英语翻译1.What sports does Mike do?He plays football every Friday.He goes swimming twice a week.He plays basketball twice a week.2.What did the man do last Friday?He went to a party.He was at a meeting in Hong Kong.He stayed at home.3.What is the_作业帮
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英语翻译1.What sports does Mike do?He plays football every Friday.He goes swimming twice a week.He plays basketball twice a week.2.What did the man do last Friday?He went to a party.He was at a meeting in Hong Kong.He stayed at home.3.What is the
英语翻译1.What sports does Mike do?He plays football every Friday.He goes swimming twice a week.He plays basketball twice a week.2.What did the man do last Friday?He went to a party.He was at a meeting in Hong Kong.He stayed at home.3.What is the man going to do in the summer?He's going to America with his aunt.He bas got no plan yet.He's going to visit his aunt in America.4.When did the woman come back?Yesterday.Last week.This morning.5.What will the woman do before going to the concert?Repairing her desk.Clearing up her desk.Making her hair look nicer,6.David said Xiaoyan should go for a short walk.7.David thinks Xiaoyan should visit Stratford.8.Xiaoyan has been to Glasgow before.9.It takes four hours to get to Glasgow from London by train.10.Stratford is 50 miles from London.
1 MIKE都做什么运动?他每周五踢足球.一周游两次泳,一周打两次篮球.2 这男人上周五做了什么?他去了个聚会.他在香港开会.他在家3 这男人在夏季要做什么?他要跟他婶婶去美国.他还没有计划.他要去美国看他婶婶.4 这女人什么时候回来的?昨天.上周.今天早晨5 这女人在去演唱会之前要做什么?修理她的桌子.清扫她的桌子.美发.6 DAVID说小燕应该出去走走7 DAVID认为小燕应该去看看斯坦福8 小燕曾经去过格拉斯哥9 从伦敦坐火车去格拉斯哥要花四个小时10 斯坦福离伦敦有50英里远
1麦克做什么运动？他每周五踢足球。一周游泳两次。一周打篮球两次。2这个男人上周五做什么了？他去参加了个宴会。他去香港开会。他呆在家里。3这个男人夏季打算干什么？他打算跟他的伯母去美国。他现在还没有打算。他打算去拜访美国的伯母。4这个女人什么时候回来的？昨天。上周。今天早上。5去音乐会之前这个女人将要做什么？修理她的桌子。清理她的桌子。美发。6大卫说...
1。做什么运动?迈克他踢足球时每星期五他去游泳每周两次他打篮球一周两次。
2。男士做上星期五他去参加聚会了他是在香港举行的一次会议上…他呆在家里。
3。什么是人打算在夏天做的吗他去美国和他的姑妈他还没有计划时他要去看他的姨妈在美国。
4。这个女人是什么时候回来?昨天。上个星期。今天早上。
5。女人做什么,然后再去音乐会吗? 修理她的书桌上清理她的书桌...
1.What sports does Mike do?He plays football every Friday.He goes swimming twice a week.He plays basketball twice a week.2.What did the man do last Friday?He went to a party.He was at a meeting i...资讯|备考|互动
托福TPO5阅读真题(文本+答案+翻译)：Part1
来源：新东方在线论坛
摘要：托福TPO5阅读真题(文本+答案+翻译)：Part1 Minerals and Plants矿物质和植物，更多托福TPO阅读真题、TPO阅读文本、TPO阅读答案、TPO阅读翻译尽在新东方在线托福考试频道！
　　TPO5阅读真题(文本+答案+翻译)：Part1 Minerals and Plants矿物质和植物，更多托福TPO阅读真题、TPO阅读文本、TPO阅读答案、TPO阅读翻译尽在新东方在线托福考试频道！　　Minerals and Plants　　Research has shown that certain minerals are required by plants for normal growth and development. The soil is the source of these minerals, which are absorbed by the plant with the water from the soil. Even nitrogen, which is a gas in its elemental state, is normally absorbed from the soil as nitrate ions. Some soils are notoriously deficient in micro nutrients and are therefore unable to support most plant life. So-called serpentine soils, for example, are deficient in calcium, and only plants able to tolerate low levels of this mineral can survive. In modern agriculture, mineral depletion of soils is a major concern, since harvesting crops interrupts the recycling of nutrients back to the soil.　　Mineral deficiencies can often be detected by specific symptoms such as chlorosis (loss of chlorophyll resulting in yellow or white leaf tissue), necrosis (isolated dead patches), anthocyanin formation (development of deep red pigmentation of leaves or stem), stunted growth, and development of woody tissue in an herbaceous plant. Soils are most commonly deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen-deficient plants exhibit many of the symptoms just described. Leav stems are short and slender, and anthocyanin discoloration occurs on stems, petioles, and lower leaf surfaces. Phosphorus-deficient plants are often stunted, with leaves turning a characteristic dark green, often with the accumulation of anthocyanin. Typically, older leaves are affected first as the phosphorus is mobilized to young growing tissue. Iron deficiency is characterized by chlorosis between veins in young leaves.　　Much of the research on nutrient deficiencies is based on growing plants hydroponically, that is, in soilless liquid nutrient solutions. This technique allows researchers to create solutions that selectively omit certain nutrients and then observe the resulting effects on the plants. Hydroponics has applications beyond basic research, since it facilitates the growing of greenhouse vegetables during winter. Aeroponics, a technique in which plants are suspended and the roots misted with a nutrient solution, is another method for growing plants without soil.　　While mineral deficiencies can limit the growth of plants, an overabundance of certain minerals can be toxic and can also limit growth. Saline soils, which have high concentrations of sodium chloride and other salts, limit plant growth, and research continues to focus on developing salt-tolerant varieties of agricultural crops. Research has focused on the toxic effects of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, however, even copper and zinc, which are essential elements, can become toxic in high concentrations. Although most plants cannot survive in these soils, certain plants have the ability to tolerate high levels of these minerals.　　Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyperaccumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than normal. A survey of known hyperaccumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of choice. Hyperaccumulators run the entire range of the plant world. They may be herbs, shrubs, or trees. Many members &of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top hyperaccumulators. Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where accumulation of high concentrations of metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbial pathogens.　　Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites that have been contaminated by toxic levels of heavy metals-an environmentally friendly approach known as phytoremediation. This scenario begins with the planting of hyperaccumulating species in the target area, such as an abandoned mine or an irrigation pond contaminated by runoff. Toxic minerals would first be absorbed by roots but later relocated to the stem and leaves. A harvest of the shoots would remove the toxic compounds off site to be burned or composted to recover the metal for industrial uses. After several years of cultivation and harvest, the site would be restored at a cost much lower than the price of excavation and reburial, the standard practice for remediation of contaminated soils. For examples, in field trials, the plant alpine pennycress removed zinc and cadmium from soils near a zinc smelter, and Indian mustard, native to Pakistan and India, has been effective in reducing levels of selenium salts by 50 percent in contaminated soils.　　Paragraph 1: Research has shown that certain minerals are required by plants for normal growth and development. The soil is the source of these minerals, which are absorbed by the plant with the water from the soil. Even nitrogen, which is a gas in its elemental state, is normally absorbed from the soil as nitrate ions. Some soils are notoriously deficient in micro nutrients and are therefore unable to support most plant life. So-called serpentine soils, for example, are deficient in calcium, and only plants able to tolerate low levels of this mineral can survive. In modern agriculture, mineral depletion of soils is a major concern, since harvesting crops interrupts the recycling of nutrients back to the soil.　　1. According to paragraph 1, what is true of plants that can grow in serpentine soil?　　○ They absorb micronutrients unusually well.　　○ They require far less calcium than most plants do.　　○ They are able to absorb nitrogen in its elemental state.　　○ They are typically crops raised for food.　　Paragraph 2: Mineral deficiencies can often be detected by specific symptoms such as chlorosis (loss of chlorophyll resulting in yellow or white leaf tissue), necrosis (isolated dead patches), anthocyanin formation (development of deep red pigmentation of leaves or stem), stunted growth, and development of woody tissue in an herbaceous plant. Soils are most commonly deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen-deficient plants exhibit many of the symptoms just described. Leav stems are short and slender, and anthocyanin discoloration occurs on stems, petioles, and lower leaf surfaces. Phosphorus-deficient plants are often stunted, with leaves turning a characteristic dark green, often with the accumulation of anthocyanin. Typically, older leaves are affected first as the phosphorus is mobilized to young growing tissue. Iron deficiency is characterized by chlorosis between veins in young leaves.　　2. The word &exhibit& in the passage is closest in meaning to　　○ fight off　　○ show　　○ cause　　○ spread　　3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following symptoms occurs in phosphorus-deficient plants but not in plants deficient in nitrogen or iron?　　○ Chlorosis on leaves　　○ Change in leaf pigmentation to a dark shade of green　　○ Short, stunted appearance of stems　　○ Reddish pigmentation on the leaves or stem　　4. According to paragraph 2, a symptom of iron deficiency is the presence in young leaves of　　○ deep red discoloration between the veins　　○ white or yellow tissue between the veins　　○ dead spots between the veins　　○ characteristic dark green veins　　Paragraph 3: Much of the research on nutrient deficiencies is based on growing plants hydroponically, that is, in soilless liquid nutrient solutions. This technique allows researchers to create solutions that selectively omit certain nutrients and then observe the resulting effects on the plants. Hydroponics has applications beyond basic research, since it facilitates the growing of greenhouse vegetables during winter. Aeroponics, a technique in which plants are suspended and the roots misted with a nutrient solution, is another method for growing plants without soil.　　5. The word &facilitates& in the passage is closest in meaning to　　○ slows down　　○ affects　　○ makes easier　　○ focuses on　　6. According to paragraph 3, what is the advantage of hydroponics for research on nutrient deficiencies in plants?　　○ It allows researchers to control what nutrients a plant receives.　　○ It allows researchers to observe the growth of a large number of plants simultaneously.　　○ It is possible to directly observe the roots of plants.　　○ It is unnecessary to keep misting plants with nutrient solutions.　　7. The word &suspended& in the passage is closest in meaning to　　○ grown　　○ protected　　○ spread out　　○ hung　　Paragraph 5: Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyperaccumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than normal. A survey of known hyperaccumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of choice. Hyperaccumulators run the entire range of the plant world. They may be herbs, shrubs, or trees. Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top hyperaccumulators. Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where accumulation of high concentrations of metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbial pathogens.　　8. Why does the author mention &herbs&, &shrubs&, and &trees&?　　○ To provide examples of plant types that cannot tolerate high levels of harmful minerals.　　○ To show why so many plants are hyperaccumulators.　　○ To help explain why hyperaccumulators can be found in so many different places.　　○ To emphasize that hyperaccumulators occur in a wide range of plant types.　　9. The word &afford& in the passage is closest in meaning to　　○ offer　　○ prevent　　○ increase　　○ remove　　Paragraph 6: Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites that have been contaminated by toxic levels of heavy metals-an environmentally friendly approach known as phytoremediation. This scenario begins with the planting of hyperaccumulating species in the target area, such as an abandoned mine or an irrigation pond contaminated by runoff. Toxic minerals would first be absorbed by roots but later relocated to the stem and leaves. A harvest of the shoots would remove the toxic compounds off site to be burned or composted to recover the metal for industrial uses. After several years of cultivation and harvest, the site would be restored at a cost much lower than the price of excavation and reburial, the standard practice for remediation of contaminated soils. For examples, in field trials, the plant alpine pennycress removed zinc and cadmium from soils near a zinc smelter, and Indian mustard, native to Pakistan and India, has been effective in reducing levels of selenium salts by 50 percent in contaminated soils.　　10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.　　○ Before considering phytoremediation, hyperaccumulating species of plants local to the target area must be identified.　　○ The investigation begins with an evaluation of toxic sites in the target area to determine the extent of contamination.　　○ The first step in phytoremediation is the planting of hyperaccumulating plants in the area to be cleaned up.　　○ Mines and irrigation ponds can be kept from becoming contaminated by planting hyperaccumulating species in targeted areas.　　11. It can be inferred from paragraph 6 that compared with standard practices for remediation of contaminated soils, phytoremediation　　○ does not allow for the use of the removed minerals for industrial purposes　　○ can be faster to implement　　○ is equally friendly to the environment　　○ is less suitable for soils that need to be used within a short period of time　　12. Why does the author mention &Indian mustard&?　　○ To warn about possible risks involved in phytoremediation　　○ To help illustrate the potential of phytoremediation　　○ To show that hyperaccumulating plants grow in many regions of the world　　○ To explain how zinc contamination can be reduced　　Paragraph 5: Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyperaccumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than normal. ■A survey of known hyperaccumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of choice. ■Hyperaccumulators run the entire range of the plant world. ■They may be herbs, shrubs, or trees. ■Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top hyperaccumulators. Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where accumulation of high concentrations of metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbial pathogens.　　13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.　　Certain minerals are more likely to be accumulated in large quantities than others.　　Where could the sentence best fit?　　14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.　　Plants need to absorb certain minerals from the soil in adequate quantities for normal growth and development.　　●　　●　　●　　Answer Choices　　○Some plants are able to accumulate extremely high levels of certain minerals and thus can be used to clean up soils contaminated with toxic levels of these minerals.　　○Though beneficial in lower levels, high levels of salts, other minerals, and heavy metals can be harmful to plants.　　○When plants do not absorb sufficient amounts of essential minerals, characteristic abnormalities result.　　○Because high concentrations of sodium chloride and other salts limit growth in most plants, much research　　has been done in an effort to develop salt-tolerant agricultural crops.　　○Some plants can tolerate comparatively low levels of certain minerals, but such plants are of little use for recycling nutrients back into depleted soils.　　○Mineral deficiencies in many plants can be cured by misting their roots with a nutrient solution or by transferring the plants to a soilless nutrient solution.　　
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4日 11日 12日连词成句并翻译成中文。1.he has a what have he does towle ?. 2.shape is triangle what the it book is, 连词成句并翻译成中文。1.he ha
连词成句并翻译成中文。1.he has a what have he does towle ?. 2.shape is triangle what the it book is 问题补充：
是towel 急呀 へ×甜芯部落 连词成句并翻译成中文。1.he has a what have he does towle ?. 2.shape is triangle what the it book is
What does he have.
.1.？他有一条毛巾？是三角形. 。3? he has a towel
他有什么。2..
我姐姐（或妹妹）和我有一顶帽子.? it is triangle 那书是什么形状的. and there are buildings in your school.你学校还有些建筑物. My sister and I have a hat。4. What shape is the book
3，你看下.And in your school there are buildings，是不是你拼写错了. towle 是什么单词。4。21. it is triangle what the book shape is. 我和我的姐姐都有个帽子. 书的形状是三角形. My sister and I have a hat，有很多的建筑. 在你学校里
九级水平就是不一样！完全正确！
他有他做陶尔有什么？。形状是三角形的这本书是什么资讯|备考|互动
托福TPO8阅读真题(文本+答案+翻译)：Part3
来源：新东方在线论坛
摘要：托福TPO8阅读真题(文本+答案+翻译)：Part3 Running Water on Mars火星上的流水，更多托福TPO阅读真题、TPO阅读文本、TPO阅读答案、TPO阅读翻译尽在新东方在线托福考试频道！
　　TPO8阅读真题(文本+答案+翻译)：Part3 Running Water on Mars火星上的流水，更多托福TPO阅读真题、TPO阅读文本、TPO阅读答案、TPO阅读翻译尽在新东方在线托福考试频道！　　Running Water on Mars　　Photographic evidence suggests that liquid water once existed in great quantity on the surface of Mars. Two types of flow features are seen: runoff channels and outflow channels. Runoff channels are found in the southern highlands. These flow features are extensive systems-sometimes hundreds of kilometers in total length-of interconnecting, twisting channels that seem to merge into larger, wider channels. They bear a strong resemblance to river systems on Earth, and geologists think that they are dried-up beds of long-gone rivers that once carried rainfall on Mars from the mountains down into the valleys. Runoff channels on Mars speak of a time 4 billion years ago (the age of the Martian highlands), when the atmosphere was thicker, the surface warmer, and liquid water widespread.　　Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped &islands& (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous-perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed.　　Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early Period during which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta-a fan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into a larger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands. Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence for large open expenses of water on the early Martian surface. A computer-generated view of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been an ancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands. The Hellas Basin, which measures some 3,000 kilometers across and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometers below the basin's rim, is another candidate for an ancient Martian sea.　　These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced &beaches& shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean. Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and oceans. However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.　　Aside from some small-scale gullies (channels) found since 2000, which are inconclusive, astronomers have no direct evidence for liquid water anywhere on the surface of Mars today, and the amount of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere is tiny. Yet even setting aside the unproven hints of ancient oceans, the extent of the outflow channels suggests that a huge total volume of water existed on Mars in the past. Where did all the water go? The answer may be that virtually all the water on Mars is now locked in the permafrost layer under the surface, with more contained in the planet's polar caps.　　Paragraph 1: Photographic evidence suggests that liquid water once existed in great quantity on the surface of Mars. Two types of flow features are seen: runoff channels and outflow channels. Runoff channels are found in the southern highlands. These flow features are extensive systems-sometimes hundreds of kilometers in total length-of interconnecting, twisting channels that seem to merge into larger, wider channels. They bear a strong resemblance to river systems on Earth, and geologists think that they are dried-up beds of long-gone rivers that once carried rainfall on Mars from the mountains down into the valleys. Runoff channels on Mars speak of a time 4 billion years ago (the age of the Martian highlands), when the atmosphere was thicker, the surface warmer, and liquid water widespread.　　1. The word &merge& in the passage is closest in meaning to　　○ expand　　○ separate　　○ straighten out　　○ combine　　2. What does the discussion in paragraph 1 of runoff channels in the southern highlands suggest about Mars? ○The atmosphere of Mars was once thinner than it is today.　　○Large amounts of rain once fell on parts of Mars.　　○The river systems of Mars were once more extensive than Earth's.　　○The rivers of Mars began to dry up about 4 billion years ago.　　Paragraph 2: Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped &islands& (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous-perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed.　　3. The word &relics& in the passage is closest in meaning to　　○ remains　　○ sites　　○ requirements　　○ sources　　4. The word &miniature& in the passage is closest in meaning to　　○ temporary　　○ small　　○ multiple　　○ familiar　　5. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that 105 tons of water flow through the Amazon river per second?　　○To emphasize the great size of the volume of water that seems to have flowed through Mars' outflow channels　　○To indicate data used by scientists to estimate how long ago Mars' outflow channels were formed　　○To argue that flash floods on Mars may have been powerful enough to cause tear-shaped &islands& to form　　○To argue that the force of flood waters on Mars was powerful enough to shape the northern volcanic plains　　6. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the outflow channels on Mars EXCEPT:　　○They formed at around the same time that volcanic activity was occurring on the northern plains.　　○They are found only on certain parts of the Martian surface.　　○They sometimes empty onto what appear to have once been the wet sands of tidal beaches.　　○They are thought to have carried water northward from the equatorial regions.　　Paragraph 3: Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early Period during which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta-a fan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into a larger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands. Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence for large open expenses of water on the early Martian surface. A computer-generated view of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been an ancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands. The Hellas Basin, which measures some 3,000 kilometers across and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometers below the basin's rim, is another candidate for an ancient Martian sea.　　7. All of the following questions about geological features on Mars are answered in paragraph 3 EXCEPT:　　○What are some regions of Mars that may have once been covered with an ocean?　　○Where do mission scientists believe that the river forming the delta emptied?　　○Approximately how many craters on Mars do mission scientists believe may once have been lakes filled with water?　　○During what period of Mars' history do some scientists think it may have had large bodies of water?　　8. According to paragraph 3, images of Mars' surface have been interpreted as support for the idea that　　○ the polar regions of Mars were once more extensive than they are now　　○ a large part of the northern lowlands may once have been under water　　○ deltas were once a common feature of the Martian landscape　　○ the shape of the Hellas Basin has changed considerably over time　　Paragraph 4: These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced &beaches& shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean. Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and oceans. However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.　　9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.　　○But detractors argue that geological activity may be responsible for the water associated with the terraces.　　○But detractors argue that the terraces may have been formed by geological activity rather than by the presence of water.　　○But detractors argue that the terraces may be related to geological forces in the Northern Hemisphere of Mars, rather than to Martian water in the south.　　○But detractors argue that geological forces depressed the Northern Hemisphere so far below the level of the south that the terraces could not have been formed by water.　　10. According to paragraph 4, what do the 2003 Global Surveyor data suggest about Mars?　　○Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.　　○The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.　　○Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars' surface for long periods of time.　　○The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.　　Paragraph 5: Aside from some small-scale gullies (channels) found since 2000, which are inconclusive, astronomers have no direct evidence for liquid water anywhere on the surface of Mars today, and the amount of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere is tiny. Yet even setting aside the unproven hints of ancient oceans, the extent of the outflow channels suggests that a huge total volume of water existed on Mars in the past. Where did all the water go? The answer may be that virtually all the water on Mars is now locked in the permafrost layer under the surface, with more contained in the planet's polar caps.　　11. The word &hints& in the passage is closest in meaning to　　○ clues　　○ features　　○ arguments　　○ effects　　Paragraph 2: Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. ■They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. ■Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. ■The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped &islands& (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. ■Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous-perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed.　　12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.　　These landscape features differ from runoff channels in a number of ways.　　Where would the sentence best fit?　　13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.　　There is much debate concerning whether Mars once had water.　　●　　●　　●　　Answer choices　　○Mars' runoff and outflow channels are large-scale, distinctive features that suggest that large quantities of liquid water once flowed on Mars.　　○Although some researchers claim that Mars may once have had oceans, others dispute this, pointing to an absence of evidence or offering alternative interpretations of evidence.　　○Various types of images have been used to demonstrate that most of Martian surface contains evidence of flowing water.　　○The runoff and outflow channels of Mars apparently carried a higher volume of water and formed more extensive networks than do Earth's river systems.　　○There is very little evidence of liquid water on Mars today, and it is assumed that all the water that once existed on the planet is frozen beneath its surface.　　○While numerous gullies have been discovered on Mars since 2000, many astronomers dismiss them as evidence that Mars once had liquid water.　　
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