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Some people seem to think that C's strcpy() function is bad or evil. While I admit that it's usually better to use strncpy() in order to avoid buffer overflows, the following (an implementation of the strdup() function for those not lucky enough to have it) safely uses strcpy() and should never overflow:
char *strdup(const char *s1)
char *s2 = malloc(strlen(s1)+1);
if(s2 == NULL)
return NULL;
strcpy(s2, s1);
return s2;
*s2 is guaranteed to have enough space to store *s1, and using strcpy() saves us from having to store the strlen() result in another function to use later as the unnecessary (in this case) length parameter to strncpy(). Yet some people write this function with strncpy(), or even memcpy(), which both require a length parameter. I would like to know what people think about this. If you think strcpy() is safe in certain situations, say so. If you have a good reason not to use strcpy() in this situation, please give it - I'd like to know why it might be better to use strncpy() or memcpy() in situations like this. If you think strcpy() is okay, but not here, please explain.
Basically, I just want to know why some people use memcpy() when others use strcpy() and still others use plain strncpy(). Is there any logic to preferring one over the three (disregarding the buffer checks of the first two)?
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memcpy can be faster than strcpy and strncpy because it does not have to compare each copied byte with '\0', and because it already knows the length of the copied object. It can be implemented in a similar way with the , or use assembler instructions that copy several bytes at a time, like movsw and movsd
The reason why people use strncpy not strcpy is because strings are not always null terminated and it's very easy to overflow the buffer (the space you have allocated for the string with strcpy) and overwrite some unrelated bit of memory.
With strcpy this can happen, with strncpy this will never happen. That is why strcpy is considered unsafe. Evil might be a little strong.
I'm following the rules in . Let me quote from it
strncpy was initially introduced into the C library to deal with fixed-length name fields in structures such as directory entries.
Such fields are not used in the same way as strings: the trailing null is unnecessary for a maximum-length field, and setting trailing bytes for shorter names to null assures efficient field-wise comparisons.
strncpy is not by origin a ``bounded strcpy,'' and the Committee has preferred to recognize existing practice rather than alter the function to better suit it to such use.
For that reason, you will not get a trailing '\0' in a string if you hit the n not finding a '\0' from the source string so far. It's easy to misuse it (of course, if you know about that pitfall, you can avoid it). As the quote says, it wasn't designed as a bounded strcpy. And i would prefer not to use it if not necessary. In your case, clearly its use is not necessary and you proved it. Why then use it?
And generally speaking, programming code is also about reducing redundancy. If you know you have a string containing 'n' characters, why tell the copying function to copy maximal n characters? You do redundant checking. It's little about performance, but much more about consistent code. Readers will ask themselves what strcpy could do that could cross the n characters and which makes it necessary to limit the copying, just to read in manuals that this cannot happen in that case. And there the confusion start happen among readers of the code.
For the rational to use mem-, str- or strn-, i chose among them like in the above linked document:
mem- when i want to copy raw bytes, like bytes of a structure.
str- when copying a null terminated string - only when 100% no overflow could happen.
strn- when copying a null terminated string up to some length, filling the remaining bytes with zero. Probably not what i want in most cases. It's easy to forget the fact with the trailing zero-fill, but it's by design as the above quote explains. So, i would just code my own small loop that copies characters, adding a trailing '\0':
char * sstrcpy(char *dst, char const *src, size_t n) {
char *ret =
while(n-- & 0) {
if((*dst++ = *src++) == '\0')
*dst++ = '\0';
Just a few lines that do exactly what i want. If i wanted "raw speed" i can still look out for a portable and optimized implementation that does exactly this bounded strcpy job. As always, profile first and then mess with it.
Later, C got functions for working with wide characters, called wcs- and wcsn- (for C99). I would use them likewise.
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Frankly, if you are doing much string handling in C, you should not ask yourself whether you should use strcpy or strncpy or memcpy. You should find or write a string library that provides a higher level abstraction. For example, one that keeps track of the length of each string, allocates memory for you, and provides all the string operations you need.
This will almost certainly guarantee you make very few of the kinds of mistakes usually associated with C string handling, such as buffer overflows, forgetting to terminate a string with a NUL byte, and so on.
The library might have functions such as these:
typedef struct MyString MyS
MyString *mystring_new(const char *c_str);
MyString *mystring_new_from_buffer(const void *p, size_t len);
void mystring_free(MyString *s);
size_t mystring_len(MyString *s);
int mystring_char_at(MyString *s, size_t offset);
MyString *mystring_cat(MyString *s1, ...); /* NULL terminated list */
MyString *mystring_copy_substring(MyString *s, size_t start, size_t max_chars);
MyString *mystring_find(MyString *s, MyString *pattern);
size_t mystring_find_char(MyString *s, int c);
void mystring_copy_out(void *output, MyString *s, size_t max_chars);
int mystring_write_to_fd(int fd, MyString *s);
int mystring_write_to_file(FILE *f, MyString *s);
I wrote one for the , see the gwlib/octstr.h file. It made life much simpler for us. On the other hand, such a library is fairly simple to write, so you might write one for yourself, even if only as an exercise.
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No one has mentioned , . As they say in their paper:
The most common misconception is that
strncpy() NUL-terminates the
destination string. This is only true,
however, if length of the source
string is less than the size
parameter. This can be problematic
when copying user input that may be of
arbitrary length into a fixed size
buffer. The safest way to use
strncpy() in this situation is to pass
it one less than the size of the
destination string, and then terminate
the string by hand. That way you are
guaranteed to always have a
NUL-terminated destination string.
There are counter-arguments for the use of strlcpy; the Wikipedia page makes note that
Drepper argues that strlcpy and
strlcat make truncation errors easier
for a programmer to ignore and thus
can introduce more bugs than they
However, I believe that this just forces people that know what they're doing to add a manual NULL termination, in addition to a manual adjustment to the argument to strncpy. Use of strlcpy makes it much easier to avoid buffer overruns because you failed to NULL terminate your buffer.
Also note that the lack of strlcpy in glibc or Microsoft's libraries should not you can find the source for strlcpy and friends in any BSD distribution, and the license is likely friendly to your commercial/non-commercial project. See the comment at the top of strlcpy.c.
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I personally am of the mindset that if the code can be proven to be valid—and done so quickly—it is perfectly acceptable.
That is, if the code is simple and thus obviously correct, then it is fine.
However, your assumption seems to be that while your function is executing, no other thread will modify the string pointed to by s1.
What happens if this function is interrupted after successful memory allocation (and thus the call to strlen), the string grows, and bam you have a buffer overflow condition since strcpy copies to the NULL byte.
The following might be better:
strdup(const char *s1) {
int s1_len = strlen(s1);
char *s2 = malloc(s1_len+1);
if(s2 == NULL) {
return NULL;
strncpy(s2, s1, s1_len);
return s2;
Now, the string can grow through no fault of your own and you're safe.
The result will not be a dup, but it won't be any crazy overflows, either.
The probability of the code you provided actually being a bug is pretty low (pretty close to non-existent, if not non-existent, if you are working in an environment that has no support for threading whatsoever).
It's just something to think about.
Here is a slightly better implementation:
strdup(const char *s1, int *retnum) {
int s1_len = strlen(s1);
char *s2 = malloc(s1_len+1);
if(s2 == NULL) {
return NULL;
strncpy(s2, s1, s1_len);
retnum = s1_
return s2;
There the number of characters is being returned.
You can also:
strdup(const char *s1) {
int s1_len = strlen(s1);
char *s2 = malloc(s1_len+1);
if(s2 == NULL) {
return NULL;
strncpy(s2, s1, s1_len);
s2[s1_len+1] = '\0';
return s2;
Which will terminate it with a NUL byte.
Either way is better than the one that I quickly put together originally.
I agree. I would recommend against strncpy() though, since it will always pad your output to the indicated length. This is some historical decision, which I think was really unfortunate as it seriously worsens the performance.
Consider code like this:
char buf[128];
strncpy(buf, "foo", sizeof buf);
This will not write the expected four characters to buf, but will instead write "foo" followed by 125 zero characters. If you're for instance collecting a lot of short strings, this will mean your actual performance is far worse than expected.
If available, I prefer to use snprintf(), writing the above like:
snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "foo");
If instead copying a non-constant string, it's done like this:
snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%s", input);
This is important, since if input contains % characters snprintf() would interpret them, opening up whole shelvefuls of cans of worms.
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I think strncpy is evil too.
To truly protect yourself from programming errors of this kind, you need to make it impossible to write code that (a) looks OK, and (b) overruns a buffer.
This means you need a real string abstraction, which stores the buffer and capacity opaquely, binds them together, forever, and checks bounds. Otherwise, you end up passing strings and their capacities all over the shop. Once you get to real string ops, like modifying the middle of a string, it's almost as easy to pass the wrong length into strncpy (and especially strncat), as it is to call strcpy with a too-small destination.
Of course you might still ask whether to use strncpy or strcpy in implementing that abstraction: strncpy is safer there provided you fully grok what it does. But in string-handling application code, relying on strncpy to prevent buffer overflows is like wearing half a condom.
So, your strdup-replacement might look something like this (order of definitions changed to keep you in suspense):
string *string_dup(const string *s1) {
string *s2 = string_alloc(string_len(s1));
if (s2 != NULL) {
string_set(s2,s1);
return s2;
static inline size_t string_len(const string *s) {
return strlen(s-&data);
static inline void string_set(string *dest, const string *src) {
// potential (but unlikely) performance issue: strncpy 0-fills dest,
// even if the src is very short. We may wish to optimise
// by switching to memcpy later. But strncpy is better here than
// strcpy, because it means we can use string_set even when
// the length of src is unknown.
strncpy(dest-&data, src-&data, dest-&capacity);
string *string_alloc(size_t maxlen) {
if (maxlen & SIZE_MAX - sizeof(string) - 1) return NULL;
string *self = malloc(sizeof(string) + maxlen + 1);
if (self != NULL) {
// empty string
self-&data[0] = '\0';
// strncpy doesn't NUL-terminate if it prevents overflow,
// so exclude the NUL-terminator from the capacity, set it now,
// and it can never be overwritten.
self-&capacity =
self-&data[maxlen] = '\0';
typedef struct string {
char data[0];
The problem with these string abstractions is that nobody can ever agree on one (for instance whether strncpy's idiosyncrasies mentioned in comments above are good or bad, whether you need immutable and/or copy-on-write strings that share buffers when you create a substring, etc). So although in theory you should just take one off the shelf, you can end up with one per project.
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strcpy leaves you the necessity to think if what you're doing is safe or not while using a safe function saves you from that kind of thinking for each case.
You have to do the same exercise as what you've done here every time when you're dealing with strcpy. On the other hand using a safe equivalent does not have that downside.
"Saving from one variable" really does not save you anything. The length is kept in a register whether you assign it to a variable or not.
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I'd tend to use memcpy if I have already calculated the length, although strcpy is usually optimised to work on machine words, it feels that you should provide the library with as much information as you can, so it can use the most optimal copying mechanism.
But for the example you give, it doesn't matter - if it's going to fail, it will be in the initial strlen, so strncpy doesn't buy you anything in terms of safety (and presumbly strncpy is slower as it has to both check bounds and for nul), and any difference between memcpy and strcpy isn't worth changing code for speculatively.
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The evil comes when people use it like this (although the below is super simplified):
void BadFunction(char *input)
char buffer[1024]; //surely this will **always** be enough
strcpy(buffer, input);
Which is a situation that happens suprising often.
But yeah, strcpy is as good as strncpy in any situation where you are allocating memory for the destination buffer and have already used strlen to find the length.
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14.6k23442
strlen finds upto last null terminating place.
But in reality buffers are not null terminated.
that's why people use different functions.
Well, strcpy() is not as evil as strdup() - at least strcpy() is part of Standard C.
In the situation you describe, strcpy is a good choice. This strdup will only get into trouble if the s1 was not ended with a '\0'.
I would add a comment indicating why there are no problems with strcpy, to prevent others (and yourself one year from now) wondering about its correctness for too long.
strncpy often seems safe, but may get you into trouble. If the source "string" is shorter than count, it pads the target with '\0' until it reaches count. That may be bad for performance. If the source string is longer than count, strncpy does not append a '\0' to the target. That is bound to get you into trouble later on when you expect a '\0' terminated "string". So strncpy should also be used with caution!
I would only use memcpy if I was not working with '\0' terminated strings, but that seems to be a matter of taste.
char *strdup(const char *s1)
char *s2 = malloc(strlen(s1)+1);
if(s2 == NULL)
return NULL;
strcpy(s2, s1);
return s2;
s1 is unterminated, strlen causes the access of unallocated memory, program crashes.
s1 is unterminated, strlen while not causing the access of unallocated memory access memory from another part of your application. It's returned to the user (security issue) or parsed by another part of your program (heisenbug appears).
s1 is unterminated, strlen results in a malloc which the system can't satisfy, returns NULL. strcpy is passed NULL, program crashes.
s1 is unterminated, strlen results in a malloc which is very large, system allocs far too much memory to perform the task at hand, becomes unstable.
In the best case the code is inefficient, strlen requires access to every element in the string.
There are probably other problems... Look, null termination isn't always a bad idea. There are situations where, for computational efficiency, or to reduce storage requirements it makes sense.
For writing general purpose code, e.g. business logic does it make sense? No.
char* dupstr(char* str)
int full_ // includes null terminator
#ifdef _DEBUG
if (! str)
toss("arg 1 null", __WHENCE__);
full_len = strlen(s) + 1;
if (! (ret = (char*) malloc(full_len)))
toss("out of memory", __WHENCE__);
memcpy(ret, s, full_len); // already know len, so strcpy() would be slower
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Adam Eckels
This answer uses size_t and memcpy() for a fast and simple strdup().
Best to use type size_t as that is the type returned from strlen() and used by malloc() and memcpy().
int is not the proper type for these operations.
memcpy() is rarely slower than strcpy() or strncpy() and often significantly faster.
// Assumption: `s1` points to a C string.
char *strdup(const char *s1) {
size_t size = strlen(s1) + 1;
char *s2 = malloc(size);
if(s2 != NULL) {
memcpy(s2, s1, size);
return s2;
§7.1.1 1 "A string is a contiguous sequence of characters terminated by and including the first null character. ..."
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Your code is terribly inefficient because it runs through the string twice to copy it.
Once in strlen().
Then again in strcpy().
And you don't check s1 for NULL.
Storing the length in some additional variable costs you about nothing, while running through each and every string twice to copy it is a cardinal sin.
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