参考译文1：马特的类是在早晨。这是一个更有趣。我们谈到了美式橄榄球。马特首先向我们展示了他高中的足球队和足球比赛的其他信息的杂志。然后，他让我们看一部电影叫“星期五胜利之光”。这是这个名字，因为高中足球比赛只有星期五晚上。他还告诉我们关于足球的其他东西。我不喜欢美式足球，因为它太暴力了。不过，我喜欢这部电影。参考译文2：早上是亚光类。更有趣的是。我们谈论美式足球。马太福音第一次向我们展示了一本关于他高中足球队杂志和其他信息对足球比赛。然后他让我们看一部电影是"周五晚上灯"。那是名称，因为高学校只上周五晚上有足球比赛。他还告诉我们其他事情足球。我不喜欢美式足球，因为它太暴力。不过，我喜欢这部电影。参考译文3：早上是亚光类。更有趣的是。我们谈论美式足球。马太福音第一次向我们展示了一本关于他高中足球队杂志和其他信息对足球比赛。然后他让我们看一部电影是"周五晚上灯"。那是名称，因为高学校只上周五晚上有足球比赛。他还告诉我们其他事情足球。我不喜欢美式足球，因为它太暴力。不过，我喜欢这部电影。参考译文4：马特的阶级是在上午。 这是一个很少更有趣。 我们谈到美式足球。 第一太表明我们对他的杂志高中队和其他资料的足球。 然后他让我们看电影称为「星期五夜灯”。 这是因为高学校名称有足球比赛只有星期五晚。 他还告诉我们有关足球其他事情。 我不喜欢美式足球是暴力。 然而,我喜欢的电影。语义参照：：Those were such happy time，Make today seem rather sad！
：Those 是这样快乐的 time，Make 今天似乎相当 sad！我靠。老子喊她填一下午的，她崽就填啊
I depend on. I called her to fill in a this afternoon, she would fill theirappuyez
新闻defene
defeneFriend' s name
朋友的名字做快乐漂亮的朋友
So happy beautiful friends数控技术与应用
CNC technologies and applicationswait you forever
永远等待你what to learn and how to learn
学什么和如何学习This product warranty is further subject to jurisdiction where the product is sold.
本产品保修是进一步受司法管辖区的产品销售。我想让我的父母给我买一台电脑，因为电脑能帮助我学习，还能然我更加了解这个世界。但他们认为电脑太贵，而且耽误学习，所以不愿意给我买。能给我提一些建议吗？
I would like to let my parents buy me a computer, because computers can help me to learn, so I can also be more aware of this world. But they were of the view that computer is too expensive, but also delays learning, so I do not want to buy me. Give me some recommendations mentioned?他有很大的变化
[object Object]will wait for you know what you will miss the old days we had together What
你知道你将会错过我们曾在一起的时光会等什么You guys took your sweet time getting here... was Reverb driving?
[object Object]everyone gets a long with him
每个人都跟他获取长He is not an asshole.He just like it.
他不是个屁。他只是喜欢它。date:july 20，2012
日期： 7 月 20，2012Press CTRL + Alt + A or Escape (+ Option + A or Escape on the Mac).
按CTRL + ALT + A或退出（+股权+ A或Mac上的退出）。【摘要】：
The "Summary":种类1弹簧床垫
Type 1 spring mattresses最大模型公园
One of the largest model parkA.It has the largest number of customers
A.它有最大数目的客户中国属于第三世界
China belongs to the Third Worldthe more careful you are,the less mistakes you weill make
你越认真，少错误您做出威尔Expect Orders to meet $100K forecast for S Revenues on track for September
预期订单以满足 100 万美元 ； 9 月预测9 月有望收入1楼挂号大厅
正在翻译，请等待...universal shifts
普遍性转移enzymedlcn
enzymedlcn完成这项工程，主要靠自己，而不是别人
Completion of this project, mainly relied on their own rather than others.There are many ways to learn a foreign language well.read the suggestions below.following these steps will give you a great base in a new language
也有很多途径学习外语,一并阅读”的以下建议。以下这些步骤将使你一个很基本的一个新的语文鲜橙汁
orange juiceohhhhh thats a big problem because i dont know how to speak and understand chinese
一切就是一个大问题，因为我不知道怎么说和理解中国如此，以致
So thatAnd so on , is also a kind of happiness!
等等，也是一种幸福 ！我需要查看经理的时间表 看看是否已经排满了
我需要查看经理的时间表看看是否已经排满了am Francis Elliot a British national,I work as a Manager In the HANG SENG BANK of Hong Kong.
弗朗西斯 · 埃利奥特则是英国国家的是作为经理在恒生银行香港的工作。在花丛中呢.
Flowers.After losing Know of how Treasuring
失去的怎么知道后 Treasuring史密斯小姐花了一下午的时间把报告归档。
Miss Smith spent one afternoon to reports filed.虽然祖母体弱多病，她却承担起了家里所有的家务
Although frail grandmother, but she assumed all the household chores at homeface g in the input part, using face intersection tests.
在输入部分中，使用的脸相交测试的脸 g。付账单
pay your billsBecause of the increased directionality inherent to the 3D
他不敢把车停到那
He Park to the明明已经错过你
, Is already miss you你的立体声是新的吗？
Your stereo is new?Jim坐在我旁边
Jim sits next to me人民中路52号
In the people road No.52Like to many people, love, however, only one.
像很多人说,爱,然而,只有一个。at twenty-five past six
在 6:25 上午as he talked to the man, he learned that he had just broken out of prison
他谈到男子，他得知，他刚刚打破了监狱救世主
The Saviorsorry sorry You moy do that、ma
对不起对不起你Moy做that、ma昨晚一直到十点我才睡觉
Until last night didn't go to bed at ten I公司标志
Corporate logo好心分手
Please Let Me Go据说明天会下雨，还会刮大风，气温也会变得很低
It is said that it will rain tomorrow, but also strong winds, low temperatures will becomeyou hair wants cutting .you'd better have it done tomorrow.
你的头发要切割，你最好有它做明天。没有未来
There is no future数据挖掘技术的引入
Introduction of data-mining technology你走的那天，我决定不掉泪，迎差风撑着眼帘用力不眨眼
You go on that day, I decided not to cry, poor air hang in there eyes not blinkingtalk me soon
我很快说最近查询：
Soon forget a word I remember something else.
[object Object]
Do you have Alipay Account
DORIS生活，爱你千回百
He has several girlfriends
正在翻译，请等待...
In order not to be late, I got up early
My mother told me I eat?
正在翻译，请等待...
资产负债表
Can it be said that both of us from the decline in Northern Africa dominated Africa, rubbing scraping both in Europe and the United States of white area
少女时代永远......If one day, you say you love me, I will tell you, in fact, I have been waiting for you if one day, we pass by, I will stop, look at you go back, tell the man I loved. Perhaps you can love many times in one's life, however there is always one person can make us laugh the most shining, cry the most thorough, most deeply.的翻译是： 如果有一天，你说你爱我，我告诉你，其实，我一直在等你如果有一天，我们通过我将停止，看看你回去，告诉爱的男人。或许你可以在人的一生爱很多次，但是总有一个人能让我们笑最耀眼，哭最彻底、 最深。。 什么意思？ 中文翻译英文，英文翻译中文，怎么说？ - 金龙在线翻译
求翻译：If one day, you say you love me, I will tell you, in fact, I have been waiting for you if one day, we pass by, I will stop, look at you go back, tell the man I loved. Perhaps you can love many times in one's life, however there is always one person can make us laugh the most shining, cry the most thorough, most deeply. 是什么意思?
参考译文1： 如果有一天，你说你爱我，我会告诉你，事实上，我一直在等着你，如果有一天，我们擦肩而过，我会停下来，看看你回去，告诉我爱的人。也许你在人的一生可以爱很多次，但始终是一个人可以让我们笑最闪亮的，最彻底，最深刻的哭了。参考译文2： 如果有一天，你说你爱我，我告诉你，其实，我一直在等你如果有一天，我们通过我将停止，看看你回去，告诉爱的男人。或许你可以在人的一生爱很多次，但是总有一个人能让我们笑最耀眼，哭最彻底、 最深。参考译文3： 如果有一天，你说你爱我，我告诉你，其实，我一直在等你如果有一天，我们通过我将停止，看看你回去，告诉爱的男人。或许你可以在人的一生爱很多次，但是总有一个人能让我们笑最耀眼，哭最彻底、 最深。参考译文4： 如果有一天,你说你爱我,我会告诉你,其实,我在等你如果有一天,我们通过,我将停止,看看你们回去后,告诉我爱的人。 或许你可以在一个爱许多倍的生活,但是总有一个人可以使我们笑最闪光,哭的最彻底、最深。相关翻译：那你告诉我该怎么说？
tell me how do you say?nonchalance' ? all right ,perfect and what i wanna to tell u...
冷漠 ' 吗？好吧，完善，我只想告诉你 … …tell her to delete please
告诉她，请删除有些人告诉我
Some people told meI told my sister my sister
我告诉我的姐姐妹妹今天是我这个周末最快乐的一天
Today is my happiest day this weekendhow one day he wanted to lift weights with me
一天他想要怎样跟我举重这就我我有意义的一天
This made sense to me the day I一天工作12个小时
[object Object]语义参照：BBW ASS SMOTHER tiny man
两男玩一屁股扼杀小人较小的生活空间
A smaller living space让它来吧，不怕！
let it come to me, and do not fear!我说过我们是好朋友
I said that we are good friendsat System.Net.UnsafeNclNativeMethods.OSSOCK.recv(IntPtr socketHandle, Byte* pinnedBuffer, Int32 len, SocketFlags socketFlags)
在 System.Net.UnsafeNclNativeMethods.OSSOCK.recv IntPtr socketHandle、 pinnedBuffer 字节 *、 Int32 len SocketFlags socketFlags）朋友你有妻子嚒？
Do you have a wife 嚒 friends?本文在深入分析区域差异成因的基础上，提出了
This in-depth analysis of the causes of regional differences on the basis of proposedthese are our memories
这些都是我们的记忆惹怒我？尽管试试
mess with me? Even though!interesting things .
[object Object]Mrs. Brown thinks her house is very good because it is always clean and tidy
布朗太太认为她的房子是很好的因为它始终是干净整洁让我做你的王
私はあなたの王とするAn information system that measures,processes,and communicates economic information
措施，流程和信息系统，沟通经济信息不需要人理解，也不需向任何人解释自己、
does not need to be understood, nor does it require any person to explain their own,understant
即便今天Mood is most important in life
情绪是生命中最重要坦率
Frank在伸缩缝
The expansion joints情系
The lovePlease call mary
请致电玛丽邦定要是打金线的话，建议
If gold wire bonding to play, I suggest调研方式的制定与实施
Development and implementation of research像坐牢一样
Just like jailPlay bakery story for free!get it now!!
免费试玩面包店的故事 ！ 现在就得到了 ！！Wedding Company
婚庆公司next time ,i`ll chating with you
下一次,我要与你Chating Road搞笑·
Funny ·带回
Back他和我同样喜欢 科比.布莱恩特
He and I also like Kobe Bryant. Bryant你的昵称是什么？
What is your nickname?锛亂ou jump锛宨 jump
Biotechnology biotechnology synchronistic 宨 ou jump jumpthat I have come to the conclusion that the fastest road to failure is to do things mechanically
我走向结论向失败的快速途径是做事机械上面对镜头时更是有胆怯的心理，很难让采访顺利进行
Cameras even more timid psychological, it's hard to get interviews with smooth6000多公里
6,000 kilometers不愿意做某事
Not willing to do sthfzltchjw gb1 0
fzltchjw GB1 0我家在A与B交叉路口的角上
My home in the A and B on the corner of the intersectionattention to this matter
注意此事你相信
You你现在上网的地方.不要常去
Where you are now online. Do not frequented主修专业课
Majoring in philologythe park is from here
公园离这儿Total Fare Price
总票价人们常把电视广告作为刺激需求的方法
It is often the television advertising as a means of stimulating demand这类
adj. (Trad=這類, Pinyin=zhe4 lei4) this kind, this sort of, this type of不划算
Not worth文体区
Sports area她将明天回来
She will be back tomorrow获得了解
Access to Information最近查询：
Second class after school every morning, we went to the playground do 20 minutes Gymnastics
What is a feather
Customers want to know their date of arrival in order to arrange matters
You look like a Tibetan
科学家设法杀害其他害虫与硼酸。
请帮助糖果从Vitte附加优秀的信息，我们正在努力得到政府的批准。
Myanshuka 马鲛鱼的房子
乳太难对你大脚棒
(名) 剂量; 用量; 配药
Pay sample fee, 7 days
For their own healingEmail to a friend
Your email address
Your friend's address
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Life in the 1500s
Life in the 1500s
& The numerous current sayings listed in a "Life in the 1500s" article sprang from ordinary living conditions in that era.
Anne Hathaway was the wife of William Shakespeare.
She married at the age of 26.
This is really unusual for the time. Most people married young, like at the age of 11 or 12.
Life was not as romantic as we may picture it.
Here are some examples:
Anne Hathaway's home was a 3 bedroom house with a small parlor, which was seldom used (only for company), kitchen, and no bathroom.
Mother and Father shared a bedroom.
Anne had a queen sized bed, but did not sleep alone.
She also had 2 other sisters and they shared the bed also with 6 servant girls.
(this is before she married)
They didn't sleep like we do length-wise but all laid on the bed cross-wise.
At least they had a bed.
The other bedroom was shared by her 6 brothers and 30 field workers.
They didn't have a bed. Everyone just wrapped up in their blanket and slept on the floor.
They had no indoor heating so all the
extra bodies kept them warm.
They were also small people, the men only grew to be about 5'6" and the women were 4'8".
So in their house they had 27 people living.
Most people got married in June.
They took their yearly bath in May, so they were till smelling pretty good by June, although they were starting to smell, so the brides would carry a bouquet of flowers to hide their b.o.
Like I said, they took their yearly bath in May, but it was just a big tub that they would fill with hot water. The man of the house would get the privilege of the nice clean water. Then all the other sons and men, then the women and finally
the children. Last of all the babies. By then the water was pretty thick.
Thus, the saying, "don't throw the baby out with the bath water," it was so dirty you could actually lose someone in it.
I'll describe their houses a little.
You've heard of thatch roofs, well that's all they were.
Thick straw, piled high, with no wood underneath.
They were the only place for the little animals to get warm. S dogs, cats and other small animals, mice, rats, bugs, all lived in the roof.
When it rained it became slippery so sometimes the animals would slip and fall off the roof.
Thus the saying, "it's raining cats and dogs,"
Since there was nothing to stop things from falling into the house they would just try to clean up a lot.
But this posed a real problem in the bedroom where bugs and other droppings from animals could really mess up your nice clean bed, so they found if they would make beds with big posts and hang a sheet over the top it would prevent that problem.
That's where those beautiful big 4 poster beds with canopies came from.
When you came into the house you would notice most times that the floor was dirt.
Only the wealthy had something other than dirt, that's where the saying "dirt poor" came from.
The wealthy would have slate floors.
That was fine but in the winter they would get slippery when they got wet.
So they started to spread thresh on the floor to help keep their footing.
As the winter wore on they would just keep adding it and adding it until when you opened the door it would all start slipping outside.
So they put a piece of wood at the entry way, a "thresh hold".
In the kitchen they would cook over the fire, they had a fireplace in the kitchen/parlor, that was seldom used and sometimes in the master bedroom.
They had a big kettle that always hung over the fire and every day they would light the fire and start adding things to the pot.
Mostly they ate vegetables, they didn't get much meat.
They would eat the stew for dinner then leave the leftovers in the pot to get cold overnight and then start over the next day.
Sometimes the stew would have food in it that had been in there for a month!
Thus the rhyme: peas porridge hot, peas porridge cold, peas porridge in the pot nine days old."
Sometimes they could get a hold on some pork.
They really felt special when that happened and when company came over they even had a rack in the parlor where they would bring out some bacon and hang it to show it off.
That was a sign of wealth and that a man "could really bring home the bacon."
They would cut off a little to share with guests and they would all sit around and "chew the fat."
If you had money your plates were made out of pewter. Sometimes some of their food had a high acid content and some of the lead would leach out into the food.
They really noticed it happened with tomatoes. So they stopped eating tomatoes, for 400 years.
Most people didn't have pewter plates though, they all had trenchers, that was a piece of wood with the middle scooped out like a bowl. They never washed their boards and a lot of times worms would get into the wood.
After eating off the trencher with worms they would get "trench mouth." If you were going traveling and wanted to stay at an Inn they usually provided the bed but not the board.
The bread was divided according to status.
The workers would get the burnt bottom of the loaf, the family would get the middle and guests would get the top, or the "upper crust".
They also had lead cups and when they would drink their ale or whiskey. The combination would sometimes knock them out for a couple of days.
They would be walking along the road and here would be someone knocked out and they thought they were dead. So they would pick them up and take them home and get them ready to bury.
They realized if they were too slow about it, the person would wake up. Also, maybe not all of the people they were burying were dead.
So they would lay them out on the kitchen table for a couple of days, the family would gather around and eat and drink and wait and see if they would wake up.
That's where the custom of holding a "wake" came from.
Since England is so old and small they started running out of places to bury people.
So they started digging up some coffins and would take their bones to a house and re-use the grave.
They started opening these coffins and found some had scratch marks on the inside.
One out of 25 coffins were that way and they realized they had still been burying people alive.
So they thought they would tie a string on their wrist and lead it through the coffin and up through the ground and tie it to a bell.
Someone would have to sit out in the graveyard all night to listen for the bell.
That is how the saying "graveyard shift" was made.
If the bell would ring they would know that someone was "saved by the bell" or he was a "dead ringer".
& A later version of this piece was prefaced with a putative explanation of origins of the term "," which we have covered in a separate article.
& In a nutshell, this article about "Life in the 1500s" is nothing more than an extended joke, someone's idea of an amusing leg-pull which began its Internet life in April 1999.
All of the historical and linguistic facts it purports to offer are simply made up and contrary to documented facts:
Most people married young, like at the age of 11 or 12.
That's just plain wrong. Even in the 1500s, nearly the only people who wed that early were the progeny of royalty, and those unions were formed for political reasons and thus were much more paper marriages than real ones. A "bride" of tender years might be called upon to travel to her new homeland, where she would take up residence with her husband's family and live like their daughter
until such time as both kids were deemed old enough to advance the state of their union into full-blown matrimony. To put it more directly, though the teens might call each other "husband" and "wife," they didn't begin cohabiting and having sex until their mid-teens at the earliest, and only when both families agreed the kids were ready to take this step.
A perfect example of such a union was the 1499 marriage between Catherine of Aragon (Spain) and Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII of England. They were married by proxy in their native lands when Arthur was 14 and Catherine was 15. Catherine did not arrive in England
until 1501, when the young royals were wed again, this time in person. Although controversy exists as to whether they might have had sexual congress before Arthur's death in 1502, if they had done so, they accomplished it by sneaking behind everybody's back. Both sets of parents were of the opinion the youngsters should not begin this aspect of marital life too early, and they worked to prevent such a change in affairs by housing the youngsters separately, as well as by charging Catherine's Spanish duenna to maintain a watchful eye on the pair. It was said Henry VII's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was ruined by early childbirth (she bore Henry at age 13 and did not afterwards have other children though she was married four times), and Henry was not about to risk the succession of his line on another one-child mom. Equally as important was the thought common to that time that early sexual excesses could fatally weaken the health of young men. A teen prince who bedded too often, it was feared, was digging himself into an early grave.
Some other "delayed consummation" marriages of that general era were:
Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond, illegitimate son of Henry VIII, was married off to Lady Mary Howard when he was fourteen. The marriage remained unconsummated at his death at age 17.
Thomas, Earl of Surrey (Mary Howard's brother) lived with Lady Frances Vere for three years after they were wed before consummating matters when they were both 15.
As stated earlier, though early marriages were common among the royals of that era, they were far from the norm among ordinary citizens. Granted, there might have been a few such early unions, but the practice was not as portrayed in this e-mail, which states that "Most people married young, like at the age of 11 or 12."
According to Stephanie Coontz, who wrote in the 2005 bestseller Marriage: A History, "In England between 1500 and 1700 the median age of first marriage for women was twenty-six."
Everyone just wrapped up in their blanket and slept on the floor.
They had no indoor heating so all the extra bodies kept them warm.
That statement would hold true in 11th and 12th century England when it was common practice for every member of the great households to bed down on the reed-strewn floor of the main hall. (Some of the more fortunate had flock mattresses to cushion them.) Northern Europe was at that time experiencing warmer-than-usual temperatures, which made such sleeping arrangements livable. The pendulum soon swung the other way, with the coming of a "little ice age" at the beginning of the 13th century. This startling turn of climatic events (which was to last for the next 200 years) spelled the end to that style of communal living and brought about major shifts in building styles to better protect people from the horrendous cold. The advent of the chimney made it possible to warm smaller spaces, which led to the concept of sleeping singly or in pairs in bedrooms. All this is to say that by the 1500s one would have been hard pressed to find any homes that were not heated, or where the inhabitants shivered piled up together in a communal dogpile.
Most people got married in June.
They took their yearly bath in May, so they were till smelling pretty good by June, although they were starting to smell, so the brides would carry a bouquet of flowers to hide their b.o.
Although the modern practice of full-immersion bathing was a long way off in the 1500s (among other reasons because filling a vessel large enough to hold a person with heated water was rather impractical given the effort required to collect fresh water and fuel for heating it), people did still "bathe" in the sense of attempting to clean themselves as best they could with the resources at hand.
Although today's brides carry flowers simply because it is now the custom to do so, at one time
were symbols of sexuality and fertility. Covering up anyone's bad smell played no part in why this custom came into being.
Like I said, they took their yearly bath in May, but it was just a big tub that they would fill with hot water. The man of the house would get the privilege of the nice clean water. Then all the other sons and men, then the women and finally the children. Last of all the babies. By then the water was pretty thick.
Thus, the saying, "don't throw the baby out with the bath water," it was so dirty you could actually lose someone in it.
Although the admonition against throwing the baby out with the bathwater dates back to the 16th century, its roots are Germanic, not English. Its first written occurrence was in Thomas Murner's 1512 versified satirical book Narrenbeschw?rung, and its meaning is purely metaphorical. (In simpler terms, no literal babies or bathwater, just a memorable mental image meant to drive home a bit of advice against overreaction.)
I'll describe their houses a little.
You've heard of thatch roofs, well that's all they were.
Thick straw, piled high, with no wood underneath.
They were the only place for the little animals to get warm. S dogs, cats and other small animals, mice, rats, bugs, all lived in the roof.
When it rained it became slippery so sometimes the animals would slip and fall off the roof.
Thus the saying, "it's raining cats and dogs,"
Mice, rats, and bugs definitely take up residence in thatch roofs & to them it's a highrise hay mow. Cats and dogs, however, don't go up there.
The saying it's raining cats and dogs was first noted in the 17th century, not the 16th. A number of theories as to its origin exist:
By evoking the image of cats and dogs fighting in a riotous, all-out manner, it expresses the fury of a sudden downpour.
Primitive drainage systems in use in the 17th century could be overwhelmed by heavy rainstorms, leading to gutters overflowing with debris that included dead animals.
In Northern European mythology, it is believed cats influence the weather and dogs represent wind.
The saying might have derived from the obsolete French word catadoupe, meaning waterfall or cataract.
It might have come from a similar-sounding Greek phrase meaning "an unlikely occurrence."
Since there was nothing to stop things from falling into the house they would just try to clean up a lot.
But this posed a real problem in the bedroom where bugs and other droppings from animals could really mess up your nice clean bed, so they found if they would make beds with big posts and hang a sheet over the top it would prevent that problem.
That's where those beautiful big 4 poster beds with canopies came from.
Canopied four-poster beds were the province of the well-to-do, not the ordinary folk. Possibly their origin had to do with a desire to display wealth conspicuously by showing off rich tapestries and fabrics. Beautifully thick wall hangings were likewise a way of dressing up a room while at the same time putting on the dog a bit. (The hangings also served to keep the warmth of a room in.) Such fripperies were not the norm in lesser households where available funds would more likely be directed to keeping people fed and clothed than to decorative flourishes.
When you came into the house you would notice most times that the floor was dirt.
Only the wealthy had something other than dirt, that's where the saying "dirt poor" came from.
Dirt poor is an American expression, not a British one. Claims that the saying grew out of British class distinctions as measured by style of flooring are therefore specious.
As mentioned briefly above in the "everybody slept on the floor" discussion, floors of that era were rarely bare dirt anyway: fresh reeds were laid on them every day and thrown out every night, with another fresh set brought in for sleeping on. In the summer months, aromatic herbs might be added to this vegetative underfooting.
The wealthy would have slate floors.
That was fine but in the winter they would get slippery when they got wet.
So they started to spread thresh on the floor to help keep their footing.
As the winter wore on they would just keep adding it and adding it until when you opened the door it would all start slipping outside.
So they put a piece of wood at the entry way, a "thresh hold".
As stated above, the reeds used on floors were typically changed daily. Besides, who ever heard of calling reeds, rushes, or sheaves of grass "threshes"? One threshes plants to separate stalk from seed, but no part of the plant is called the "thresh."
The "thresh" part of threshold apparently comes from a prehistoric source that denoted "making noise" and is related to the Old Church Slavonik tresku, meaning "crash." By the time it reached Germanic (thresk-), it was probably being used for "stamp the feet noisily" (something that's a good idea to do in a doorway if you're wearing muddy boots).
In the kitchen they would cook over the fire, they had a fireplace in the kitchen/parlor, that was seldom used and sometimes in the master bedroom.
They had a big kettle that always hung over the fire and every day they would light the fire and start adding things to the pot.
Mostly they ate vegetables, they didn't get much meat.
They would eat the stew for dinner then leave the leftovers in the pot to get cold overnight and then start over the next day.
Sometimes the stew would have food in it that had been in there for a month!
Thus the rhyme: peas porridge hot, peas porridge cold, peas porridge in the pot nine days old."
This entry might claim a bit of legitimacy, as even some cooking practices of today call for tossing whatever's on hand into the stewpot, with new ingredients added each day to whatever is left over. French bouillabaisse, for instance, is sometimes made this way, as are any number of "peasants' stews."
Sometimes they could get a hold on some pork.
They really felt special when that happened and when company came over they even had a rack in the parlor where they would bring out some bacon and hang it to show it off.
That was a sign of wealth and that a man "could really bring home the bacon."
Some linguists believe the saying "bring home the bacon" long predates the 16th century, stemming from the 12th century and referring to a time when a slab of bacon was awarded to the happiest married couple (a practice referred to by Chaucer in The Wife of Bath's Tale and Prologue).
A man who "brought home the bacon" therefore wasn't showing how good a provider he was but rather demonstrating the success of his marriage.
Other linguists believe the "bacon" might refer to the pig used in the greased pig chase common to many local fairs: the winner's prize was the pig itself, thus the skilled pig catcher got to "bring home the bacon."
They would cut off a little to share with guests and they would all sit around and "chew the fat."
Usage of the term chewing the fat hasn't been documented prior to the latter part of the 19th century, so it certainly wasn't a phrase that originated during the 1500s.
Theories have linked it to sailors attempting to chomp on the tough rind found in salt pork sea rations, Native Americans chewing animal hides during their spare time, and farmers in Britain chewing on smoked pork, but there is no solid linguistic evidence proving any of these theories.
As Richard Lederer puts it, "What seems clear is that chewing the fat, like shooting the breeze, provides little sustenance for the amount of mastication involved."
If you had money your plates were made out of pewter. Sometimes some of their food had a high acid content and some of the lead would leach out into the food.
They really noticed it happened with tomatoes. So they stopped eating tomatoes, for 400 years.
Tomatoes are not native to Europe and thus were not spread to that continent until after the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
Although tomatoes were first cultivated in Britain in the late 16th century, it wasn't until about the mid-18th century that they became common fare in that region.
The slowness of their adoption as a staple food was not due to discovery that tomatoes were acidic and that lead from pewter plates therefore leached into them, however.
Many people believed tomatoes to be dangerous to eat because they resembled other plants known to be poisonous, such as henbane, mandrake, and deadly nightshade, so for a long time the tomato was considered primarily eating its fruit was considered to be distasteful and potentially harmful.
Most people didn't have pewter plates though, they all had trenchers, that was a piece of wood with the middle scooped out like a bowl.
Trencher is a medieval word that comes from the French trancher, "to slice," which shouldn't seem all the remarkable when viewed in the light of the earliest ones being made from sliced bread and used at banquets to receive morsels taken from a central dish and for soaking up any dripping sauces. Food that needed to be pierced or cut was not placed on a bread trencher. Trenchers started to receive pewter or wooden underplaques (also called trenchers) in the 14th century. Though these underplaques were sometimes used as plates to eat from, by custom the more common use called upon them to support a bread platform for food until sometime in the 16th century.
They never washed their boards and a lot of times worms would get into the wood.
By the mid-16th century, what had been the wooden underplaque was coming to be viewed as dinner plate in its own right. Wooden trenchers that could hold both solid and liquid foods came into vogue, with some having separate hollows to house diners' salt. Wooden trenchers were typically washed after every use, though.
After eating off the trencher with worms they would get "trench mouth."
Trench mouth wasn't a term until 1918, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, and the "trench" part of the term referred to the trenches of World War I. Trench mouth is a bacterial infection of the mouth called "acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis." Soldiers sharing water bottles (as they did while cooped up for months at a time under enemy fire in the trenches of World War I) passed the disease to each other in record numbers, hence the simpler name this disease came to be known by.
Worms never played any part in this.
If you were going traveling and wanted to stay at an Inn they usually provided the bed but not the board.
No matter how you parse "board" in the previous sentence, inns were in the business of providing it. Travelers paid extra for their meals, but food was to be had at any place that deemed itself worthy of the name "inn." (Those that wanted only a room could get just that too.)
The "board" in bed and board (or room and board) refers to the board table or sideboard where food was laid out, not an eating utensil. Common usage came to shift this meaning away from the furniture itself and to encompass the food served from it.
The bread was divided according to status.
The workers would get the burnt bottom of the loaf, the family would get the middle and guests would get the top, or the "upper crust".
Although an admonition to "Kutt the upper crust [of a loaf of bread] for your soverayne" can be found in a 1460 work, the term 'upper crust' didn't come to be used figuratively to refer to persons of the higher classes until the 19th century.
Many have speculated that the phrase "upper crust" originated with a custom of slicing the choice top portion off a loaf and presenting it to the highest-ranking guests at the table, but there is no documentary evidence supporting this as the phrase's actual origin.
They also had lead cups and when they would drink their ale or whiskey. The combination would sometimes knock them out for a couple of days.
They would be walking along the road and here would be someone knocked out and they thought they were dead. So they would pick them up and take them home and get them ready to bury.
They realized if they were too slow about it, the person would wake up. Also, maybe not all of the people they were burying were dead.
So they would lay them out on the kitchen table for a couple of days, the family would gather around and eat and drink and wait and see if they would wake up.
That's where the custom of holding a "wake" came from.
Waking the dead is an ancient custom that extends around the world and has existed in Europe for at least the past thousand years. The term refers to the practice of watching over the corpse during the period between death and burial. Partly, this had to do with making sure someone was always around in case the corpse woke up (see our
page for numerous stories about premature interments), but the watchers were also there to make sure household animals and assorted vermin were kept off the deceased.
Some so feared the possibility of live burial that they left instructions for special tests to be performed on their bodies to make sure they were actually dead. Surgical incisions, the application of boiling hot liquids, touching red-hot irons to their flesh, stabbing them through the heart, or even decapitation were all specified at different times as a way of making sure these people didn't wake up six feet under.
Since England is so old and small they started running out of places to bury people.
So they started digging up some coffins and would take their bones to a house and re-use the grave.
Burying the dead in previously-used graves happened with some frequency throughout Europe, both before, during, and after the 1500s. It didn't have to do with any particular country being too small to hold all the dead bodies, though: it had to do with the shortage of space in established cemeteries. The family of the deceased would habitually look to inter the loved one in the graveyard attached to their parish and, like any other piece of land, gr they could be used to house only so many before they filled up and older tenants had to be moved out.
Sometimes remains were dug up, and sometimes what was left was pushed aside, with the newcomer loaded in on top of whoever was already there. Most folks accepted this practice, provided the old bones remained near the church. When bones were disinterred, they were taken to a charnel house, in a process termed second burial.
English common law states a grave is held only temporarily (not owned) and its use terminated "with the dissolution of the body." Grave inhabitants are granted "the right of appropriation of the soil to the body interred therein until its remains shall have so mingled with the earth as to have destroyed its identity." In other words, once you're bones, you've lost your rights.
Modern cemeteries in many countries routinely rent graves for two to thirty years. At the end of that period, the bones are disinterred and reburied in accordance with that country's cemetery laws. Vancouver, British Columbia, successfully uses a 30-year-renewable lease for its graves. In London, England, the wealthy have for many years obtained 99-year leases on their graves in prestigious cemeteries. (Graves for purchase, though, are scarce.)
They started opening these coffins and found some had scratch marks on the inside. One out of 25 coffins were that way ...
Scratch marks have been found on the inside of some coffins and tombs, as detailed in Our
article. Such marks, however, were a relatively rare find, certainly nothing on a level even remotely approaching the "one out of 25" figure presented here.
... and they realized they had still been burying people alive.
So they thought they would tie a string on their wrist and lead it through the coffin and up through the ground and tie it to a bell.
Someone would have to sit out in the graveyard all night to listen for the bell.
Premature burial signaling devices only came into fashion in the 19 they weren't around in the 16th. Some of these 19th century coffins blew whistles and raised flags if their inhabitants awoke from their dirt naps. (Once again, our
page provides information about a number of these devices, including ones available in modern times.)
That is how the saying "graveyard shift" was made.
The earliest documented uses of the phrase graveyard shift dates from the late 1800s, not the 1500s, and simply references work shifts that took place in the middle of the night and early morning hours, a time of day when work environments could be dark, quiet, and a bit spooky.
The similar phrase graveyard watch originated at about the same time and refers to a shipboard watch covering the hours between midnight to 4 AM.
It's unlikely that sailors aboard ship were in any position to be overseeing the graves of the newly-interred.
If the bell would ring they would know that someone was "saved by the bell" or he was a "dead ringer".
Saved by the bell is a late 19th century term from the world of boxing, where a beleaguered fighter being counted out would have his fate delayed by the ringing of the bell to signify the end of the round. Need we mention that although fisticuffs were around in the 1500s, the practice of ringing a bell to end a round wasn't?
Likewise, dead ringer has nothing to do with the prematurely buried signaling their predicament to those still above ground: the term means an exact double, not someone buried alive. Dead ringer was first used in the late 19th century, with ringer referring to someone's physical double and dead meaning "absolute" (as in dead heat and dead right).
A ringer was a better horse swapped into a race in place of a nag. These horses would have to resemble each other well enough to fool the naked eye, hence the term came to mean an exact double.
To sum up, though it's entertaining to toy with mental images of cats and dogs falling through thatch roofs and shudder deliciously over the thought of our forebearers dining off wooden platters that had worms waving out of them, that's about as far as one should take this craziness. No matter how many inboxes this popular e-mail has landed in, it never once enlightened anyone. Indeed, it probably left more than a few looking like utter fools when they tried to pass this "knowledge" along to friends better versed in phrase origins.
As always, the bottom line is to take such missives with a grain of salt.
Barbara "salt seller" Mikkelson
& 26 February 2013
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