Study on optimization of aerobic respiration in Lactococcus lactis--《Science and Technology of Food Industry》2012年02期
Study on optimization of aerobic respiration in Lactococcus lactis
LIU Guo-xia1,DENG Kai-bo1,FU Liang2,HUO Gui-cheng1,*(1. Key Laboratory of Dairy Science,Ministry of Education,Northeast Agriculture University,Harbin . Matsutani Chemical Industry Co.,Ltd.,Shanghai 200131,China)
The stages and continuous culture methods of aerobic respiration were analyzed and compared to improve the ability of aerobic respiration with hemin in Lactococcus lactis KLDS4.0316 and realize high bined with the single factor experiment results of different carbon sources and concentration,hemin additions and shaker's rotational speeds,the aerobic respiration condition optimized by the orthogonal test was that the cultures were diluted 1/1000 in M17 medium with 20g/L glucose and 2μg/mL hemin at 30℃ by shaking(250r/min).The terminal time of enhancement culture was at the 8th hour.It was found that L.lactis KLDS4.0316 optimized consumed more glucose,which might be related to the significant multiplication in biomass.
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by . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2013) ()
The Olympus OM System (O = Olympus, M = ) was a line of
and accessories sold by
between 1972 and 2002 (some accessories were sold until early 2003).
The system was introduced by
in 1972, more than a decade after Nikon, Canon, and other manufacturers had established their own SLR ranges. The range was designed by , chief designer for Olympus, and his staff. The nucleus of the system was a series of compact bodies divided into an advanced series and a later consumer-oriented series. The first model was the all-mechanical M-1 which, after pressure from
(which already had an M1 model), was renamed OM-1. At the same time the M system was renamed OM System. The camera included a full-aperture TTL Cadmium-sulphide (CdS) exposure meter, and a bayonet lens mount of relatively large diameter. By the end of the 1970s it was joined by the semi-automatic OM-2 and consumer-oriented OM-10. Olympus continued the naming pattern with the 'professional' OM-3 and OM-4, and the consumer-level OM-20, OM-30 and OM-40. The cameras were accompanied by a series of Zuiko-branded lenses, as well as a generous selection of accessories. The majority of OM bodies and lenses were manual- the OM-707 of 1986 was the only true autofocus model.
Olympus produced a wide variety of OM camera models over the years. These were divided into two distinct series. Cameras with single-digit model numbers were the 'professional' series, optimized for more advanced features and durability. Two-digit (or more) model numbers, or letters, meant a 'consumer' camera designed for ease of use.
All the consumer-grade models were discontinued after 1992, since the market for manual-focus SLR cameras had declined greatly. The consumer line returned in 1997 with the Cosina-sourced OM-2000 model. Professional and advanced-amateur demand for the high-end models continued, and they were produced until 2002, along with the consumer-grade OM-2000.
Chronology of OM-system cameras
OM-4T/Ti chrome
OM-4T/Ti black
OM-10 Quartz
OM-20 (OM-G)
OM-30(OM-F)
OM-40 (OM-PC)
OM-77AF (OM-707)
OM-88 (OM-101)
Olympus OM-1 MD
Olympus OM-2
Olympus OM-2 SP
Olympus OM-3
Olympus OM-4T
Main article:
The Olympus OM-1 was a manually-operated 35 mm single-lens reflex camera forming the basis of the OM system in 1972. At first called the Olympus M-1, Leica disputed this designation and it was changed to OM-1. It was designed by a team led by
with a through-the-lens exposure meter controlling a needle visible in the viewfinder. It was noted for its reduction of size, weight and noise. One feature unique to the OM-1, compared to the rest of the OM system, was its mirror lock-up facility which made it ideal for astrophotography and macrophotography.
Main article:
Introduced in 1975, the Olympus OM-2 was a semi-automatic, aperture-priority camera featuring an electronically controlled shutter. It was based on the OM-1 body, and retained compatibility with OM-1 accessories and lenses. It boasted automatic through-the-lens (TTL) off-the-film (OTF) metering, and exposure was considered very accurate. This was calculated by the measured light reflected off the surface of the shutter, and/or the film surface during the actual exposure. The camera also offered a manual-exposure mode, as in the OM-1. It also introduced the integration of electronic flash into the exposure system using the TTL exposure system.
Main article:
The OM-3 was an updated version of the OM-1, a manual camera without automatic exposure modes, and an entirely mechanical shutter. It featured a multi-spot metering system (shared with the OM-4) in addition to the centre-weighted metering of the earlier body. It also featured an LCD similar to the OM-4 which could be illuminated in low light. Its main advantage over the OM-4 was its ability to operate without batteries due to its mechanical design. Batteries were only needed for the exposure meter and LCD. It lacked a self-timer, however.
In 1995, nine years after the OM-3 was discontinued, the OM-3Ti was released. It shared the improvements over the OM-3 that the OM-4Ti held over the OM-4.
Main article:
The Olympus OM-4, an improved version of the OM-2, was manufactured from 1983 to 1987. It was introduced at a US$685 list price for the body alone. It was a battery-powered, electromechanically controlled, manual focus SLR with manual exposure control or
autoexposure. It used a horizontal cloth
with a speed range of 240s (in auto mode) to 1/2000s plus , and flash
The OM-4 featured a built-in
[of a narrow acceptance angle, see Canon FTb] (2% 3.3? with 50 mm lens) and was the first camera capable of measuring eight individual areas and averaging them. The
used a dual-concentric segmented silicon photo-diode to provide spot or centerweighted readings. It used a graduated linear
for the shutter speed at the bottom of the viewfinder to precisely indicate its readings versus the actual camera settings.
In 1986 the OM-4 was improved to a tougher OM-4Ti (OM-4T in USA) version, with
top and bottom plates, improved weatherproofing and high-speed flash sync. This last version was discontinued in 2002.
Olympus OM-10
Olympus OM-20
Olympus OM-30
Olympus OM-40
Main article:
The OM-10 hit the markets in June 1979 at the same time as the OM-2N. The camera was a 35mm
camera with an electronic shutter. Only aperture-priority AE was available with the camera unless the optional manual exposure adapter was installed. This allowed the setting of shutter speeds between 1s and 1/1000s, (bulb mode was also available). The camera was equipped with a fixed
viewfinder which contained an LED exposure indicator. The finder coverage was measured to be 93%.
Exposure control was aperture priority AE using . Film speeds of the camera range from ASA 25 to ASA 1600. Film winding was done by using the film-wind lever located on the top right of the camera. Film rewinding was done manually using the film-rewind crank located at the top left. The camera body measured 136 × 83 × 50 mm and weighed approximately 430 grams (15 oz).
The OM-20 (sold in the United States as the OM-G) was essentially a refinement of the OM-10, replacing that model's rather tricky mode switch with one that was easier to use. The OM-20 also had a built-in shutter-speed dial, a mode display in the view finder and a much stronger winding mechanism which permitted it to be used at 5 frames per second on the OM Motor Drive 2. The shutter magnet and release system had other minor design improvements.
Essentially an OM-20 with auto-focus capability. With a normal lens there were lights in the view finder to help the user with manual focusing.
When used with a motor drive or winder unit and the M-In Focus Trigger cord, the lens could be pre-focused on a specific point. As soon as an object moved into that focus zone the camera would trigger a shot.
A special motorised 35-70mm autofocus lens was also available at the time, but is now very rare.
A further refinement of the OM-20 with features that were more of interest to serious photographers. It had a lighter, slightly more modern and ergonomic body design. It also had an early form of matrix metering, and a
facility. This was activated when the self-timer was switched on, a feature still rarely found in non-high-end cameras.
Also known in some markets as the OM-PC, the OM-40 had a program mode that automated the selection of both the aperture and the shutter speed.
An Olympus model made by Cosina, the OM-2000 was not considered by Olympus 'die-hard fans' to be a 'true OM' camera.
The OM-2000 had a mechanical, vertical-running shutter in contrast to the traditional OM cameras with their horizontal-running shutter. This allowed the OM-2000 to synchronize an electronic flash at 1/125s. Many photographers found this capability an advantage for the use of "fill flash" in daylight.
During the design study of the OM-1, the Olympus design team led by Yoshihisa Maitani had worked on a completely modular camera, like a 35 mm Hasselblad. This camera was built as a prototype, and was called the OM-X.
Olympus Zuiko OM 50 mm f/1.8
OM system lenses.
The OM Series lenses had the aperture control ring located at the front of the lens barrel. This was done to move it away from the shutter speed control, which was a ring on the camera body concentric with the lens mount. OM lenses also featured a depth-of-field preview button on the lens, in contrast to most other SLR camera systems, in which the button was placed on the camera body.
Olympus OM - Canon EOS adapter.
The OM lens was designed to sit 46 mm (measured from the lens mounting ring, or flange) from the film plane. The combination of on-lens aperture control and the generous 'flange-distance' make OM lenses adaptable (with limited functionality) to a variety of other camera systems – including Canon EOS models – by using a mount-specific adapter.
Zuiko lenses specifications
Angle of view
Elements – Groups
Aperture range
Closest focus
Smallest field
8 mm F2.8 Fisheye
180° (circle)
0.2 m
Straight helicoid
640 g
82 mm
102 mm
Not necessary
Built-in (L39,Y48, O56,R60)
16 mm F3.5 Fisheye
0.2 m
Straight helicoid
180 g
31 mm
59 mm
Not necessary
(L39,Y48, O56)
18 mm F3.5
0.25 m
30×20 cm
Straight helicoid
250 g
42 mm
62 mm
49 mm Adapter Ring 49→72
72 mm Screw-in (w.Adapter Ring 49→72)
21 mm F2
0.2 m
21×14 cm
Straight helicoid
250 g
43.5 mm
60 mm
55 mm Screw-in [57 mm Slide-on]
55 mm Screw-in
21 mm F3.5
0.2 m
21×14 cm
Straight helicoid
180 g
31 mm
59 mm
49 mm Screw-in
49 mm Screw-in
24 mm F2
0.25 m
23×15 cm
Straight helicoid
280 g
48 mm
60 mm
55 mm Screw-in
55 mm Screw-in
24 mm F2.8
0.25 m
23×15 cm
Straight helicoid
180 g
31 mm
59 mm
49 mm Screw-in
49 mm Screw-in
24 mm F3.5 Shift
84° (100° at max. shift)
0.35 m
36×24 cm
Rotating cam(Inner focus)
510 g
75 mm
84 mm
Built-in (neutral, Y48,O56, R60)
28 mm F2
0.3 m
27×18 cm
Straight helicoid
250 g
43 mm
60 mm
49 mm Screw-in
49 mm Screw-in
28 mm F2.8
0.3 m
18×27 cm
Straight helicoid
170 g
32 mm
60 mm
49 mm Screw-in
49 mm Screw-in
28 mm F3.5
0.3 m
18×27 cm
Straight helicoid
180 g
31 mm
59 mm
49 mm Screw-in
49 mm Screw-in
35 mm F2
0.3 m
21×14 cm
Straight helicoid
240 g
42 mm
60 mm
55 mm Screw-in
55 mm Screw-in
35 mm F2.8
0.3 m
21×14 cm
Straight helicoid
180 g
33 mm
59 mm
51 mm Slide-on
49 mm Screw-in
35 mm F2.8 Shift
63° (83° at max. shift)
0.3 m
21×14 cm
Straigh helicoid
310 g
58 mm
68 mm
49 mm Screw-in
49 mm Screw-in
40 mm F2
0.3 m
18×12 cm
Straight helicoid
140 g
25 mm
60 mm
49 mm Screw-in
49 mm
50 mm F1.2
0.45 m
24×16 cm
Straight helicoid
285 g
43 mm
65 mm
51 mm Slide-on
49 mm Screw-in
50 mm F1.4
0.45 m
24×16 cm
Straight helicoid
230 g
36 mm [40 mm]
60 mm
51 mm Slide-on
49 mm Screw-in
50 mm F1.8
0.45 m
24×16 cm
Straight helicoid
170 g [165 g]
31 mm [32 mm]
59 mm [61 mm]
51 mm Slide-on
49 mm Screw-in
50 mm F2Macro
0.24 m
7.2×4.8 cm
Straight helicoid
320 g
55 mm
69 mm
Not necessary
55 mm Screw-in
50 mm F3.5Macro
0.23 m
7.2×4.8 cm
Straight helicoid
200 g
40 mm
60 mm
Not necessary
49 mm Screw-in
55 mm F1.2
0.45 m
23×15 cm
Straight helicoid
310 g
47 mm
65 mm
57 mm Slide-on
55 mm Screw-in
85 mm F2
0.85 m
25×17 cm
Straight helicoid
260 g
46 mm
60 mm
49 mm Screw-in
49 mm Screw-in
90 mm F2Macro
0.4 m
7.2×4.8 cm
Straight helicoid
550 g
71 mm
72 mm
57 mm Slide-on
55 mm Screw-in
100 mm F2
0.7 m
18×12 cm
Straight helicoid
520 g
72 mm
70 mm
55 mm Screw-in
100 mm F2.8
29×19 cm
Straight helicoid
230 g
48 mm
60 mm
49 mm Screw-in
49 mm Screw-in
135 mm F2.8
1.5 m
32×21 cm
Straight helicoid
360 g
80 mm
61 mm
55 mm Screw-in
135 mm F3.5
1.5 m
32×21 cm
Straight helicoid
290 g
73 mm
60 mm
49 mm Screw-in
180 mm F2
1.6 m
25×17 cm
Rotating cam (Inner focus)
1,900 g
174 mm
113 mm
100 mm Screw-in
180 mm F2.8
32×21 cm
Straight helicoid
700 g
124 mm
80 mm
72 mm Screw-in
200 mm F4
2.5 m
36×24 cm
Straight helicoid
510 g
127 mm
67 mm
55 mm Screw-in
200 mm F5
2.5 m
36×25 cm
Straight helicoid
380 g
105 mm
62 mm
49 mm Screw-in
250 mm F2
2.2 m
25×17 cm
Rotating cam (Inner focus)
3,900 g
246 mm
142 mm
Slip-in (46 mm rear filter)
300 mm F4.5
3.5 m
33×22 cm
Straight helicoid
1,100 g (1,020 g without tripod collar)
181 mm
80 mm
72 mm
350 mm F2.8
25×17 cm
Rotating cam (Inner focus)
3,900 g
280 mm
142 mm
Slip-in (46 mm rear filter)
400 mm F6.3
36×24 cm
Straight helicoid
1,300 g
255 mm
80 mm
72 mm Screw-in
500 mm F8Reflex
Single aperture of F8
28×19 cm
Straight helicoid
590 g
97 mm
81 mm
72 mm Screw-in
600 mm F6.5
55×37 cm
Rack and pinion
2,800 g
377 mm
110 mm
100 mm Screw-in
98×65 cm
Rack and pinion
4,000 g [4,150 g]
662 mm
110 mm
100 mm Screw-in
28–48 mm F4
75°–49°
0.65 m
74×49 cm (28 mm) 46×31 cm (48 mm)
Rotating helicoid
300 g
54 mm (at 48 mm setting)
65 mm
55 mm Screw-in
49 mm Screw-in
35–70 mm F3.5–4.5
63°–34°
0.45 m
21.7×14.5 cm (close focus, 70 mm)
Rotating helicoid
190 g
51 mm
62 mm
51 mm Slip-on
49 mm Screw-in
35–70 mm F3.5–4.8
63°–34°
3.5–22 (35 mm) 4.8–32 (70 mm)
0.4 m
22×15 cm
Straight helicoid
185 g
65 mm
63 mm
52 mm Screw-in
52 mm Screw-in
35–70 mm F3.6
63°–34°
0.8 m
72×48 cm (35 mm) 37.5×25 cm (70 mm)
Straight helicoid
400 g
74 mm
67 mm
60 mm Slide-on
55 mm Screw-in
35–70 mm F4
64°–34°
0.75 m
72×48 cm (35 mm) 36×24 cm (70 mm)
Straight helicoid
385 g
71 mm
69 mm
57 mm Slide-on
55 mm Screw-in
35–70 mm F4 Auto Focus
63°–34°
0.75 m
72×48 cm (35 mm) 36×24 cm (70 mm)
Rotating helicoid
550 g (without batteries)
70 mm
92 mm
55 mm Screw-in
55 mm Screw-in
35–80 mm F2.8
63°–30°
0.6 m
62×41 cm (35 mm) 31×20 cm (80 mm)
rotating focusing helicoid, rotating cam zoomring
650 g
99 mm
69 mm
Bayonet mount
62 mm Screw-in
35–105 mm F3.5–4.5
63°–23°
3.5–22 (35 mm) 4.5–22 (105 mm)
1.5 m (0.31 m at close focus)
129×86 cm (35 mm) 45×30 cm (105 mm) close focus: 18×12 cm (35 mm) 25×17 cm (105 mm)
rotating focusing helicoid and push-pull zoomring
470 g
85 mm
64 mm
55 mm Screw-in
55 mm Screw-in
50–250 mm F5
47°–10°
1.80 m (1.53 m at 250 mm, close focus)
103×69 cm (50 mm) 22×14 cm (250 mm)
rotating focusing helicoid and push-pull zoomring
780 g
140 mm
72 mm
55 mm Screw-in
65–200 mm F4
37°–12°
1.2 m (0.85 m at close focus, 200 mm)
48×32 cm (65 mm) 17×11 cm (200 mm) 12×8 cm (200 mm, close focus)
rotating focusing helicoid and push-pull zoomring
730 g
147 mm
71 mm
55 mm Screw-in
70–210 mm F4.5–5.6
34°–11°
4.5–22 (70 mm) 5.6–28 (210 mm)
1.14 m
Straight helicoid
335 g
103 mm
63 mm
52 mm Screw-in
52 mm Screw-in
75–150 mm F4
32°–16°
1.6 m
64×42 cm (75 mm) 32×21 cm (150 mm)
Revolving helicoid
440 g
115 mm
63 mm
49 mm Screw-in
85–250 mm F5
29°–10°
66–44 cm (85 mm) 23×15 cm (250 mm)
Revolving helicoid
890 g
196 mm
70 mm
55 mm Screw-in
100–200 mm F5
24°–12°
2.4 m
69×46 cm (100 mm) 37×25 cm (200 mm)
rotating focusing helicoid and push-pull zoomring
570 g
148 mm
63 mm
49 mm Screw-in
20 mm F2
9° at highest magnifi-cation
0.86×0.57 cm (4.2×) 0.26×0.18 cm (13.6×)
with Auto Bellows, 65–116, Auto Extension Tube 14, 15; fine focusing straight helicoid built-in
170 g
46 mm
60 mm
not necessary
20 mm F3.5
9° at highest magnifi-cation
0.84×0.56 cm (4.3×) 0.29×0.19 cm (12.4×)
with Auto Bellows
20 mm
32 mm
Not necessary
21 mm Slide-on
38 mm F2.8
9° athighest magnifi-cation
0.21×0.14 cm (1.7×) 0.54×0.36 cm (6.7×)
with Auto Bellows, 65–116, Auto Extension Tube 14, 15; fine focusing straight helicoid built-in.
170 g
46 mm
60 mm
Not necessary
38 mm F3.5
9° at highest magnification
0.20×0.13 cm (1.8×) 0.59×0.39 cm (6.1×)
with Auto Bellows
28 mm
43 mm
Not necessary
32 mm Slide-on
80 mm F4 (Manual)
9° at highest magnifi-cation
7.20×4.80 cm (2.3×) 1.80×1.20 cm (2.0×)
with Auto Bellows
200 g
46 mm
59 mm
Not necessary
49 mm Screw-in
80 mm F4 (Auto)
9° athighest magnifi-cation
0.23 m
7.20×4.80 cm (2.3×) 1.80×1.20 cm (2.0×)
with Auto Bellows, 65–116; fine focusing straight helicoid built-in
170 g
33 mm
60 mm
not necessary
49 mm Screw-in
135 mm F4.5
0.6 m
7.2×4.8 cm
with Auto Bellows, 65–116; fine focusing straight helicoid built-in
320 g
47 mm
60 mm
57 mm Slide-on
55 mm Screw-in
24 mm F2.8AF
Automatic control on camerabody
0.25 m
24×16 cm
Driven by AF/PF coupler on camera body
170 g
32 mm
62 mm
49 mm Screw-in
28 mm F2.8AF
Automatic control on camera body
0.3 m
27×18 cm
Driven by AF/PF coupler on camera body
170 g
32 mm
62 mm
49 mm Screw-in
50 mm F1.8AF
Automatic control on camera body
0.45 m
24×16 cm
Driven by AF/PF coupler on camera body
170 g
32 mm
62 mm
49 mm Screw-in
50 mm F2PF
Automatic control on camera body
0.45 m
24×16 cm
Driven by PF coupler on camera body
150 g
37 mm
64 mm
49 mm
50 mm F2.8AF Macro
Automatic controlon camera body
0.2 m
3.6×2.4 cm
Driven by AF/PF coupler on camera body
340 g
57 mm
66 mm
49 mm Screw-in
28–85 mm F3.5–4.5AF
75°–29°
Automatic control on camera body
3.5–22 (28 mm) 4.5–27 (85 mm)
0.8 m (at close focus: 0.6 m)
85×57 cm (28 mm) 22×15 cm (85 mm)
Driven by AF/PF coupler on camera body
480 g
84 mm
69 mm
55 mm Screw-in
35–70 mm F3.5–4.5AF
63°–34°
Automatic control on camera body
3.5–22 (35 mm) 4.5–32 (70 mm)
0.75 m (at close focus: 0.45 m)
40.4×27 cm (35 mm) 21.7×14.5 cm (70 mm, close focus)
Driven by AF/PF coupler on camera body
250 g
53 mm
69 mm
49 mm Screw-in
35–70 mm F3.5–4.5PF
63°–34°
Automatic control on camera body
3.5–22 (35 mm) 4.5–32 (70 mm)
0.75 m (at close focus 0.45 m)
40.4×27 cm (35 mm) 21.7×14.5 cm (70 mm, close focus)
Driven by PF coupler on camera body
250 g
53 mm
69 mm
49 mm Screw-in
35–105 mm F3.5–4.5AF
63°–23°
Automatic control on camera body
3.5–22 (35 mm) 4.5–27 (105 mm)
1.5 m (at close focus: 0.85 m)
129×86 cm (35 mm) 22×14 cm (105 mm, close focus)
Driven by AF/PF coupler on camera body
460 g
84 mm
69 mm
55 mm Screw-in
70–210 mm F3.5–4.5AF
34°–11°
Automatic control on camera body
3.5–22 (70 mm) 4.5–32 (210 mm)
1.5 m (at close focus: 1.35 m)
52×34 cm (70 mm) 18×12 cm (210 mm, close focus)
Driven by AF/PF coupler on camera body
790 g
125 mm
76 mm
55 mm Screw-in
Manual Zuiko lenses that were never marketed:
18 mm/f3.5, prototype of 18 mm/f3.5, L.zuiko with 12 elements 10 group, fixed 72 mm thread
50 mm/f2 pancake, prototype of 40 mm/f2 pancake
85 mm/f1.4, prototype, with GRIN (GRadient INdex of Refraction) elements
160 mm/f3.5, prototype
300 mm/f6.3, prototype
400 mm/f4.5, prototype
500 mm/f5.6, prototype
800 mm/f9, prototype
;mm/f14, prototype
24–40 mm/f4, prototype
90–250 mm prototype of 85–250/5
Being a system, Olympus made numerous accessories for professional , ,
and scientific photography.
motor drives and exchangeable camera back for 250 exposures
lighting: dedicated , shoes, cords, connectors, power sources, adapters and filters
interchangeable focusing screens instead of bulkier exchangeable finders
: extension tubes, stands & bases, lightings and accessories
: systems and connecting, focusing, automatic and manual exposure units
technical photography: data recording backs, endoscope and
cases, grips, cable release, battery holders
, a derivative of the Four Thirds system specifically geared to digital
, the first of a new line of Micro Four Thirds MILCs inspired by the OM body design
, the top model of the OM-D series
, the entry level model of the OM-D series
(Press release). Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. January 17, 2002.
Hawkins, R. Lee (). . Olympus OM SLR FAQ.
Kouichi Akagi. . Asahi Camera magazine (March 2002). Archived from the original on October 27, 2009.
, Hans van Veluwen
, Rick Oleson, Bruce hamm, Simon Evans & Mark D Photography in Malaysia
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Olympus Corporation history page.
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