which
B. to whom
C. with which
D. with whom分析：B 非限定性定语从句____we gave some bells and glasses修饰one of them，从句复原为we gave some bells and glasses to one of them.所以关系代词前加介词to，关系代词指人，用whom6. Look out! Don?t get close to the house ____ roof is under repair.A. whose
C. of which
D. that分析：A 先行词the house与从句中的roof为所属关系，the house?s roof =t 所以用关系词whose引导，相当于：the roof of which引导的定语从句。7. We are just trying to reach a point ___ both side――http://www.niubb.net――s will sit down together and talk.A. where
D. which分析：A 我们试图找到双方能接受的条件，使他们一起坐下来谈判。Point指“点”，“点”在这里的定语从句里做地点状语。二. 短文改错： I couldn?t find.分析：先行词a secret place在定语从句中做宾语，where改成which / that. 分析：that改为which 引导非限定性定语从句。 daily newspapers….分析：先行词a reading-room在定语从句里做地点状语，用where引导。That改为where.4. I?m sure you will find one you like 分析：去掉it.5. As a result, sandstorms strike us now and then, from that we suffer a lot.分析：介词后面的关系代词不能用that，改为which.【模拟试题】一. 单项选择：1.
Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, ___ was very reasonable.A. which price
B. the price of whichC. its price
D. the price of whose2. York, __ last year, is a nice old city.A. that I visited
B. which I visitedC. where I visited
D. in which I visited3. Luckily, we brought a road map without ___ we would have lost our way.A. it
D. which4. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, ____, of course, made the others envy him.A. who
D. which5. I have many friends, ____ some are businessmen .A. of them
B. from which
D. of whom6. ―Are you still busy?― Yes, I __ my work, and it won?t take long.A. just finish
B. am just finishingC. have just finished
D. am just going to finish7. They ____ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we ___it as no good results have come out so far.A. are still workingB. were still workingC. have workedD. are still working8. Susan decided not to work on the program at home because she didn?t want her parents to kno――牛宝宝日记本――w what she ___.A. has done
B. had done
C. was doing
D. is doing9. I?m going to a pop concert with Tom. He?ll _____ me at eight, so I must be ready then.A. call for
B. call in
C. call on
D. call at10. ____ unforgettable experience it is to travel on a camel in the desert.A. What
B. What an
D. How an二. 完形填空：The survey about childhood in the Third World shows that the struggle for survival is long and hard. But in the rich world, children can , one Western country alone now sees 14, 000 attempted suicides（自杀）every year by children under 15, and one child
five needs psychiatric（心理）advice.There are many good things about the Third World. Take the close and constant relation between children and their parents, relatives and neighbours for example. In the West, the very nature of work puts distance between
and children. But in most Third World villages mother and father do not go miles away each day to work in offices. and father, relations and neighbours working and often shares in that work.A child
in this way learns his or her role through joining in the community?s
:helping to dig or build, look after animals or babiesmrather than
playing with dolls.These children may grow up with a less oppressive sense of space and time than the positions of the sun or the moon in the sky. Children in the rich world,
, are provided with a watch as one of the signs of growing up, so that they can about being late for school times, meal times, bed times, the times of TV shows...Third World children do not usually
to stay indoors, still less in highrise apartments （公寓）. Instead of dangerous roads, “keep off the grass” signs and “don?t speak to strangers”, there is often a sense of observe them
, twelve million children under five still die every year through hunger and disease.1. A. come
D. survive2. A. As usual
B. For instance
C. In fact
D. In other words3. A. by
D. under4. A. childhood
B. poverty
D. survival5. A. adults
B. fathers
C. neighbours
D. relatives6. A. Anyhow
B. However
C. Instead
D. Still7. A. away
D. nearby8. A. growing up
B. living through
C. playing
D. working9. A. activity
D. work10. A. by
C. through
D. with11. A. and
D. so12. A. Eastern
D. Western13. A. at any moment
B. at the same time
C. on the other hand
D. on the whole14. A. easiest
B. earliest
C. happiest
D. quickest15. A. care
D. worry16. A. dare
D. require17. A. control
C. disappointment
D. freedom18. A. anxiously
B. eagerly
C. impatiently
D. proudly19. A. Above all
B. In the end
C. Of course
D. What?s more20. A. bad
D. poor三. 阅读理解“My kids really understand solar and earth-heat energy,” says a school-grade teacher in Saugus, California. “Some of them are building solar collectors for their energy course.” These young scientists are part of C ity Building Educational Program（CBEP）, a particular program for kindergarten through twelfth grade that uses the stages of city planning to teach basic reading, writing and math skills, and more.The children don?t just plan any city. They map and analyze（分析）the housing, energy, and transportation requirements of their own district and foretell its needs in l00 years. With the aid of an architect（建筑师）who visits the classroom once a week, they invent new ways to meet these needs and built models of their creations. “Designing buildings of the future gives children a lot of freedom,” says. the teacher who developed this program. “They are able to use their own rich imagination and inventions without fear of blame, because there are no wrong answers in a future context. In fact, as the class enters the final model-building stage of the program an elected ?official? and ?planning group? make all the design decisions for the model city, and the teacher steps back and becomes an adviser.”CBEP is a set of activities, games, and imitations that teach the basic steps necessary for problem-solving: observing, analyzing, working out possible answers, and judging them based on the children?s own standards.1. The Program is designed____.A. to direct kids to build solar collectorsB. to train young scientists for city planningC. to develop children?s problem-solving abilitiesD. to help young architects know more about designing2. An architect pays a weekly visit to the classroom _____.A. to find out kids? creative ideasB. to discuss with the teacherC. to give children lecturesD. to help kids with their program3. Who is the designer of the program?A. An official.
B. An architect.
C. A teacher.
D. A scientist.4. The children feel free in the program because?A. they can design future buildings themselvesB. they have new ideas and rich imaginationC. they are given enough time to design modelsD. they need not worry about making mistakes四. 短文改错：Fwww.niubb.netriendship is important. Everyone need friendship. In all
1. __________our lives we can?t live without friendship just like we can?t
2. __________live without air and water. Friendship makes us get on
3. __________well with one another to go ahead under all kinds of difficulty
4. __________in the front of us . But real friendship is not
5. __________easy come by .True friendship must be sincere and
6.__________be based on understand each other but not on benefits
7. __________of each other . A good friend can always be a good teacher
8. __________ to us . By his advice we persuaded to go the right
9. ___________way . Therefore more friends we have, the better we
10. __________can improve ourselves.【试题答案】一. 单项选择：1. B 解析：___ was very reasonable定语从句表示：The price of the Chinese ancient vase was very reasonable.2. B
解析：先行词York在非限定性定语从句中做宾语。3. D 解析：定语从句without ___ we would have lost our way修饰a road map，在介词后面用which引导。4. D 解析：抛开插入语of course 后面是非限定性定语从句修饰前面说的事情。5. D 解析：先行词many friends 在从句里做主语，表示：some of them are businessmen.介词后面由whom引导非限定性定语从句。6. B
解析：根据it won?t take lon-http://www.niubb.net-g可知，工作还没做完，故排除C项现在完成时。B项使用现在进行时表将要。7. A
解析：此题考查的是时态问题。从before引导的从句中的过去时态可知主句的时态应为过去完成时。故排除C、D。从意思上可以看出他们一直工作了一周。强调动作的连续，同时now也提示出后面应用现在进行时。8. C
解析：整个句子是基于过去时态，A和D两项为现在时态显然不对，再由句意 “Susan决定不在家里……，因为她不想让父母知道她正在做什么”可知还没有做完，故C项正确，进行体有末完性、暂时性的特点。9. A 解析：call for sb. 接某人。10. B 解析：多么难忘的经历，experience表示“经历”，是可数名词。二. 完型填空：[语篇解读]
本文着重阐述了发达国家和发展中国家孩子生存状况的优劣，从而指出发展中国家的孩子的生存状况相对于发达国家来说并不是一无是处。1. C
解析：由前面struggle for可知。前面写第三世界国家的孩子遭受物质贫穷，而发达国家的孩子遭受的是精神贫乏。2. B
解析：根据上文写发达国家的孩子精神状况较差，后面是一个具体的事实，所以应该用for instance（例如）。3. B
解析：分数表示法one child in five（五分之一）相当于one child out of five。4. A
解析：后文用三个自然段具体描述发达国家和发展中国家的孩子的生活条件的不同，尤其是文章最后一句话总结了全文，所以暗示此空应该选childhood。5. A
解析：由后文中第三世界国家的孩子与父母、亲戚和邻居的关系近，可知此处应选A最全面。6. C
解析：与发达国家的孩子形成“对比”关系。7. D
解析：与上文发达国家的孩子离家人远，形成对比，从而得出发展中国家的孩子离家人近。8. A
解析：用分词作定语，grow up成长；live through度过，经受住；而work和play与上下文明显不符。9. D
解析：此处想表明“通过参与一些公共事物（如……）孩子可以获得角色认证。”下文列举的为可参与的工作并且上段中提及“shares in that work”得知D项最佳。10. C
解析：由上一行的through可知。Through doing sth. rather than through doing sth .11. C
解析：文中p1aying keeping和Playing三个动名词是选择关系，作through的宾语。12. D
解析：these指上文中的发展中国家的孩子，后文仍应该与“西方”发达国家的孩子相比较。13. C
解析：本题最大的干扰项为B。由于B项含有两层意义：（1）同时；一起。（2）然而；不过。容易造成误解。而on the other hand只含转折的意义，同时包含上下文的对比，故选C。14. B
解析：与上文发展中国家的时间观念是通过观察的相对应，所以下面写西方国家的孩子长大的“最早”标志就是（父母给他们）提供了手表，这样一来，孩子和大人们就可以一块关注下面的一系列事件的时间。15. D
解析：此句中school times／me times／bed times／the times of TV
shows… 均为并列关系，作前面介词for的宾语。由于是being late for…所以只能是担心，而care about是“关心，在乎，介意”之意。16. C
解析：not have to相当于needn?t，再根据still less可知，不是“不敢”，“不希望”，或“不要求”，而应是“不必要”。17. D
解析：由文中可知，中间三段主要讲述发展中国家孩子的优点，而选项中只有freedom是褒义的。18. A
解析：由于全文都是写发展中国家和发达国家孩子的生存状况，所以，发展中国家的孩子的父母可以在外面看着孩子而不像发达国家的父母在十几层的高楼上焦急地看着孩子在楼下玩。19. C
解析：前面都写的是发展中国家孩子的好处，而下面写的是每年都有一千二百万5岁以下的发展中国家的孩子死于饥饿和疾病，所以上下文之间应该是一种转折关系。above all首先；in the end最后；What?s more更糟的是。20. A
解析：这是一句总结全文的句子，虽然发展中国家的孩子有那么多的不利情况，但是也有某些优势，所以说第三世界的孩子生活“并不都”是坏的。三. 阅读理解：[语篇解读]
本文以教学的口吻讲述了学生们参加的一个实践活动。通过一系列活动，提高了学生分析问题，解决问题的能力，同时让学生学到了最基本的读，写知识以及数学知识。1. C
解析：细节题，文章的最后一段提到teach the basic steps necessary for problem-solving，由此可知这项活动的目的是为了发展学生解决问题的能力。2. D
解析：细节题，文章第二段第三句提到with the aid of an architect who visits the classroom，once a week，“在一个每周来访一次的建筑师的帮助下”，由此可知建筑帅来访的目的是帮助学生们，故选D3. C
解析：细节题，从第二段第四句…says the teacher who developed this program可知选C4. D
解析：细节题，文章第二段倒数第二句中提到because there are no wrong answers in a future context，“对于未来而言不会有事情是错误的，所以学生们可以自由驰骋想象，故选D。四. 短文改错：1. need→needs
2. like→as
3. and→or
4. under→through5. 去掉the
6. easy后面加to
7. understand→understanding8. √
9. we后面加are
10. the高中英语同位语从句考点复习突破学案在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）中的主要从句之一，也是中学英语学习中的重点语法知识点之一。在使用同位语从句时，应注意以下五个方面：一、同位语从句在句中的位置1. 一般情况下同位语从句跟在某些名词（如news，idea，fact，promise，hope，message等）的后面，用以说明该名词所表达的具体内容。例如：The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly. 我们女排赢得冠军的消息大大地鼓舞了我们所有人。I've come from Mr Wang with a message that he won't be able to see you this afternoon. 我从王先生那边得知一个消息，他说他今天下午不能来看你了。2. 有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后，而被别的词语隔开，在语法上叫做分隔式同位语从句。例如：The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home. 她突然想起可能在她离开家时没把门关上。The story goes that he failed in the College Entrance Examinations again. 据说他高考又落榜了。二、同位语从句前名词的数同位语从句前的名词通常用单数形式，并且往往带有限定词（word除外）加以修饰。例如：Where did you get the idea that I could not come？ 你在哪儿听说我不能来？Give me your promise that you will come to our party this evening. 答应我，你今天晚上要来参加我们的晚会。Word came that China launched its first manned spaceship on Oct 15，2003. 消息传来，中国于日首次成功发射了载人飞船。三、同位语从句连接词的选用在英语中，引导同位语从句的词通常有连词（that，who，whether），连接副词（how，when，where）等。例如：They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。The question who should do the work requires consideration. 谁该做这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 我们还没有决定到什么地方去度暑假。注：在名词doubt“怀疑”后的同位语从句用whether连接；在no doubt“不怀疑”之后的同位语从句用that连接。例如：We have some doubt whether they can complete-http://www.niubb.net- the task on time. 我们怀疑他们是否能准时完成任务。There is no doubt that Zhang Wei will keep his promise. 我们相信张卫会守信的。同位语从句：that有些名词的后面可以接that引导的同位语从句：We came to the decision that we must act at once. 我们做出决定：我们必须立即行动。He made a proposal that the meeting be postpone. 他提议会议延期。There was little hope that he would survive. 他幸存的希望很小。以下名词常用于以上句型：advice，announcement，argument，belief，claim，conclusion，decision，evidence，explanation，fact，feeling，hope，idea，impression，information，knowledge，message，news，opinion，order，probability，promise，proposal，remark，reply，rep――文章窝――ort，saying，statement，suggestion，thought，treat，warning，wish，word同位语从句：whetherwhether可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用whether作为引导词。He hasn't made the decision whether he will go there. 他还没有做出决定是否去那里。I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job. 他是否适合这件工作我有点怀疑。同位语从句：whatwhat可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用what作为引导词I have no idea what he is doing now. 我不知道他现在在干什么。同位语从句：howhow可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用how作为引导词It's a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。同位语从句：who等who，whom，which，when，where，why用来引导同位语从句The question who should do the work requires consideration. 谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。She raised the question where we could get the fund. 她提出这个问题：我们到哪儿去搞这笔资金。欢迎您转载分享：
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